一.產品介紹
偏關(guan)(guan)小(xiao)米(mi)(mi)產(chan)于山(shan)(shan)西(xi)省忻(xin)州市(shi)偏關(guan)(guan)縣,具有悠久的(de)原(yuan)始農墾文(wen)化底蘊(yun),據《偏關(guan)(guan)縣志》記載(zai)(zai),谷(gu)(gu)子種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)面(mian)積1951年為152704畝、1963年為130774畝,2012年為143000畝。據歷史(shi)文(wen)獻記載(zai)(zai),谷(gu)(gu)子為偏關(guan)(guan)縣繳(jiao)納公糧主(zhu)要品種(zhong)(zhong),且每年保持在(zai)15萬斤左右。而且當地(di)還有用小(xiao)米(mi)(mi)做(zuo)酸粥吃(chi)的(de)習俗。《偏關(guan)(guan)縣志》記載(zai)(zai):相傳戰(zhan)亂(luan)年間,主(zhu)人(ren)淘(tao)米(mi)(mi)準備入鍋,發生(sheng)戰(zhan)亂(luan),待戰(zhan)后歸(gui)來舍不得(de)棄之而熬粥吃(chi)來,結果發現適口(kou)性更好(hao)一(yi)直延(yan)續至今。過去在(zai)“十年九旱”的(de)困難時期,偏關(guan)(guan)人(ren)靠小(xiao)米(mi)(mi)度過了(le)饑荒年代;現在(zai),偏關(guan)(guan)成(cheng)為山(shan)(shan)西(xi)省推廣張雜谷(gu)(gu)子最(zui)早、種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)面(mian)積最(zui)大、農民得(de)實(shi)惠最(zui)多的(de)縣, 產(chan)量和(he)效益也成(cheng)倍增長。
二.自(zi)然生態環境和人文歷史因素(su)
1.地(di)(di)(di)貌和土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤情況:偏關(guan)縣地(di)(di)(di)處黃土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)丘陵(ling)區(qu),境(jing)內丘陵(ling)起伏、溝(gou)壑縱橫,平(ping)均(jun)海(hai)拔(ba)在1377米(mi)最高海(hai)拔(ba)1855.2米(mi),(875--1855.2)。青楊嶺、草垛山(shan)、大(da)(da)廟山(shan)、馬家山(shan)、垻子山(shan)等幾大(da)(da)山(shan)脈形成中部小塊(kuai)緩(huan)坡平(ping)地(di)(di)(di),全(quan)縣總(zong)的(de)地(di)(di)(di)貌特點(dian)是平(ping)川少(shao),山(shan)地(di)(di)(di)丘陵(ling)多(占全(quan)縣國土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)面積的(de)90%),地(di)(di)(di)形地(di)(di)(di)貌復雜。全(quan)縣可(ke)耕地(di)(di)(di)面積54.25萬畝,人均(jun)耕地(di)(di)(di)近4.5畝,全(quan)縣耕地(di)(di)(di)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤類型分(fen)為四個土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)類(黃綿土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、黃沙土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、二合(he)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、黑壚(lu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)),主(zhu)要(yao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)類為沙壤土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu),占總(zong)面積的(de)80%以上,分(fen)布于海(hai)拔(ba)1300—1600米(mi)的(de)中低山(shan)和丘陵(ling)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)。按全(quan)國第二次土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤普查,偏關(guan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤總(zong)的(de)特點(dian)是“缺磷少(shao)氮(dan)”,全(quan)縣耕地(di)(di)(di)養份狀(zhuang)況是有(you)機質1.7269-2.4776%、全(quan)氮(dan)0.645-0.725%、有(you)效磷0.055%、速效1-1.5毫克/100克,屬二級以上耕地(di)(di)(di),非常適宜谷子生長。
2.水(shui)(shui)文情況:偏關縣(xian)地處(chu)黃(huang)河(he)(he)之濱,屬(shu)黃(huang)河(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)系(xi),主要有黃(huang)河(he)(he)支流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)關河(he)(he)、縣(xian)川河(he)(he)、楊家川河(he)(he),除黃(huang)河(he)(he)外,其(qi)它河(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)(liu)一般均呈(cheng)東北——西南發育。本縣(xian)大部(bu)隸(li)屬(shu)關河(he)(he)和縣(xian)川河(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)。地下水(shui)(shui)可采量0.24億立方米(mi)/年,各類地下水(shui)(shui)質優良,礦化度少于0.5克/升,屬(shu)輕碳(tan)酸鈣鎂型(xing)水(shui)(shui)質,非常適合谷(gu)子的(de)生長需要。
3.氣(qi)候情況(kuang):偏(pian)關縣(xian)屬北溫(wen)帶大陸(lu)性(xing)氣(qi)候。冬季(ji)(ji)寒(han)冷(leng)少雪,春季(ji)(ji)溫(wen)暖干燥,夏季(ji)(ji)炎熱而(er)雨量(liang)集中(zhong),秋(qiu)季(ji)(ji)涼(liang)爽而(er)明(ming)快。年(nian)(nian)(nian)平均氣(qi)溫(wen)變化于3℃-8℃,全(quan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)平均降水(shui)量(liang)為425.3毫米,無霜期為105—145天。氣(qi)候屬大陸(lu)性(xing)半干燥區,寒(han)冷(leng)干燥多風沙,一月最冷(leng),平均氣(qi)溫(wen)-10℃,七月最熱,平均氣(qi)溫(wen)23℃,10攝(she)氏度(du)以上(shang)的(de)年(nian)(nian)(nian)平均積溫(wen)2600攝(she)氏度(du)。全(quan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)日(ri)照2677天,生理輻射量(liang)66.6千(qian)卡/立方厘米。氣(qi)候以風大、低溫(wen)、降水(shui)變率大,春旱年(nian)(nian)(nian)份多,無霜期短為主要特點(dian),總之(zhi)氣(qi)候涼(liang)爽、降雨集中(zhong)、西北風長(chang)年(nian)(nian)(nian)不斷、光照充(chong)足、晝夜溫(wen)差(cha)大這(zhe)樣的(de)氣(qi)候條件正好符合谷子的(de)生產發育。
三.地域范圍
偏(pian)關(guan)縣(xian)位于晉(jin)(jin)西北(bei)黃土(tu)高原,地(di)(di)處(chu)黃河中上(shang)游黃土(tu)丘陵區,為黃河從內(nei)(nei)蒙(meng)入晉(jin)(jin)南(nan)流的(de)交匯(hui)處(chu),境內(nei)(nei)山地(di)(di)屬管埁(cen)山脈(mo)。東(dong)與神(shen)池、朔州市接(jie)壤(rang),西臨黃河與內(nei)(nei)蒙(meng)古(gu)準格爾旗隔河相望,南(nan)與河曲、五寨(zhai)(zhai)兩縣(xian)相連,北(bei)靠長城(cheng)與內(nei)(nei)蒙(meng)古(gu)清(qing)水河縣(xian)毗鄰。地(di)(di)理坐標:東(dong)經111°21′—112°00′,北(bei)緯(wei)39°12′—39°39′,縣(xian)域面積(ji)1685.4平方公里。偏(pian)關(guan)小米(mi)地(di)(di)理標志產品保護范圍(wei)包(bao)括(kuo)偏(pian)關(guan)縣(xian)境內(nei)(nei)的(de)老營鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、天(tian)峰坪鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、新關(guan)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、萬家(jia)(jia)寨(zhai)(zhai)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、水泉(quan)鄉(xiang)、陳家(jia)(jia)營鄉(xiang)、窯頭(tou)鄉(xiang)、樓溝鄉(xiang)、尚峪鄉(xiang)、南(nan)堡子鄉(xiang)10個(ge)(ge)鄉(xiang)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)224個(ge)(ge)村。東(dong)至老營鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)賈堡村,西至天(tian)峰坪鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)寺(si)溝村,北(bei)至萬家(jia)(jia)寨(zhai)(zhai)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)滑石村,南(nan)至樓溝鄉(xiang)楊家(jia)(jia)窯村。近幾(ji)年谷子年種植面積(ji)保持在(zai)6667公頃(qing)以上(shang),年總產40000噸。
四.產品品質(zhi)特性(xing)特征(zheng)
1.外在感官(guan)特征(zheng):偏關小米(mi)品種主要來源于張雜谷,所產小米(mi)米(mi)粒勻碎,色澤(ze)金黃,米(mi)香醇厚,口(kou)感光滑;
2.內(nei)在品質指標(biao):偏關小(xiao)米(mi)經天津(jin)普尼測試(shi)公司檢測得(de)含維(wei)生(sheng)素B1≥0.4mg/100g;維(wei)生(sheng)素B2≥0.13mg/100g;鈣≥15.8mg/100g;鐵≥3.2mg/100g;鎂≥110mg/100g;鋅≥2.56mg/100g。具有和胃安眠等功效,是老人、病人、產婦宜用(yong)的滋補品;
3.安(an)全要求:偏關小(xiao)米生產(chan)符合(he)無(wu)公害食品NY5305-2005粟米類產(chan)品產(chan)地環境條件,以及GB4285農(nong)藥(yao)安(an)全使用(yong)準(zhun)則,GB/T8321農(nong)藥(yao)合(he)理使用(yong)準(zhun)則等相關標準(zhun)和要求。
五.特定(ding)生產方式(shi)
1.加強抗(kang)旱耕作(zuo),保好(hao)墑(di)(di)情:谷子需要精細整(zheng)地(di),保持(chi)土壤疏(shu)松(song)平整(zheng)。在我(wo)縣(xian)各(ge)谷子產區采取秋深耕,冬鎮壓(ya),春季(ji)頂凌粑磨,播(bo)后根據(ju)晌(shang)情進行碾壓(ya)等(deng)蓄水保墑(di)(di)辦(ban)法;充(chong)分發揮“土壤水庫”的作(zuo)用,盡(jin)可能(neng)地(di)把(ba)天然降水蓄存起來(lai),提高土壤水分對經(jing)濟產量的轉(zhuan)化(hua)率。
2.播前施(shi)(shi)足(zu)底肥(fei)(fei),精選種(zhong)子:旱地(di)谷子必須重(zhong)施(shi)(shi)底肥(fei)(fei),杜(du)絕重(zhong)茬種(zhong)植,做(zuo)到輕氮重(zhong)磷(lin)補鉀。每畝施(shi)(shi)優質(zhi)農肥(fei)(fei)2000公斤(jin)、復合肥(fei)(fei)10-15公斤(jin)做(zuo)底肥(fei)(fei);在(zai)拔節(jie)期(qi)、開花期(qi)每畝追施(shi)(shi)尿素8-10公斤(jin),以(yi)滿足(zu)谷子對養分(fen)的(de)(de)需(xu)求。方法上采用集中溝施(shi)(shi),丘陵地(di)區隨同(tong)(tong)犁(li)種(zhong)一次施(shi)(shi)入,緩(huan)坡地(di)區在(zai)春季淺(qian)耕時施(shi)(shi)在(zai)犁(li)溝內,隨后(hou)及(ji)時耙耱鎮(zhen)壓。根據(ju)不同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)土壤類型(xing)和氣候特點,選用不同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)優種(zhong)。這里所說的(de)(de)優種(zhong),是指(zhi)經過(guo)保(bao)(bao)純(chun)防(fang)雜(za)的(de)(de)優良(liang)品(pin)種(zhong)。只有這樣才(cai)能減少病蟲害(hai),減輕品(pin)種(zhong)的(de)(de)退化,保(bao)(bao)證產量及(ji)品(pin)質(zhi)。在(zai)我縣適宜種(zhong)植的(de)(de)優良(liang)品(pin)種(zhong)主(zhu)要有張雜(za)谷子3號、張雜(za)谷子6號。
3.推廣應用(yong)谷子標準化(hua)栽培(pei)技術:開展平衡測土施肥,增施腐熟有(you)機(ji)(ji)肥,畝施腐熟農家肥2000公(gong)斤。拔節(jie)期畝追尿(niao)素10公(gong)斤,收(shou)獲前30天停(ting)止追肥。采用(yong)機(ji)(ji)播或(huo)畜播,結合中(zhong)耕除草進行留苗、定(ding)苗,嚴格(ge)依照品種特性控制(zhi)留苗密度,中(zhong)等(deng)肥力地(di)塊畝留苗6000-7000株。采用(yong)無害(hai)化(hua)病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)害(hai)防治(zhi)技術,以農業防治(zhi)、物理防治(zhi)、生(sheng)物防治(zhi)為(wei)主(zhu),化(hua)學防治(zhi)為(wei)輔。加強(qiang)中(zhong)耕除草、清潔田園,減少病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)源基數,發現中(zhong)心(xin)病(bing)株及時拔除。一般情況不施用(yong)化(hua)學農藥和生(sheng)物制(zhi)劑農藥。及時收(shou)獲,安(an)全貯藏,防止污染。?
4.科(ke)學(xue)(xue)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong),保(bao)證質(zhi)量(liang)(liang):一(yi)(yi)般(ban)我(wo)縣在4月(yue)(yue)25日(ri)至5月(yue)(yue)5日(ri)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong),播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)方式可采用耬播(bo)(bo)或機播(bo)(bo)。為了延長生育期,達到增(zeng)溫保(bao)墑(di)增(zeng)產提(ti)高品質(zhi)的(de)作用,采用地膜覆蓋(gai)技術(shu)。覆蓋(gai)時用拖拉(la)機懸掛2BP-2型鋪(pu)膜播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機,采用寬70厘米(mi)(mi),厚0.005-0.007厘米(mi)(mi)的(de)微膜覆蓋(gai),1.2米(mi)(mi)一(yi)(yi)帶,一(yi)(yi)膜雙行,每畝(mu)3500窩。采用半精量(liang)(liang)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong),畝(mu)用0.3公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)谷(gu)種(zhong)(zhong),與(yu)2公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)熟黃芥(jie)混合種(zhong)(zhong)植,一(yi)(yi)窩保(bao)苗3株。在測土配方施肥技術(shu)的(de)大(da)力支撐下科(ke)學(xue)(xue)掌握谷(gu)子的(de)養分需求,根據我(wo)縣實際情況,張雜3號谷(gu)子籽粒全(quan)(quan)氮(dan)含量(liang)(liang)為1.3408%、全(quan)(quan)磷(lin)含量(liang)(liang)為0.1832%、全(quan)(quan)鉀含量(liang)(liang)為0.49%,每形(xing)成100公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)籽粒所需純氮(dan)2.36公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)、磷(lin)1.17公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)、鉀1.68公(gong)(gong)斤(jin),做到因地制(zhi)宜,按照地力條件和品種(zhong)(zhong)特(te)性確定合理密度,一(yi)(yi)般(ban)畝(mu)留苗0.8萬株,以確保(bao)產量(liang)(liang)及米(mi)(mi)質(zhi)。
5.加強田間管理:我縣谷(gu)子(zi)一般(ban)在中等肥力水平的(de)地(di)(di)塊上(shang)種植。特別(bie)是(shi)稍粘(zhan)重土壤在播后遇(yu)雨(yu)時(shi)(shi)就會形成膜孔板結,要及時(shi)(shi)放苗(miao),防(fang)止造成嚴重的(de)缺苗(miao)斷壟(long)。谷(gu)子(zi)出苗(miao)后30-50天內地(di)(di)表未被覆蓋,此時(shi)(shi)氣候(hou)干燥,雜(za)(za)草(cao)也正是(shi)盛發時(shi)(shi)期,谷(gu)子(zi)此時(shi)(shi)根系生長(chang)較強,地(di)(di)上(shang)部分(fen)卻(que)生長(chang)緩慢,這時(shi)(shi)應抓緊時(shi)(shi)間中耕除草(cao),鋤凈壟(long)間雜(za)(za)草(cao),防(fang)止雜(za)(za)草(cao)和幼苗(miao)爭奪(duo)養分(fen),抑(yi)制幼苗(miao)生長(chang)。
6.提高(gao)認(ren)識,防(fang)(fang)病(bing)(bing)(bing)防(fang)(fang)蟲:目前(qian),由(you)于(yu)抗病(bing)(bing)(bing)品(pin)種的推廣,谷子病(bing)(bing)(bing)害基本可(ke)以控(kong)制。病(bing)(bing)(bing)害防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)一般采用物理防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)的辦(ban)法以確保小米(mi)的綠色無公害。
7.適期(qi)收(shou)獲:一般要待到谷穗95%以(yi)上籽(zi)粒發黃再收(shou)割(ge)(ge),防止因收(shou)割(ge)(ge)較早而影(ying)響(xiang)到小(xiao)米的(de)品質。