一.產品介紹
偏(pian)關(guan)小米產于山(shan)西省忻州市偏(pian)關(guan)縣(xian),具有(you)悠久的原始農墾(ken)文化底蘊(yun),據(ju)《偏(pian)關(guan)縣(xian)志(zhi)》記載(zai)(zai),谷子(zi)種(zhong)植面(mian)積(ji)1951年(nian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)152704畝(mu)、1963年(nian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)130774畝(mu),2012年(nian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)143000畝(mu)。據(ju)歷史文獻記載(zai)(zai),谷子(zi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)偏(pian)關(guan)縣(xian)繳納公(gong)糧主(zhu)要品種(zhong),且(qie)每年(nian)保持在15萬斤左右(you)。而(er)(er)且(qie)當地(di)還(huan)有(you)用小米做酸粥(zhou)吃(chi)的習(xi)俗。《偏(pian)關(guan)縣(xian)志(zhi)》記載(zai)(zai):相傳戰亂年(nian)間(jian),主(zhu)人(ren)淘米準備(bei)入(ru)鍋,發(fa)生戰亂,待戰后歸(gui)來舍(she)不得(de)棄之(zhi)而(er)(er)熬粥(zhou)吃(chi)來,結果發(fa)現(xian)適口(kou)性更(geng)好一直延續至今(jin)。過(guo)去(qu)在“十年(nian)九旱”的困難時期(qi),偏(pian)關(guan)人(ren)靠(kao)小米度過(guo)了(le)饑荒年(nian)代;現(xian)在,偏(pian)關(guan)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)山(shan)西省推廣(guang)張(zhang)雜谷子(zi)最早、種(zhong)植面(mian)積(ji)最大、農民得(de)實(shi)惠最多的縣(xian), 產量(liang)和效益也成(cheng)倍(bei)增長。
二.自然生(sheng)態環境和人文歷史因素
1.地(di)貌和土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)情況(kuang):偏關縣(xian)地(di)處黃(huang)(huang)土(tu)(tu)丘陵區,境內丘陵起伏、溝壑縱橫,平均海(hai)拔在1377米最高(gao)海(hai)拔1855.2米,(875--1855.2)。青楊嶺、草垛山(shan)(shan)(shan)、大廟山(shan)(shan)(shan)、馬(ma)家山(shan)(shan)(shan)、垻(ba)子(zi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)等幾大山(shan)(shan)(shan)脈(mo)形(xing)成(cheng)中部小塊緩坡平地(di),全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)總(zong)的(de)(de)地(di)貌特(te)點(dian)是平川少(shao),山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)丘陵多(占全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)國(guo)土(tu)(tu)面(mian)積(ji)的(de)(de)90%),地(di)形(xing)地(di)貌復雜。全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)可耕(geng)地(di)面(mian)積(ji)54.25萬畝(mu)(mu),人均耕(geng)地(di)近4.5畝(mu)(mu),全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)耕(geng)地(di)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)類型分(fen)為(wei)四個土(tu)(tu)類(黃(huang)(huang)綿土(tu)(tu)、黃(huang)(huang)沙土(tu)(tu)、二合土(tu)(tu)、黑壚土(tu)(tu)),主要(yao)土(tu)(tu)類為(wei)沙壤(rang)土(tu)(tu),占總(zong)面(mian)積(ji)的(de)(de)80%以上,分(fen)布于海(hai)拔1300—1600米的(de)(de)中低山(shan)(shan)(shan)和丘陵地(di)區。按全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)國(guo)第二次土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)普查,偏關土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)總(zong)的(de)(de)特(te)點(dian)是“缺磷(lin)少(shao)氮”,全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)耕(geng)地(di)養份狀(zhuang)況(kuang)是有機質1.7269-2.4776%、全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)氮0.645-0.725%、有效磷(lin)0.055%、速效1-1.5毫克(ke)/100克(ke),屬二級以上耕(geng)地(di),非常適(shi)宜谷(gu)子(zi)生長。
2.水文情況:偏關(guan)縣(xian)地(di)處黃河(he)(he)之濱,屬黃河(he)(he)水系,主要有黃河(he)(he)支流的關(guan)河(he)(he)、縣(xian)川(chuan)(chuan)河(he)(he)、楊家(jia)川(chuan)(chuan)河(he)(he),除黃河(he)(he)外,其(qi)它河(he)(he)流一般均呈東北——西(xi)南發(fa)育(yu)。本(ben)縣(xian)大部隸屬關(guan)河(he)(he)和縣(xian)川(chuan)(chuan)河(he)(he)流域。地(di)下水可(ke)采(cai)量0.24億立(li)方米/年,各類地(di)下水質(zhi)優(you)良(liang),礦化(hua)度少于0.5克(ke)/升,屬輕碳酸(suan)鈣鎂(mei)型水質(zhi),非常(chang)適合谷子(zi)的生(sheng)長需要。
3.氣(qi)(qi)候情況:偏關(guan)縣屬(shu)北(bei)溫(wen)帶大(da)陸(lu)性(xing)(xing)氣(qi)(qi)候。冬季(ji)寒冷少(shao)雪,春季(ji)溫(wen)暖干(gan)燥,夏季(ji)炎熱而(er)雨量(liang)(liang)集(ji)中(zhong),秋季(ji)涼(liang)爽而(er)明快。年(nian)平均氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)變化于3℃-8℃,全年(nian)平均降(jiang)(jiang)水量(liang)(liang)為(wei)425.3毫米,無霜(shuang)期(qi)(qi)為(wei)105—145天。氣(qi)(qi)候屬(shu)大(da)陸(lu)性(xing)(xing)半干(gan)燥區,寒冷干(gan)燥多風沙(sha),一月最冷,平均氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)-10℃,七月最熱,平均氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)23℃,10攝氏(shi)度(du)以上(shang)的年(nian)平均積溫(wen)2600攝氏(shi)度(du)。全年(nian)日照2677天,生(sheng)理輻射量(liang)(liang)66.6千卡/立方(fang)厘米。氣(qi)(qi)候以風大(da)、低溫(wen)、降(jiang)(jiang)水變率大(da),春旱年(nian)份多,無霜(shuang)期(qi)(qi)短(duan)為(wei)主要特點,總之氣(qi)(qi)候涼(liang)爽、降(jiang)(jiang)雨集(ji)中(zhong)、西北(bei)風長年(nian)不斷、光照充足、晝(zhou)夜(ye)溫(wen)差大(da)這(zhe)樣(yang)的氣(qi)(qi)候條(tiao)件正好符合(he)谷(gu)子的生(sheng)產發育。
三.地域范圍
偏關縣位于晉西(xi)北(bei)黃(huang)土高原,地處黃(huang)河(he)中上游黃(huang)土丘陵(ling)區(qu),為黃(huang)河(he)從內(nei)蒙(meng)入晉南流(liu)的交(jiao)匯處,境內(nei)山(shan)地屬管埁山(shan)脈。東與(yu)神池、朔(shuo)州市接壤,西(xi)臨黃(huang)河(he)與(yu)內(nei)蒙(meng)古準格(ge)爾旗隔河(he)相(xiang)望,南與(yu)河(he)曲、五(wu)寨兩縣相(xiang)連,北(bei)靠長城與(yu)內(nei)蒙(meng)古清水河(he)縣毗鄰。地理坐標(biao):東經111°21′—112°00′,北(bei)緯39°12′—39°39′,縣域面(mian)積(ji)(ji)1685.4平(ping)方公(gong)(gong)里。偏關小米地理標(biao)志產品保護范圍(wei)包括偏關縣境內(nei)的老(lao)營鎮(zhen)(zhen)、天峰坪鎮(zhen)(zhen)、新關鎮(zhen)(zhen)、萬家寨鎮(zhen)(zhen)、水泉鄉(xiang)、陳家營鄉(xiang)、窯頭鄉(xiang)、樓溝(gou)鄉(xiang)、尚(shang)峪鄉(xiang)、南堡子鄉(xiang)10個鄉(xiang)鎮(zhen)(zhen)224個村(cun)。東至(zhi)老(lao)營鎮(zhen)(zhen)賈堡村(cun),西(xi)至(zhi)天峰坪鎮(zhen)(zhen)寺(si)溝(gou)村(cun),北(bei)至(zhi)萬家寨鎮(zhen)(zhen)滑石(shi)村(cun),南至(zhi)樓溝(gou)鄉(xiang)楊家窯村(cun)。近幾年(nian)谷子年(nian)種植面(mian)積(ji)(ji)保持在6667公(gong)(gong)頃以上,年(nian)總產40000噸。
四.產品品質特性特征
1.外在(zai)感(gan)官特征:偏關小(xiao)米品種主要來源(yuan)于張雜谷,所產小(xiao)米米粒(li)勻(yun)碎,色澤金(jin)黃,米香醇(chun)厚,口感(gan)光滑;
2.內在品質指(zhi)標:偏(pian)關小米經(jing)天(tian)津普尼測(ce)試(shi)公司檢測(ce)得含維生素B1≥0.4mg/100g;維生素B2≥0.13mg/100g;鈣(gai)≥15.8mg/100g;鐵≥3.2mg/100g;鎂≥110mg/100g;鋅≥2.56mg/100g。具有和(he)胃安眠等功(gong)效,是老人、病(bing)人、產婦宜(yi)用的(de)滋補品;
3.安全要求:偏關(guan)(guan)小(xiao)米生產符(fu)合(he)無公(gong)害食品NY5305-2005粟米類產品產地環境條件(jian),以及GB4285農藥安全使(shi)用準則,GB/T8321農藥合(he)理使(shi)用準則等相關(guan)(guan)標準和要求。
五.特定(ding)生產方式
1.加強(qiang)抗旱耕作,保(bao)好墑情:谷子需要精細整地,保(bao)持土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)疏松(song)平整。在(zai)我縣各(ge)谷子產區(qu)采取秋深(shen)耕,冬鎮壓(ya),春季頂(ding)凌粑磨,播后根據晌情進行碾壓(ya)等蓄水保(bao)墑辦法(fa);充分發(fa)揮(hui)“土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)水庫(ku)”的作用(yong),盡可能(neng)地把天然降水蓄存起來,提高土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)水分對經濟產量的轉化率。
2.播前施(shi)足底(di)肥,精選(xuan)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi):旱地谷(gu)子(zi)必須重施(shi)底(di)肥,杜絕重茬種(zhong)(zhong)植,做到輕氮重磷補鉀。每畝施(shi)優(you)質農肥2000公(gong)斤(jin)(jin)、復合(he)肥10-15公(gong)斤(jin)(jin)做底(di)肥;在(zai)拔節期(qi)、開花期(qi)每畝追施(shi)尿素8-10公(gong)斤(jin)(jin),以滿足谷(gu)子(zi)對養(yang)分(fen)的(de)(de)需(xu)求(qiu)。方法(fa)上采用集中溝施(shi),丘陵(ling)地區隨(sui)同(tong)犁(li)種(zhong)(zhong)一次施(shi)入,緩坡地區在(zai)春季淺耕時施(shi)在(zai)犁(li)溝內,隨(sui)后及時耙(pa)耱鎮壓(ya)。根據不同(tong)的(de)(de)土壤類(lei)型和(he)氣候特點(dian),選(xuan)用不同(tong)的(de)(de)優(you)種(zhong)(zhong)。這里所說的(de)(de)優(you)種(zhong)(zhong),是(shi)指經過(guo)保(bao)純防雜(za)的(de)(de)優(you)良品種(zhong)(zhong)。只(zhi)有(you)這樣才能減(jian)少病(bing)蟲害(hai),減(jian)輕品種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)退(tui)化,保(bao)證產量(liang)及品質。在(zai)我(wo)縣適宜種(zhong)(zhong)植的(de)(de)優(you)良品種(zhong)(zhong)主(zhu)要有(you)張(zhang)雜(za)谷(gu)子(zi)3號(hao)、張(zhang)雜(za)谷(gu)子(zi)6號(hao)。
3.推(tui)廣應用(yong)(yong)谷子(zi)標(biao)準化(hua)栽培技(ji)術:開展平衡(heng)測土施肥,增施腐熟(shu)有機肥,畝施腐熟(shu)農(nong)家肥2000公斤(jin)。拔(ba)節期畝追(zhui)尿(niao)素10公斤(jin),收獲(huo)前30天(tian)停止追(zhui)肥。采用(yong)(yong)機播(bo)或畜播(bo),結合中耕(geng)除草進行留(liu)(liu)苗、定(ding)苗,嚴(yan)格依照品種特性控制(zhi)留(liu)(liu)苗密度,中等肥力地塊畝留(liu)(liu)苗6000-7000株。采用(yong)(yong)無(wu)害化(hua)病蟲害防治(zhi)技(ji)術,以農(nong)業防治(zhi)、物(wu)(wu)理防治(zhi)、生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)防治(zhi)為(wei)主,化(hua)學防治(zhi)為(wei)輔。加強中耕(geng)除草、清潔田園,減少病蟲源基數,發現中心(xin)病株及時(shi)拔(ba)除。一般情況不(bu)施用(yong)(yong)化(hua)學農(nong)藥(yao)和生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)制(zhi)劑農(nong)藥(yao)。及時(shi)收獲(huo),安全貯藏,防止污(wu)染。?
4.科(ke)學(xue)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong),保(bao)證質量(liang):一般(ban)我縣(xian)(xian)在(zai)4月(yue)25日至5月(yue)5日播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong),播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)方式可采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)耬播(bo)(bo)(bo)或機(ji)播(bo)(bo)(bo)。為了延長生育期,達到增溫保(bao)墑(di)增產提高(gao)品質的作用(yong)(yong),采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)地(di)膜覆蓋技術(shu)。覆蓋時用(yong)(yong)拖拉機(ji)懸掛(gua)2BP-2型鋪膜播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji),采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)寬70厘米(mi),厚0.005-0.007厘米(mi)的微膜覆蓋,1.2米(mi)一帶,一膜雙行,每畝3500窩。采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)半精量(liang)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong),畝用(yong)(yong)0.3公(gong)斤(jin)谷種(zhong)(zhong),與2公(gong)斤(jin)熟黃芥混合種(zhong)(zhong)植,一窩保(bao)苗(miao)3株(zhu)。在(zai)測土(tu)配方施(shi)肥技術(shu)的大(da)力支撐下科(ke)學(xue)掌握谷子(zi)的養分需(xu)求,根(gen)據我縣(xian)(xian)實際情況,張雜3號谷子(zi)籽(zi)粒(li)(li)全氮含量(liang)為1.3408%、全磷含量(liang)為0.1832%、全鉀含量(liang)為0.49%,每形成100公(gong)斤(jin)籽(zi)粒(li)(li)所需(xu)純氮2.36公(gong)斤(jin)、磷1.17公(gong)斤(jin)、鉀1.68公(gong)斤(jin),做到因地(di)制(zhi)宜,按(an)照(zhao)地(di)力條件和(he)品種(zhong)(zhong)特性確(que)定合理(li)密度,一般(ban)畝留苗(miao)0.8萬株(zhu),以確(que)保(bao)產量(liang)及米(mi)質。
5.加強(qiang)田間管理:我縣谷子一般在中等肥力水平的(de)地(di)塊上(shang)種(zhong)植。特別是稍粘重土壤在播后遇(yu)雨(yu)時(shi)就會形成膜孔板(ban)結,要及時(shi)放苗(miao)(miao),防(fang)止造成嚴重的(de)缺苗(miao)(miao)斷壟。谷子出苗(miao)(miao)后30-50天內地(di)表(biao)未被覆(fu)蓋(gai),此(ci)時(shi)氣候干燥(zao),雜草(cao)也正是盛發(fa)時(shi)期,谷子此(ci)時(shi)根系生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)較強(qiang),地(di)上(shang)部分卻(que)生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)緩慢,這(zhe)時(shi)應(ying)抓緊時(shi)間中耕除草(cao),鋤凈壟間雜草(cao),防(fang)止雜草(cao)和幼苗(miao)(miao)爭奪養(yang)分,抑制(zhi)幼苗(miao)(miao)生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)。
6.提高認識,防病(bing)防蟲:目(mu)前,由(you)于抗病(bing)品(pin)種的推(tui)廣,谷(gu)子病(bing)害基(ji)本(ben)可以(yi)控制。病(bing)害防治(zhi)一般采用(yong)物理防治(zhi)的辦(ban)法(fa)以(yi)確保(bao)小(xiao)米的綠(lv)色(se)無公害。
7.適期(qi)收(shou)(shou)獲:一(yi)般(ban)要(yao)待(dai)到谷穗95%以上(shang)籽粒發黃再收(shou)(shou)割,防止因收(shou)(shou)割較(jiao)早而影響(xiang)到小米的品質。