瓊花(hua)觀(guan),舊稱(cheng)蕃釐(li)(li)觀(guan),宋徽宗趙(zhao)佶(ji)賜金字匾額(e)題(ti)為“蕃釐(li)(li)觀(guan)”,后稱(cheng)“瓊花(hua)觀(guan),是(shi)一處始建于漢代(dai)(dai)的中國傳(chuan)統建筑。位于江蘇揚州文昌中路,是(shi)揚州市著名旅游景點之一。曾屢次修繕,今殿宇已(yi)圮,僅存瓊花(hua)臺,“蕃釐(li)(li)觀(guan)”石(shi)匾,“玉鉤(gou)洞天”井(jing)等遺跡。石(shi)額(e)乃(nai)清代(dai)(dai)名士劉大觀(guan)手書(shu)。
現觀(guan)內(nei)的(de)(de)古(gu)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)有(you)(you)由淮南節度使高駢于唐僖宗(zong)中(zhong)和(he)二年(公元(yuan)882年)所建(jian)(jian)三(san)清殿(dian)(dian)、歐陽修(xiu)所建(jian)(jian)“無雙亭(ting)”和(he)一(yi)座玉鉤古(gu)井(jing)。原有(you)(you)門(men)前(qian)牌坊、三(san)清殿(dian)(dian)、彌羅(luo)寶閣(ge)(ge)、文昌祠、深(shen)仁祠、竹軒花(hua)亭(ting)、無雙亭(ting)和(he)芍(shao)藥亭(ting)等建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu),規模宏大,景色優美(mei)。明(ming)朝揚州知府吳秀在(zai)觀(guan)里建(jian)(jian)玉皇閣(ge)(ge),閣(ge)(ge)為三(san)層(ceng),既高大又壯麗,登(deng)閣(ge)(ge)就可以(yi)俯視全城。如今觀(guan)前(qian)的(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)牌坊系明(ming)代所建(jian)(jian),石(shi)(shi)質(zhi)呈糙米色,有(you)(you)左右兩(liang)根石(shi)(shi)柱(zhu),上圓(yuan)下方(fang),柱(zhu)端(duan)似華表,分別雕刻日(ri)月(yue)形狀(zhuang),左為赤烏,象(xiang)征著(zhu)太陽,右為玉兔,象(xiang)征著(zhu)月(yue)亮(liang)。門(men)樓三(san)間(jian),上嵌一(yi)方(fang)石(shi)(shi)額(e)。其后為具有(you)(you)民族風(feng)格(ge)的(de)(de)三(san)間(jian)單檐山門(men)殿(dian)(dian)。觀(guan)內(nei)主殿(dian)(dian)是一(yi)座砌在(zai)高基平(ping)臺(tai)上的(de)(de)五楹重檐大殿(dian)(dian),即“三(san)清殿(dian)(dian)”,平(ping)臺(tai)四周圍(wei)是以(yi)白石(shi)(shi)欄(lan)桿(gan),殿(dian)(dian)前(qian)種植有(you)(you)兩(liang)棵銀杏(xing)樹。平(ping)臺(tai)石(shi)(shi)梯兩(liang)側(ce)各種植一(yi)株龍爪槐與兩(liang)株瓊花(hua)。觀(guan)門(men)到(dao)大殿(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)正中(zhong)一(yi)條甬(yong)道,甬(yong)道中(zhong)種植一(yi)棵老榆樹,兩(liang)側(ce)各種植四株瓊花(hua)。甬(yong)道東西兩(liang)側(ce)各建(jian)(jian)兩(liang)層(ceng)樓結構(gou)的(de)(de)仿古(gu)廊房。而(er)在(zai)大殿(dian)(dian)后方(fang)圍(wei)墻外的(de)(de)后花(hua)園里,小橋流(liu)水、九曲碑廊,造型別致的(de)(de)瓊花(hua)臺(tai)與無雙亭(ting)更是巧(qiao)奪天工,整(zheng)個花(hua)園濃縮江南園林建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)美(mei)景之精華,令人(ren)流(liu)連忘返(fan)。
地址:中(zhong)國江蘇省揚州(zhou)市文昌中(zhong)路62號
交通(tong):18路(lu)(lu)、26路(lu)(lu)、32路(lu)(lu)、86路(lu)(lu)、88路(lu)(lu)、89路(lu)(lu)、99路(lu)(lu)到“瓊花(hua)觀(銀河電子城)”下(xia)車。
始建于公(gong)元(yuan)前十一年(nian),即西漢元(yuan)延二年(nian),原為供奉(feng)主管萬(wan)物生長(chang)的(de)(de)后土(tu)(tu)女神(shen)的(de)(de)后土(tu)(tu)祠。唐時增修(xiu)(xiu),名(ming)(ming)(ming)”唐昌觀(guan)”。宋(song)(song)(song)徽(hui)宗取多(duo)福大福之意,賜(si)名(ming)(ming)(ming)“蕃釐觀(guan)”。瓊(qiong)(qiong)(qiong)花(hua)(hua)(hua)觀(guan)和瓊(qiong)(qiong)(qiong)花(hua)(hua)(hua)有(you)(you)著解不開的(de)(de)淵(yuan)源。瓊(qiong)(qiong)(qiong)花(hua)(hua)(hua)觀(guan)觀(guan)名(ming)(ming)(ming)之由來是宋(song)(song)(song)時觀(guan)內有(you)(you)一株(zhu)天(tian)下(xia)(xia)無(wu)雙(shuang)的(de)(de)瓊(qiong)(qiong)(qiong)花(hua)(hua)(hua)。明代曾(ceng)屢次修(xiu)(xiu)繕,今殿宇(yu)已圮,僅存瓊(qiong)(qiong)(qiong)花(hua)(hua)(hua)臺和“蕃釐觀(guan)”石匾。相傳隋煬帝也(ye)曾(ceng)專(zhuan)程(cheng)下(xia)(xia)揚州(zhou)(zhou)觀(guan)瓊(qiong)(qiong)(qiong)花(hua)(hua)(hua)。宋(song)(song)(song)朝歐陽修(xiu)(xiu)做(zuo)揚州(zhou)(zhou)太守時,又在花(hua)(hua)(hua)旁(pang)建“無(wu)雙(shuang)亭(ting)”,以示天(tian)下(xia)(xia)無(wu)雙(shuang)。時人(ren)有(you)(you)詩云:”維揚一株(zhu)花(hua)(hua)(hua),四海無(wu)同(tong)類。”又云:”天(tian)下(xia)(xia)無(wu)雙(shuang)獨此花(hua)(hua)(hua)。”宋(song)(song)(song)仁宗、宋(song)(song)(song)孝宗都曾(ceng)將它移(yi)植都城皇(huang)庭(ting)內,均不得活,只能重(zhong)遷回揚州(zhou)(zhou)。整宋(song)(song)(song)一代,古瓊(qiong)(qiong)(qiong)花(hua)(hua)(hua)都于揚州(zhou)(zhou)歷經劫難,長(chang)生不死。直至宋(song)(song)(song)亡元(yuan)興,這株(zhu)“舉世(shi)無(wu)雙(shuang)”的(de)(de)瓊(qiong)(qiong)(qiong)花(hua)(hua)(hua)神(shen)秘凋零。
元代至正十三年(nian)(公元1353年(nian))瓊(qiong)花(hua)枯(ku)死(si),道士金丙(bing)瑞補(bu)植聚八仙,并(bing)筑瓊(qiong)花(hua)臺(tai)一座。每當暮春三月(yue),瓊(qiong)花(hua)觀(guan)內瓊(qiong)花(hua)盛開時節,朵(duo)之奇(qi)葩(pa),若蝴蝶戲珠,似(si)八仙起舞,以其綽約的芳姿和那美麗動人的傳說,迎接(jie)中(zhong)外游人。
蕃(fan)釐觀歷史(shi)悠久,其前身是(shi)西漢時(shi)代所(suo)建的后土(tu)祠(ci)。古(gu)時(shi)稱地(di)神(shen)(shen)或土(tu)神(shen)(shen)為(wei)(wei)后土(tu),后土(tu)祠(ci)就是(shi)祭祀地(di)神(shen)(shen)或土(tu)神(shen)(shen)的廟(miao)宇。唐(tang)僖宗中(zhong)和(he)二年(nian)(公元882年(nian)),經淮(huai)南節度副使高(gao)駢增(zeng)修(xiu),易(yi)名(ming)(ming)(ming)唐(tang)昌觀。北宋(song)至(zhi)道二年(nian)(公元996年(nian)),揚州太守(shou)因觀內(nei)的瓊(qiong)花(hua)樹葉茂花(hua)繁,潔白可(ke)愛(ai),首詠《瓊(qiong)花(hua)詩》。自(zi)此,瓊(qiong)花(hua)之名(ming)(ming)(ming),遂名(ming)(ming)(ming)聞海內(nei)。歐(ou)陽(yang)修(xiu)任(ren)郡守(shou)時(shi),因揚州瓊(qiong)花(hua)"世無倫",而在觀內(nei)瓊(qiong)花(hua)樹旁筑亭(ting),其匾(bian)額上書"無雙(shuang)亭(ting)",以作飲酒觀賞瓊(qiong)花(hua)之所(suo),并作詩曰:"瓊(qiong)花(hua)芍藥(yao)世無倫,偶不(bu)(bu)題(ti)詩便怨人。曾向無雙(shuang)亭(ting)下醉(zui),自(zi)知不(bu)(bu)負廣陵春"。北宋(song)政和(he)年(nian)間(公元1111~1118年(nian)),取《漢書·郊祀歌辭(ci)》"唯泰元尊,媼神(shen)(shen)蕃(fan)釐"義(蕃(fan)釐,即(ji)多福的意思),改(gai)廟(miao)名(ming)(ming)(ming)為(wei)(wei)"蕃(fan)釐觀",宋(song)徽宗欽(qin)賜"蕃(fan)釐觀"匾(bian)額。世人以此觀中(zhong)有(you)瓊(qiong)花(hua),故俗稱為(wei)(wei)"瓊(qiong)花(hua)觀"。
明代(dai)揚(yang)州(zhou)知府(fu)吳秀在觀(guan)(guan)里(li)建(jian)(jian)玉(yu)皇閣(ge),閣(ge)高三(san)層,高大壯(zhuang)麗,登閣(ge)可以俯(fu)視(shi)全城。時至清(qing)代(dai),瓊(qiong)花(hua)觀(guan)(guan)已逐(zhu)漸衰敗,到了民國時期,蕃(fan)釐(li)(li)觀(guan)(guan)內(nei)的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)筑物已基本毀于(yu)大火。現今(jin)的(de)(de)蕃(fan)釐(li)(li)觀(guan)(guan)是由揚(yang)州(zhou)市政府(fu)出資于(yu)1993年(nian)開始重修,歷時三(san)年(nian),耗資1800萬元,重建(jian)(jian)后的(de)(de)蕃(fan)釐(li)(li)觀(guan)(guan),觀(guan)(guan)門(men)仍(reng)朝南(nan)。觀(guan)(guan)前的(de)(de)石牌坊(fang)系明代(dai)所(suo)建(jian)(jian),石質(zhi)呈糙米色(se),有(you)左(zuo)右兩根石柱,上(shang)(shang)圓下方,柱端似華表(biao),分(fen)別(bie)雕刻日月形狀(zhuang),左(zuo)為赤烏,象征(zheng)著(zhu)太陽(yang),右為玉(yu)免(mian),象征(zheng)著(zhu)月亮。門(men)樓(lou)三(san)間,上(shang)(shang)嵌一方石額,"蕃(fan)釐(li)(li)觀(guan)(guan)"三(san)個(ge)大字為清(qing)人劉大觀(guan)(guan)所(suo)題。其(qi)后是具有(you)民族風(feng)格的(de)(de)三(san)間單檐(yan)山門(men)殿(dian)。觀(guan)(guan)內(nei)的(de)(de)主殿(dian)是一座砌在高基平(ping)臺(tai)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)五楹重檐(yan)大殿(dian),即"三(san)清(qing)殿(dian)",平(ping)臺(tai)四(si)周圍以白石欄桿,殿(dian)前植(zhi)有(you)兩棵(ke)銀(yin)杏樹。平(ping)臺(tai)石梯兩側各植(zhi)一株龍爪槐、兩株瓊(qiong)花(hua)。觀(guan)(guan)門(men)至大殿(dian)的(de)(de)正(zheng)中(zhong)一條甬道(dao),甬道(dao)中(zhong)有(you)一棵(ke)老榆樹,兩側各植(zhi)四(si)株瓊(qiong)花(hua)。甬道(dao)東西(xi)側各建(jian)(jian)兩層樓(lou)結構的(de)(de)仿(fang)古廊(lang)房。而在大殿(dian)后方圍墻(qiang)外的(de)(de)后花(hua)園(yuan)內(nei),小橋(qiao)流水,九曲碑(bei)廊(lang),造(zao)型(xing)別(bie)致(zhi)的(de)(de)瓊(qiong)花(hua)臺(tai)、無雙亭(ting)更是巧奪天(tian)工,整個(ge)花(hua)園(yuan)濃縮了江南(nan)園(yuan)林美(mei)景(jing)之精(jing)華,令人流連忘返。
據(ju)史料記載,在(zai)清順(shun)治、康(kang)熙年(nian)間(jian),先后有(you)兩代(dai)張天師羽化在(zai)蕃釐(li)觀(guan)(guan)內,故(gu)(gu)為道家(jia)正一派視(shi)為圣地(di)。而在(zai)古代(dai)許多(duo)小(xiao)說里,瓊(qiong)(qiong)(qiong)花(hua)觀(guan)(guan)都(dou)(dou)被(bei)描(miao)寫(xie)成神仙出沒或高人(ren)隱居之地(di)。在(zai)明人(ren)寫(xie)的(de)(de)《隋煬帝艷(yan)史》、《隋唐演(yan)義》一類小(xiao)說里,都(dou)(dou)大肆渲(xuan)染(ran)隋煬帝和瓊(qiong)(qiong)(qiong)花(hua)的(de)(de)神奇(qi)故(gu)(gu)事。在(zai)清代(dai)的(de)(de)一些筆記中,又常常記載江湖隱士或山野奇(qi)人(ren)寓居在(zai)瓊(qiong)(qiong)(qiong)花(hua)觀(guan)(guan)里。《儒林外史》的(de)(de)作者吳敬梓在(zai)落魄(po)的(de)(de)晚年(nian)常常流連于(yu)瓊(qiong)(qiong)(qiong)花(hua)臺畔(pan),悲(bei)悼自己的(de)(de)坎坷身世也(ye)像瓊(qiong)(qiong)(qiong)花(hua)一般。他的(de)(de)侄兒金(jin)兆燕(yan)有(you)詩云(yun):"峨峨瓊(qiong)(qiong)(qiong)花(hua)臺,郁郁冬(dong)青枝。與(yu)君攀寒條,淚下(xia)如連絲。"描(miao)寫(xie)了(le)吳敬梓在(zai)瓊(qiong)(qiong)(qiong)花(hua)觀(guan)(guan)里愴然(ran)涕下(xia),淚濕衣衫的(de)(de)情景。
瓊花觀(guan)(guan),舊稱“蕃釐觀(guan)(guan)”。宋徽宗趙佶賜金(jin)字匾額題(ti)為“蕃釐觀(guan)(guan)”,后稱“瓊花觀(guan)(guan)”。
位于(yu)揚(yang)(yang)州(zhou)市(shi)區文昌中路(原(yuan)瓊(qiong)花(hua)路)的(de)(de)北側,是揚(yang)(yang)州(zhou)市(shi)著名旅(lv)游景點之一,原(yuan)為(wei)供奉(feng)主管(guan)萬物生(sheng)長(chang)的(de)(de)后土女(nv)神的(de)(de)后土祠,始建(jian)于(yu)公元前十(shi)一年(nian),至今已有兩千多(duo)年(nian)的(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi)。宋徽宗趙佶賜(si)金(jin)字匾(bian)額題(ti)為(wei)“蕃(fan)釐(li)觀(guan)”。“蕃(fan)釐(li)”出自《漢(han)書·禮樂志》“惟泰(tai)元尊,媼神蕃(fan)釐(li)”,蕃(fan)指多(duo)、大,釐(li)代表福氣,蕃(fan)釐(li)即多(duo)福大福。舉世無雙的(de)(de)揚(yang)(yang)州(zhou)古(gu)瓊(qiong)花(hua)就(jiu)生(sheng)長(chang)在蕃(fan)釐(li)觀(guan),因此俗稱瓊(qiong)花(hua)觀(guan)。
瓊(qiong)花(hua)觀(guan)(guan)建于西漢成帝元(yuan)延二年,宋(song)代歐陽修任揚州知州時(shi),于觀(guan)(guan)內筑“無雙亭”,以供養花(hua)。一(yi)到(dao)暮春三月,瓊(qiong)花(hua)觀(guan)(guan)中(zhong)的(de)瓊(qiong)花(hua)盛開(kai)時(shi)節,朵之奇葩,倘若蝴(hu)蝶(die)戲珠,好似八仙(xian)起舞,以其綽(chuo)約的(de)芳姿與那美(mei)麗動(dong)人的(de)傳說,迎(ying)接著中(zhong)外游(you)人。
傳說一
傳說瓊(qiong)(qiong)花(hua)(hua)觀和瓊(qiong)(qiong)花(hua)(hua)有(you)著(zhu)解不開的(de)淵源(yuan)。漢(han)代揚(yang)州城東曾有(you)一株(zhu)瓊(qiong)(qiong)花(hua)(hua),當時有(you)人特為之建“瓊(qiong)(qiong)花(hua)(hua)觀”。相傳隋煬帝下揚(yang)州也是為了觀賞瓊(qiong)(qiong)花(hua)(hua)。
宋(song)(song)朝歐陽修做揚州太(tai)守時,又(you)在花旁(pang)建“無雙(shuang)亭(ting)”,以(yi)示天下無雙(shuang)。宋(song)(song)仁宗、宋(song)(song)孝(xiao)宗都曾移植瓊花于皇(huang)宮內,均不得活。宋(song)(song)亡元興(xing),這株瓊花神秘(mi)凋零而死。
瓊花(hua)是一種具有傳奇色彩的(de)(de)花(hua)卉。瓊花(hua)原物現今雖已不存,但長期(qi)以來,揚州人民約(yue)定俗成,已把(ba)聚八仙花(hua)視為瓊花(hua)。瓊花(hua)觀(guan)(guan)作為千年(nian)古道觀(guan)(guan),歷經興衰滄桑,作為揚州著(zhu)(zhu)名道觀(guan)(guan)和著(zhu)(zhu)名的(de)(de)歷史文化遺跡(ji),始終享有崇高(gao)的(de)(de)地(di)位。
傳說二
“明(ming)月(yue)三分州(zhou)(zhou)有二,瓊(qiong)花(hua)一(yi)樹世(shi)(shi)無雙(shuang)”。在(zai)揚(yang)(yang)州(zhou)(zhou)關于(yu)(yu)瓊(qiong)花(hua)的(de)傳說(shuo)很多。有一(yi)種(zhong)說(shuo)法是,瓊(qiong)花(hua)原(yuan)生于(yu)(yu)天上,一(yi)日(ri)有仙人(ren)降(jiang)至(zhi)揚(yang)(yang)州(zhou)(zhou),夸說(shuo)瓊(qiong)花(hua)之美(mei),世(shi)(shi)人(ren)不信,仙人(ren)便取(qu)出一(yi)塊白玉(yu)種(zhong)在(zai)土里,頃刻間發芽、長高、開花(hua),花(hua)色如(ru)玉(yu),人(ren)們遂稱(cheng)之為“瓊(qiong)花(hua)”。相傳隋煬(yang)帝要賞(shang)此花(hua),專門開鑿運河前往(wang)揚(yang)(yang)州(zhou)(zhou)觀(guan)賞(shang)。因為瓊(qiong)花(hua)有冰肌玉(yu)骨之質,它又與宋之興俱興,與宋之亡俱亡,故曾被人(ren)視(shi)為吉祥的(de)象征(zheng)。據說(shuo),北宋時宋仁宗曾把(ba)瓊(qiong)花(hua)從揚(yang)(yang)州(zhou)(zhou)移(yi)植(zhi)到汴京御花(hua)園里,但(dan)第二年就枯萎了(le),只(zhi)好又送還(huan)揚(yang)(yang)州(zhou)(zhou),瓊(qiong)花(hua)到了(le)揚(yang)(yang)州(zhou)(zhou)又復茂(mao)如(ru)故。金國的(de)海陵王攻占揚(yang)(yang)州(zhou)(zhou)后,又把(ba)瓊(qiong)花(hua)連根(gen)拔(ba)起掠去,幸而(er)有道(dao)(dao)之士太守對殘根(gen)辛(xin)勤培育,才使瓊(qiong)花(hua)絕處逢生。南宋的(de)孝(xiao)宗聽說(shuo)瓊(qiong)花(hua)極美(mei),又把(ba)它移(yi)往(wang)臨(lin)安(an)宮中,但(dan)瓊(qiong)花(hua)到了(le)臨(lin)安(an)便憔悴無花(hua),只(zhi)得又遣(qian)還(huan)揚(yang)(yang)州(zhou)(zhou)。到元(yuan)世(shi)(shi)祖時,蒙(meng)古大將阿木以十萬兵(bing)馬攻破揚(yang)(yang)州(zhou)(zhou),燒殺搶掠之下(xia),瓊(qiong)花(hua)終(zhong)于(yu)(yu)死去。這一(yi)系列神(shen)(shen)奇的(de)傳說(shuo),都使得瓊(qiong)花(hua)蒙(meng)上了(le)神(shen)(shen)秘的(de)色彩,也(ye)使瓊(qiong)花(hua)觀(guan)成(cheng)為江淮一(yi)帶著名(ming)的(de)道(dao)(dao)觀(guan),以至(zhi)于(yu)(yu)一(yi)般老百姓只(zhi)知道(dao)(dao)瓊(qiong)花(hua)觀(guan)的(de)名(ming)字(zi)(zi),卻不知道(dao)(dao)有蕃釐觀(guan)的(de)名(ming)字(zi)(zi)。