子宮(gong)破裂是指子宮(gong)體部或子宮(gong)下(xia)段于分娩期(qi)或妊(ren)娠(shen)期(qi)發生裂傷,為產(chan)科嚴重并發癥,威脅母(mu)兒(er)生命。主要死于出血、感染休克。隨著產(chan)科質量的(de)提高(gao),城鄉婦(fu)幼衛生保健網的(de)建立和(he)逐步健全發生率(lv)顯著下(xia)降(jiang)。城市醫院已很少見(jian)(jian)到(dao),而農村(cun)偏遠地區時有(you)發生。子宮(gong)破裂絕大多數發生于妊(ren)娠(shen)28周之后,分娩期(qi)最多見(jian)(jian),目前發生率(lv)控制在1‰以下(xia),產(chan)婦(fu)病死率(lv)為5%,嬰兒(er)病死率(lv)高(gao)達50%~75%甚至更高(gao)。
子宮破裂(lie)多發生于難產(chan)、高(gao)齡(ling)多產(chan)和子宮曾經手(shou)術(shu)或有(you)過(guo)損傷的(de)產(chan)婦。根據破裂(lie)的(de)原(yuan)因,可分(fen)為無(wu)瘢痕子宮破裂(lie)和瘢痕子宮破裂(lie)。
1.梗阻性難產
明顯的(de)骨盆狹窄頭盆不稱,軟產道畸(ji)形盆腔腫瘤和異(yi)常胎位(wei)等因素阻(zu)礙胎先(xian)露下(xia)降,子宮(gong)(gong)為克服阻(zu)力加強收縮子宮(gong)(gong)下(xia)段被(bei)迫拉長(chang)變薄最終發生子宮(gong)(gong)破裂(lie)(lie)。此種子宮(gong)(gong)破裂(lie)(lie)為子宮(gong)(gong)破裂(lie)(lie)中最常見類型(xing),破裂(lie)(lie)處多發生于子宮(gong)(gong)下(xia)段。
2.子宮瘢(ban)痕破裂
造成(cheng)子宮(gong)(gong)瘢痕的(de)原因(yin)主要有(you)剖(pou)(pou)宮(gong)(gong)產術(shu),子宮(gong)(gong)肌瘤剝除術(shu),子宮(gong)(gong)破裂或(huo)穿孔修補術(shu),子宮(gong)(gong)畸(ji)形矯(jiao)形術(shu)等;造成(cheng)破裂的(de)原因(yin)是妊娠子宮(gong)(gong)的(de)機(ji)械性牽拉導致(zhi)瘢痕處破裂或(huo)者子宮(gong)(gong)瘢痕處內膜受損,胎盤植入,穿透性胎盤導致(zhi)子宮(gong)(gong)自發(fa)破裂。近些年剖(pou)(pou)宮(gong)(gong)產術(shu)迅速增(zeng)加(jia)子宮(gong)(gong)體(ti)部縱切(qie)口剖(pou)(pou)宮(gong)(gong)產再次(ci)妊娠容(rong)易并發(fa)子宮(gong)(gong)破裂,分析原因(yin)除宮(gong)(gong)體(ti)部縱切(qie)口和下(xia)段橫切(qie)口解剖(pou)(pou)性質不同外,還要考(kao)慮感染(ran)因(yin)素的(de)作用,因(yin)為目前采用子宮(gong)(gong)體(ti)部縱切(qie)口剖(pou)(pou)宮(gong)(gong)產的(de)患(huan)者通(tong)常經(jing)過了漫長的(de)產程,多次(ci)陰道檢查,感染(ran)幾率增(zeng)加(jia)。
3.濫用宮縮劑
此處的(de)宮(gong)(gong)縮(suo)劑應該(gai)包(bao)括各種刺激子宮(gong)(gong)收縮(suo)的(de)物質(zhi)包(bao)括最常用(yong)的(de)縮(suo)宮(gong)(gong)素(su)(催產素(su))和近些年才應用(yong)的(de)米(mi)索(suo)前(qian)列醇(chun),報道的(de)米(mi)索(suo)前(qian)列醇(chun)導致子宮(gong)(gong)破裂的(de)病(bing)例(li)越來(lai)越多。原因(yin)主要包(bao)括藥(yao)(yao)物劑量過大或給藥(yao)(yao)速度過快(kuai)子宮(gong)(gong)頸不成熟(shu),胎位不正梗(geng)阻性難(nan)產,用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)期間對(dui)產程觀(guan)察不仔細等(deng)。
4.陰道助(zhu)產手術損傷
宮口未開全,強行(xing)產鉗術(shu)或臀牽(qian)引術(shu)導致子宮頸嚴重裂(lie)傷并上延到子宮下段。忽略性橫位內倒轉術(shu),毀胎(tai)術(shu)部分人(ren)工剝離胎(tai)盤術(shu)等由于操(cao)作不當,均可以造成子宮破裂(lie)。
5.子宮畸形和(he)子宮壁發育不良
最常見的(de)是雙角(jiao)子(zi)宮(gong)(gong)或單角(jiao)子(zi)宮(gong)(gong)。
6.子宮(gong)本(ben)身病變(bian)
多產婦多次(ci)刮宮(gong)史(shi)、感染性流產史(shi)宮(gong)腔(qiang)感染史(shi)、人(ren)工(gong)剝離胎盤史(shi)、葡萄胎史(shi)等。由于上(shang)述(shu)因素導(dao)致(zhi)子宮(gong)內膜乃至肌壁(bi)受損,妊娠(shen)后胎盤植(zhi)入或穿透(tou),最終(zhong)導(dao)致(zhi)子宮(gong)破裂。
1.出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)子(zi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)破(po)裂通常表(biao)現(xian)為(wei)(wei)大出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)分(fen)為(wei)(wei)內(nei)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、外(wai)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)或(huo)(huo)混合出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)。內(nei)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)指出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)積聚于闊韌帶內(nei)或(huo)(huo)腹腔(qiang)(qiang)內(nei),導致闊韌帶血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)腫(zhong)或(huo)(huo)腹腔(qiang)(qiang)積血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue);外(wai)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)指出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)自(zi)陰道(dao)排出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)。子(zi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)破(po)裂的(de)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)部位通常包括子(zi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)及(ji)軟(ruan)產(chan)道(dao)破(po)裂口(kou)和胎(tai)(tai)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)剝離(li)面(mian)(mian)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),子(zi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)和軟(ruan)產(chan)道(dao)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)通常需要損(sun)傷(shang)所在部位的(de)大血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)管,如果(guo)(guo)軟(ruan)產(chan)道(dao)損(sun)傷(shang)未傷(shang)及(ji)大血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)管,通常不表(biao)現(xian)為(wei)(wei)大出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)或(huo)(huo)活動性出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)。胎(tai)(tai)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)剝離(li)面(mian)(mian)的(de)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)與胎(tai)(tai)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)剝離(li)的(de)程度(du)和子(zi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)收(shou)縮(suo)(suo)強度(du)有(you)關,如果(guo)(guo)胎(tai)(tai)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)未完(wan)全剝離(li)或(huo)(huo)剝離(li)后(hou)未排出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)腔(qiang)(qiang),影響(xiang)子(zi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)收(shou)縮(suo)(suo),表(biao)現(xian)為(wei)(wei)大出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue);反之(zhi)如果(guo)(guo)胎(tai)(tai)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)完(wan)全剝離(li)并已經(jing)排出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)腔(qiang)(qiang),子(zi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)收(shou)縮(suo)(suo)很好(hao),則胎(tai)(tai)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)剝離(li)面(mian)(mian)少量活動性出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)。上(shang)述出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)指術(shu)前(qian)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),術(shu)后(hou)亦可以(yi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),原因主(zhu)要為(wei)(wei)闊韌帶血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)腫(zhong)清除(chu)后(hou)創面(mian)(mian)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)或(huo)(huo)DIC出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),或(huo)(huo)保守治療子(zi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)。出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)除(chu)引起(qi)失血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性休克(ke)(ke)外(wai),還由于產(chan)婦高凝狀態(tai),出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)過多(duo),休克(ke)(ke)時間過長,出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)DIC。
2.感(gan)(gan)染(ran)(ran)(ran)子(zi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)破裂后(hou)(hou)容易(yi)出現感(gan)(gan)染(ran)(ran)(ran)的(de)部(bu)位主要有(you)(you)盆(pen)(pen)腔(qiang)、腹(fu)腔(qiang)、盆(pen)(pen)腔(qiang)腹(fu)膜后(hou)(hou)和(he)軟產道。造成感(gan)(gan)染(ran)(ran)(ran)的(de)原(yuan)因(yin)(yin)主要有(you)(you):盆(pen)(pen)腹(fu)腔(qiang)或(huo)(huo)闊韌(ren)帶內與(yu)(yu)子(zi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)腔(qiang)和(he)陰道相通(tong),相通(tong)后(hou)(hou)有(you)(you)細菌進(jin)入;子(zi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)破裂后(hou)(hou)大出血(xue),嚴重貧血(xue)或(huo)(huo)DIC,抵抗(kang)力(li)下(xia)降容易(yi)感(gan)(gan)染(ran)(ran)(ran);腹(fu)腔(qiang)或(huo)(huo)盆(pen)(pen)腔(qiang)內的(de)積血(xue)或(huo)(huo)腹(fu)膜外(wai)的(de)積血(xue),容易(yi)感(gan)(gan)染(ran)(ran)(ran);子(zi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)破裂后(hou)(hou)的(de)子(zi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)切(qie)除或(huo)(huo)修補(bu),均于有(you)(you)菌條(tiao)件下(xia)進(jin)行(xing);子(zi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)破裂后(hou)(hou)診(zhen)斷(duan)期(qi)間可能(neng)有(you)(you)較多(duo)的(de)陰道操作(zuo);時(shi)間較久的(de)子(zi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)破裂更容易(yi)導致多(duo)部(bu)位的(de)各種(zhong)感(gan)(gan)染(ran)(ran)(ran)。另(ling)外(wai)值(zhi)得提出的(de)感(gan)(gan)染(ran)(ran)(ran)是呼(hu)吸(xi)道感(gan)(gan)染(ran)(ran)(ran),引(yin)起感(gan)(gan)染(ran)(ran)(ran)的(de)因(yin)(yin)素很多(duo),休克時(shi)間過長(chang)正常呼(hu)吸(xi)道的(de)排(pai)痰(tan)和(he)防御機制受(shou)損與(yu)(yu)之有(you)(you)關,同(tong)時(shi)不(bu)能(neng)除外(wai)誤吸(xi)等(deng)因(yin)(yin)素。
3.導(dao)(dao)致產道(dao)及其他腹腔(qiang)和(he)盆(pen)腔(qiang)器官(guan)組(zu)織損(sun)傷(shang)(shang)子(zi)宮破裂(lie)的(de)(de)損(sun)傷(shang)(shang)包括手(shou)(shou)(shou)術(shu)干預(yu)(yu)前(qian)(qian)和(he)手(shou)(shou)(shou)術(shu)干預(yu)(yu)后的(de)(de)損(sun)傷(shang)(shang)。手(shou)(shou)(shou)術(shu)干預(yu)(yu)前(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)損(sun)傷(shang)(shang)包括子(zi)宮體、子(zi)宮下段、子(zi)宮頸和(he)陰道(dao)的(de)(de)各種損(sun)傷(shang)(shang),同時(shi)也可能有(you)原發(fa)的(de)(de)由于胎頭(tou)壓(ya)迫造成(cheng)的(de)(de)膀胱損(sun)傷(shang)(shang)。子(zi)宮破裂(lie)患者診斷(duan)過(guo)程和(he)手(shou)(shou)(shou)術(shu)治(zhi)療過(guo)程中(zhong)的(de)(de)損(sun)傷(shang)(shang)很(hen)多(duo),有(you)時(shi)甚(shen)至超過(guo)原發(fa)損(sun)傷(shang)(shang)。診斷(duan)過(guo)程中(zhong)過(guo)多(duo)的(de)(de)不(bu)必(bi)要的(de)(de)陰道(dao)操作或(huo)檢查(cha)導(dao)(dao)致產道(dao)損(sun)傷(shang)(shang)加重;開腹探查(cha)術(shu),清(qing)(qing)理積血或(huo)清(qing)(qing)理胎兒、胎盤和(he)胎膜(mo),操作不(bu)當,導(dao)(dao)致腸道(dao)或(huo)大網(wang)膜(mo)損(sun)傷(shang)(shang);清(qing)(qing)理闊韌帶血腫(zhong),引起盆(pen)底血管輸尿管和(he)膀胱損(sun)傷(shang)(shang);子(zi)宮破裂(lie)時(shi)間過(guo)長,對腹腔(qiang)器官(guan)的(de)(de)損(sun)傷(shang)(shang)更重。
4.對胎兒的影(ying)響子宮(gong)破裂(lie)后對胎兒的影(ying)響主要是不同時(shi)間和不同程度的出血造成(cheng)的損傷,多數胎兒死亡(wang)。存(cun)活胎兒的圍(wei)生兒發病率和病死率明顯增高,遠期并發癥也(ye)明顯增高。
診斷完(wan)全性子(zi)宮破(po)裂一般困難不大,根(gen)據病(bing)史(shi)、分娩(mian)經過(guo)、臨(lin)床表現及體(ti)征可(ke)作出診斷。不完(wan)全性子(zi)宮破(po)裂只有(you)在嚴密觀察下方(fang)能發(fa)現。個別晚期妊(ren)娠破(po)裂者,只有(you)出現子(zi)宮破(po)裂的癥狀和體(ti)征時(shi)方(fang)能確診。
個別難產病例(li)經多次(ci)陰道(dao)檢查(cha),可(ke)能感染出現腹(fu)膜炎(yan)而表現為類(lei)似子(zi)宮(gong)破裂(lie)癥象。陰道(dao)檢查(cha)時由(you)于胎(tai)先(xian)露部仍(reng)高、子(zi)宮(gong)下段菲薄(bo),雙合診(zhen)時雙手指相(xiang)觸猶如只隔腹(fu)壁,有時容易(yi)誤診(zhen)為子(zi)宮(gong)破裂(lie),這種情況(kuang)胎(tai)體不會(hui)進入腹(fu)腔,而妊娠(shen)子(zi)宮(gong)也不會(hui)縮小而位于胎(tai)體旁側。
發現先(xian)兆子宮(gong)破(po)裂(lie)(lie),必(bi)須立(li)即采取有(you)效措(cuo)施抑(yi)制子宮(gong)收(shou)縮,如給乙醚全(quan)麻、肌(ji)肉注射度冷丁100mg等,以緩解(jie)子宮(gong)破(po)裂(lie)(lie)的進程。最(zui)好能盡快行剖宮(gong)產術,術中注意檢查子宮(gong)是否已(yi)有(you)破(po)裂(lie)(lie)。子宮(gong)破(po)裂(lie)(lie)胎(tai)兒未娩出(chu)者(zhe),即使死胎(tai)也不應(ying)(ying)經陰道先(xian)娩出(chu)胎(tai)兒,這會(hui)使裂(lie)(lie)口(kou)(kou)擴大,增加出(chu)血,促使感染擴散,應(ying)(ying)迅(xun)速剖腹取出(chu)死胎(tai),視患者(zhe)狀態(tai)、裂(lie)(lie)傷部位情(qing)況、感染程度和患者(zhe)是否已(yi)有(you)子女(nv)(nv)等綜合考慮,若子宮(gong)裂(lie)(lie)口(kou)(kou)較易縫合、感染不嚴重、患者(zhe)狀態(tai)欠佳(jia)時,可(ke)(ke)作裂(lie)(lie)口(kou)(kou)修補縫合,有(you)子女(nv)(nv)者(zhe)結(jie)扎輸卵管(guan)(guan),無子女(nv)(nv)者(zhe)保留其生育功能。否則可(ke)(ke)行子宮(gong)全(quan)切除或次全(quan)切除。子宮(gong)下段(duan)破(po)裂(lie)(lie)者(zhe),應(ying)(ying)注意檢查膀胱、輸尿管(guan)(guan)、宮(gong)頸及(ji)陰道,若有(you)損傷,應(ying)(ying)及(ji)時修補。
子(zi)宮破裂多伴有嚴重的出血及(ji)存在(zai)感(gan)染(ran),術(shu)前應輸(shu)血、輸(shu)液(ye),給予乳酸鈉(na),積極(ji)進行(xing)抗休克(ke)治療,術(shu)中、術(shu)后(hou)應用較大劑量(liang)廣譜抗生素控(kong)制感(gan)染(ran)。