子(zi)(zi)宮破(po)裂是(shi)指子(zi)(zi)宮體部或(huo)子(zi)(zi)宮下(xia)(xia)段于分娩(mian)期(qi)或(huo)妊(ren)娠期(qi)發(fa)生(sheng)裂傷,為(wei)產(chan)(chan)(chan)科(ke)嚴重并發(fa)癥(zheng),威脅母兒生(sheng)命。主(zhu)要死于出血、感染休克。隨著產(chan)(chan)(chan)科(ke)質量(liang)的提高(gao),城鄉婦幼衛生(sheng)保健網(wang)的建立和逐步健全發(fa)生(sheng)率(lv)顯著下(xia)(xia)降。城市醫院已很少(shao)見到,而農(nong)村偏遠地區時有發(fa)生(sheng)。子(zi)(zi)宮破(po)裂絕大多數發(fa)生(sheng)于妊(ren)娠28周之后,分娩(mian)期(qi)最(zui)多見,目前發(fa)生(sheng)率(lv)控制在1‰以下(xia)(xia),產(chan)(chan)(chan)婦病(bing)死率(lv)為(wei)5%,嬰兒病(bing)死率(lv)高(gao)達50%~75%甚(shen)至更(geng)高(gao)。
子宮破裂多發(fa)生于難產(chan)、高齡多產(chan)和子宮曾經手術或有過損傷(shang)的(de)(de)產(chan)婦。根據(ju)破裂的(de)(de)原因,可分為無瘢(ban)痕(hen)子宮破裂和瘢(ban)痕(hen)子宮破裂。
1.梗阻性難產
明顯的骨盆(pen)狹窄頭盆(pen)不稱(cheng),軟產道畸形(xing)盆(pen)腔腫瘤和異常(chang)胎位等因素阻(zu)礙胎先(xian)露下(xia)降,子(zi)(zi)宮(gong)為(wei)克服(fu)阻(zu)力加強收縮子(zi)(zi)宮(gong)下(xia)段(duan)被(bei)迫(po)拉長變(bian)薄最終發生子(zi)(zi)宮(gong)破(po)(po)裂(lie)。此種子(zi)(zi)宮(gong)破(po)(po)裂(lie)為(wei)子(zi)(zi)宮(gong)破(po)(po)裂(lie)中最常(chang)見(jian)類型,破(po)(po)裂(lie)處(chu)多發生于子(zi)(zi)宮(gong)下(xia)段(duan)。
2.子宮瘢痕破裂
造(zao)成(cheng)子(zi)(zi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)瘢痕(hen)的(de)原因主要(yao)有剖(pou)(pou)(pou)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)(chan)術(shu),子(zi)(zi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)肌瘤剝(bo)除術(shu),子(zi)(zi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)破裂(lie)或(huo)(huo)穿(chuan)孔修補術(shu),子(zi)(zi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)畸形(xing)矯(jiao)形(xing)術(shu)等(deng);造(zao)成(cheng)破裂(lie)的(de)原因是(shi)妊(ren)娠子(zi)(zi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)機械(xie)性(xing)牽拉導致瘢痕(hen)處破裂(lie)或(huo)(huo)者子(zi)(zi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)瘢痕(hen)處內(nei)膜受(shou)損,胎(tai)盤植入,穿(chuan)透性(xing)胎(tai)盤導致子(zi)(zi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)自發(fa)破裂(lie)。近些年剖(pou)(pou)(pou)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)(chan)術(shu)迅(xun)速增(zeng)加(jia)子(zi)(zi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)體部(bu)縱切口(kou)(kou)剖(pou)(pou)(pou)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)(chan)再(zai)次(ci)妊(ren)娠容易并發(fa)子(zi)(zi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)破裂(lie),分析原因除宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)體部(bu)縱切口(kou)(kou)和下(xia)段橫切口(kou)(kou)解剖(pou)(pou)(pou)性(xing)質不(bu)同外,還要(yao)考(kao)慮(lv)感(gan)染因素的(de)作用,因為目(mu)前采(cai)用子(zi)(zi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)體部(bu)縱切口(kou)(kou)剖(pou)(pou)(pou)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)(chan)的(de)患者通常經過了漫長的(de)產(chan)(chan)程,多(duo)次(ci)陰道(dao)檢查(cha),感(gan)染幾率增(zeng)加(jia)。
3.濫用宮縮劑
此處的(de)(de)(de)宮(gong)縮(suo)劑(ji)應(ying)該包括(kuo)各種刺激子宮(gong)收(shou)縮(suo)的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)質包括(kuo)最常用的(de)(de)(de)縮(suo)宮(gong)素(su)(催產素(su))和近些(xie)年(nian)才應(ying)用的(de)(de)(de)米索前列醇,報道的(de)(de)(de)米索前列醇導(dao)致子宮(gong)破裂的(de)(de)(de)病(bing)例越來越多。原因主要包括(kuo)藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)劑(ji)量過(guo)大或給(gei)藥(yao)(yao)速(su)度過(guo)快(kuai)子宮(gong)頸不成熟,胎位不正(zheng)梗(geng)阻(zu)性難產,用藥(yao)(yao)期(qi)間(jian)對產程(cheng)觀察不仔細等。
4.陰(yin)道助(zhu)產手術損傷
宮(gong)(gong)口未開(kai)全(quan),強行產(chan)鉗術或臀(tun)牽引術導致子宮(gong)(gong)頸嚴重(zhong)裂(lie)傷(shang)并上延(yan)到(dao)子宮(gong)(gong)下段。忽略性橫位內(nei)倒轉術,毀胎(tai)術部分人工剝離(li)胎(tai)盤術等由于(yu)操作(zuo)不當,均可以造成子宮(gong)(gong)破(po)裂(lie)。
5.子(zi)宮(gong)(gong)畸形和子(zi)宮(gong)(gong)壁(bi)發育不良
最常見的是雙角子宮(gong)或單角子宮(gong)。
6.子宮本身病變
多(duo)產(chan)婦(fu)多(duo)次刮宮(gong)史(shi)、感染(ran)性流產(chan)史(shi)宮(gong)腔感染(ran)史(shi)、人工剝離(li)胎盤史(shi)、葡萄胎史(shi)等。由于(yu)上述(shu)因素導致子(zi)(zi)宮(gong)內膜乃(nai)至(zhi)肌壁受損,妊娠后胎盤植入或穿透,最終導致子(zi)(zi)宮(gong)破裂(lie)。
1.出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)子(zi)宮破裂(lie)通(tong)常(chang)(chang)表現為大出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue),出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)分為內(nei)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)、外出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)或混合出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)。內(nei)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)指(zhi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)積聚于闊韌(ren)帶內(nei)或腹腔(qiang)(qiang)內(nei),導(dao)致闊韌(ren)帶血(xue)(xue)腫或腹腔(qiang)(qiang)積血(xue)(xue);外出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)指(zhi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)自陰道(dao)排出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)。子(zi)宮破裂(lie)的(de)(de)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)部(bu)位通(tong)常(chang)(chang)包括(kuo)子(zi)宮及(ji)(ji)軟產(chan)道(dao)破裂(lie)口和(he)(he)胎(tai)盤剝(bo)離(li)(li)面(mian)(mian)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue),子(zi)宮和(he)(he)軟產(chan)道(dao)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)通(tong)常(chang)(chang)需要損(sun)傷所在(zai)部(bu)位的(de)(de)大血(xue)(xue)管(guan),如(ru)(ru)果(guo)軟產(chan)道(dao)損(sun)傷未(wei)傷及(ji)(ji)大血(xue)(xue)管(guan),通(tong)常(chang)(chang)不表現為大出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)或活動性出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)。胎(tai)盤剝(bo)離(li)(li)面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)與(yu)胎(tai)盤剝(bo)離(li)(li)的(de)(de)程(cheng)度和(he)(he)子(zi)宮收縮(suo)強度有關,如(ru)(ru)果(guo)胎(tai)盤未(wei)完(wan)全剝(bo)離(li)(li)或剝(bo)離(li)(li)后未(wei)排出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)宮腔(qiang)(qiang),影響子(zi)宮收縮(suo),表現為大出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue);反(fan)之(zhi)如(ru)(ru)果(guo)胎(tai)盤完(wan)全剝(bo)離(li)(li)并已經排出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)宮腔(qiang)(qiang),子(zi)宮收縮(suo)很好,則胎(tai)盤剝(bo)離(li)(li)面(mian)(mian)少量(liang)活動性出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)。上述出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)指(zhi)術前出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue),術后亦可以(yi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue),原因(yin)主(zhu)要為闊韌(ren)帶血(xue)(xue)腫清除(chu)后創面(mian)(mian)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)或DIC出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue),或保(bao)守治療子(zi)宮出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)。出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)除(chu)引起失(shi)血(xue)(xue)性休(xiu)克(ke)(ke)外,還(huan)由于產(chan)婦(fu)高凝狀態,出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)過(guo)多(duo),休(xiu)克(ke)(ke)時間過(guo)長,出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現DIC。
2.感(gan)(gan)(gan)染(ran)(ran)子(zi)(zi)宮(gong)(gong)破(po)(po)裂后(hou)容(rong)易出現感(gan)(gan)(gan)染(ran)(ran)的(de)部位主要有(you)盆(pen)(pen)腔、腹腔、盆(pen)(pen)腔腹膜(mo)后(hou)和軟產(chan)道。造成感(gan)(gan)(gan)染(ran)(ran)的(de)原(yuan)因(yin)主要有(you):盆(pen)(pen)腹腔或闊韌帶內與子(zi)(zi)宮(gong)(gong)腔和陰(yin)道相通,相通后(hou)有(you)細菌進(jin)(jin)入;子(zi)(zi)宮(gong)(gong)破(po)(po)裂后(hou)大出血,嚴重貧血或DIC,抵抗力下降(jiang)容(rong)易感(gan)(gan)(gan)染(ran)(ran);腹腔或盆(pen)(pen)腔內的(de)積血或腹膜(mo)外(wai)的(de)積血,容(rong)易感(gan)(gan)(gan)染(ran)(ran);子(zi)(zi)宮(gong)(gong)破(po)(po)裂后(hou)的(de)子(zi)(zi)宮(gong)(gong)切除或修補(bu),均于(yu)有(you)菌條件下進(jin)(jin)行(xing);子(zi)(zi)宮(gong)(gong)破(po)(po)裂后(hou)診斷(duan)期間可能有(you)較多(duo)的(de)陰(yin)道操作;時間較久的(de)子(zi)(zi)宮(gong)(gong)破(po)(po)裂更容(rong)易導致多(duo)部位的(de)各(ge)種感(gan)(gan)(gan)染(ran)(ran)。另外(wai)值得(de)提出的(de)感(gan)(gan)(gan)染(ran)(ran)是呼(hu)吸(xi)道感(gan)(gan)(gan)染(ran)(ran),引起感(gan)(gan)(gan)染(ran)(ran)的(de)因(yin)素很多(duo),休克時間過長正常(chang)呼(hu)吸(xi)道的(de)排痰和防御機制受損與之有(you)關(guan),同(tong)時不(bu)能除外(wai)誤吸(xi)等因(yin)素。
3.導致(zhi)產(chan)道(dao)及其他腹腔和盆(pen)腔器官(guan)組織損傷(shang)(shang)(shang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)宮(gong)破裂的(de)損傷(shang)(shang)(shang)包括手(shou)術干預(yu)前和手(shou)術干預(yu)后的(de)損傷(shang)(shang)(shang)。手(shou)術干預(yu)前的(de)損傷(shang)(shang)(shang)包括子(zi)(zi)(zi)宮(gong)體、子(zi)(zi)(zi)宮(gong)下段、子(zi)(zi)(zi)宮(gong)頸和陰(yin)道(dao)的(de)各種(zhong)損傷(shang)(shang)(shang),同時(shi)也可能有原(yuan)發的(de)由于胎(tai)頭壓迫(po)造(zao)成的(de)膀胱損傷(shang)(shang)(shang)。子(zi)(zi)(zi)宮(gong)破裂患者診斷過(guo)(guo)程和手(shou)術治療過(guo)(guo)程中的(de)損傷(shang)(shang)(shang)很(hen)多,有時(shi)甚至超(chao)過(guo)(guo)原(yuan)發損傷(shang)(shang)(shang)。診斷過(guo)(guo)程中過(guo)(guo)多的(de)不必要(yao)的(de)陰(yin)道(dao)操(cao)作或(huo)檢查(cha)導致(zhi)產(chan)道(dao)損傷(shang)(shang)(shang)加重;開腹探查(cha)術,清理(li)積血或(huo)清理(li)胎(tai)兒、胎(tai)盤和胎(tai)膜(mo),操(cao)作不當,導致(zhi)腸道(dao)或(huo)大網膜(mo)損傷(shang)(shang)(shang);清理(li)闊韌(ren)帶血腫,引起盆(pen)底血管輸尿(niao)管和膀胱損傷(shang)(shang)(shang);子(zi)(zi)(zi)宮(gong)破裂時(shi)間過(guo)(guo)長,對腹腔器官(guan)的(de)損傷(shang)(shang)(shang)更重。
4.對胎兒(er)(er)的影響(xiang)子(zi)宮破(po)裂后對胎兒(er)(er)的影響(xiang)主要是不同(tong)時間(jian)和不同(tong)程度的出血造成的損傷,多數胎兒(er)(er)死(si)(si)亡。存活胎兒(er)(er)的圍(wei)生(sheng)兒(er)(er)發(fa)病率和病死(si)(si)率明顯(xian)增高,遠期并發(fa)癥也明顯(xian)增高。
診斷完全(quan)性子宮破裂(lie)一般困難(nan)不大,根據病史、分娩(mian)經過、臨床表現及體(ti)征可作出診斷。不完全(quan)性子宮破裂(lie)只有在嚴密觀察下方能發(fa)現。個別(bie)晚期妊娠破裂(lie)者(zhe),只有出現子宮破裂(lie)的癥狀和體(ti)征時方能確診。
個別難產(chan)病例經多次(ci)陰道(dao)檢(jian)查,可能感染出現(xian)腹(fu)膜炎(yan)而(er)表(biao)現(xian)為類似子(zi)宮(gong)破(po)裂癥象。陰道(dao)檢(jian)查時(shi)由于胎先露部仍(reng)高、子(zi)宮(gong)下(xia)段(duan)菲薄,雙(shuang)合診時(shi)雙(shuang)手(shou)指相觸猶如只隔腹(fu)壁(bi),有時(shi)容易誤診為子(zi)宮(gong)破(po)裂,這種情(qing)況胎體不(bu)會進入腹(fu)腔(qiang),而(er)妊娠子(zi)宮(gong)也不(bu)會縮(suo)小而(er)位于胎體旁側。
發現先(xian)兆(zhao)子(zi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)破裂,必(bi)須立(li)即采(cai)取(qu)有(you)效措施(shi)抑(yi)制子(zi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)收縮,如給乙(yi)醚全(quan)麻、肌肉(rou)注射度冷(leng)丁100mg等,以緩解子(zi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)破裂的進程。最好能(neng)盡快(kuai)行剖(pou)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產術(shu),術(shu)中注意檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)子(zi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)是否已有(you)破裂。子(zi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)破裂胎兒未娩出者,即使(shi)(shi)死胎也(ye)不(bu)應(ying)經陰道(dao)先(xian)娩出胎兒,這會(hui)使(shi)(shi)裂口擴大,增加出血,促使(shi)(shi)感(gan)(gan)染(ran)(ran)擴散,應(ying)迅速剖(pou)腹(fu)取(qu)出死胎,視患(huan)者狀態(tai)、裂傷(shang)部(bu)位情況、感(gan)(gan)染(ran)(ran)程度和患(huan)者是否已有(you)子(zi)女(nv)等綜合(he)考慮,若子(zi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)裂口較易縫(feng)合(he)、感(gan)(gan)染(ran)(ran)不(bu)嚴重、患(huan)者狀態(tai)欠佳(jia)時,可(ke)作(zuo)裂口修(xiu)補縫(feng)合(he),有(you)子(zi)女(nv)者結扎輸(shu)卵管,無子(zi)女(nv)者保留其生(sheng)育功能(neng)。否則可(ke)行子(zi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)全(quan)切除(chu)或次全(quan)切除(chu)。子(zi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)下段破裂者,應(ying)注意檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)膀(bang)胱、輸(shu)尿管、宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頸(jing)及(ji)陰道(dao),若有(you)損(sun)傷(shang),應(ying)及(ji)時修(xiu)補。
子(zi)宮破裂多伴有(you)嚴重的(de)出血(xue)及(ji)存(cun)在感染,術前應(ying)輸血(xue)、輸液,給予乳酸鈉,積極進行抗休克治療(liao),術中、術后應(ying)用較大劑量廣譜抗生素控制(zhi)感染。