一、燃料電池電動汽車的類型有哪些

1、按有無蓄能裝置分類

根據燃(ran)(ran)料電池(chi)電動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車是否(fou)配備蓄能裝置，可把燃(ran)(ran)料電池(chi)電動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車分為純(chun)燃(ran)(ran)料電池(chi)電動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車和(he)混合型燃(ran)(ran)料電池(chi)電動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車兩大類。

（1）純燃料電池電動汽車

純燃(ran)料(liao)電池(chi)(chi)電動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)的(de)燃(ran)料(liao)電池(chi)(chi)是電動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)上電能的(de)唯一來源。這(zhe)種類型的(de)燃(ran)料(liao)電池(chi)(chi)電動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)要求燃(ran)料(liao)電池(chi)(chi)的(de)功率大，并且無法回收汽(qi)車(che)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)能量(liang)。因此，純燃(ran)料(liao)電池(chi)(chi)電動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)目前應用(yong)較少。

（2）混合型燃料電池電動汽車

混合(he)型燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)上除燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)外，還同時配備了蓄(xu)(xu)能(neng)裝(zhuang)置（如(ru)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)、超級電(dian)(dian)容或(huo)飛輪電(dian)(dian)池(chi)等(deng)）。由(you)于(yu)蓄(xu)(xu)能(neng)裝(zhuang)置可(ke)協助(zhu)供電(dian)(dian)，因而可(ke)減小燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的功率，且蓄(xu)(xu)能(neng)裝(zhuang)置還可(ke)用于(yu)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)制動時的能(neng)量回收(shou)，所以可(ke)提高燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)的能(neng)量利用率。因此，燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)多采用混合(he)型結構。

2、按燃料電池與蓄電池的結構關系分類

根據混合型(xing)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)中燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)和(he)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)結構，可將混合型(xing)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)分(fen)為串聯式和(he)并聯式兩種(zhong)。

（1）串聯式燃料電池電動汽車

串(chuan)聯(lian)式燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車的(de)(de)燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)相當于車載(zai)發電(dian)(dian)裝置，通過(guo)DC/DC轉換(huan)器進行(xing)電(dian)(dian)壓變換(huan)后對蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，再由(you)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)提供驅動(dong)車輛的(de)(de)全(quan)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)力。串(chuan)聯(lian)式燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車的(de)(de)特點(dian)與普通的(de)(de)串(chuan)聯(lian)混合動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)動(dong)車相似。其優(you)點(dian)是可采用小功(gong)率(lv)的(de)(de)燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，但(dan)要求蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)容量和功(gong)率(lv)要足(zu)夠大，且燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)發出(chu)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)能需要經過(guo)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)化學轉換(huan)過(guo)程，從中有(you)能量的(de)(de)轉換(huan)損失。目前(qian)，串(chuan)聯(lian)式燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車較為少見(jian)。

（2）并聯式燃料電池電動汽車

并聯式(shi)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)由(you)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)和(he)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)共同向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機提供(gong)(gong)(gong)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)。根據燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)與(yu)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)能量大(da)小(xiao)的配置(zhi)不同，又可將其分為(wei)大(da)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)型和(he)小(xiao)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)型兩種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)。大(da)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)由(you)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)提供(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)，蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的容(rong)量較小(xiao)，只是在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)起(qi)步(bu)、加速、爬坡等行(xing)駛(shi)工況(kuang)時協(xie)(xie)助(zhu)供(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，并在車(che)輛減速與(yu)制動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時進行(xing)能量回收(shou)。小(xiao)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)則必須采(cai)用大(da)容(rong)量的蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，由(you)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)提供(gong)(gong)(gong)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)，而燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)只是協(xie)(xie)助(zhu)供(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。并聯式(shi)是目前燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)采(cai)用較多的形式(shi)。

3、按提供的燃料不同分類

根據燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)所(suo)提供的燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)不同(tong)，燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)又可分為直(zhi)接燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)和重整燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)兩大類。

（1）直接燃料電池電動汽車

直接燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動汽車(che)的(de)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料主要是純氫(qing)，也(ye)可(ke)以(yi)用甲醇等燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料。采(cai)用純氫(qing)作(zuo)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料的(de)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動汽車(che)，其氫(qing)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料的(de)儲存方(fang)式有壓縮氫(qing)氣、液態氫(qing)和合金（碳納米(mi)管）吸附氫(qing)等幾(ji)種。

（2）重整燃料電池電動汽車

重(zhong)(zhong)整(zheng)(zheng)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車(che)的(de)(de)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)主(zhu)要有汽油、天然氣(qi)、甲(jia)(jia)醇、甲(jia)(jia)烷、液(ye)化石油氣(qi)等(deng)。重(zhong)(zhong)整(zheng)(zheng)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車(che)的(de)(de)結構要比(bi)(bi)氫燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車(che)復(fu)雜得多。比(bi)(bi)如，甲(jia)(jia)醇重(zhong)(zhong)整(zheng)(zheng)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車(che)需要對(dui)甲(jia)(jia)醇進行200℃左右的(de)(de)加(jia)熱以(yi)分(fen)解出(chu)氫，汽油重(zhong)(zhong)整(zheng)(zheng)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車(che)也需要對(dui)汽油進行1000℃左右的(de)(de)加(jia)熱以(yi)分(fen)解出(chu)氫。無論(lun)采用什么燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)，重(zhong)(zhong)整(zheng)(zheng)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車(che)都需設置重(zhong)(zhong)整(zheng)(zheng)裝置，將其他(ta)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)轉(zhuan)化為燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)所(suo)需的(de)(de)氫。

直接以純氫為燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電池(chi)電動汽(qi)(qi)車對(dui)儲氫裝(zhuang)置的(de)要(yao)求較高。但與重(zhong)整(zheng)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電池(chi)電動汽(qi)(qi)車相比，直接燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電池(chi)電動汽(qi)(qi)車的(de)結構簡單(dan)、質量輕、能量效率高、成(cheng)本低。因此，目(mu)前的(de)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電池(chi)電動汽(qi)(qi)車采用重(zhong)整(zheng)技(ji)術的(de)相對(dui)較少，大都以純氫為車載氫源。

二、燃料電池汽車怎么選擇

在選(xuan)擇燃(ran)料(liao)電池(chi)汽(qi)車時，消費者(zhe)應該充分考(kao)慮自(zi)己的(de)(de)需(xu)求(qiu)和使(shi)用情況，并結(jie)合汽(qi)車的(de)(de)性能、價格(ge)和售后服務等(deng)因素做(zuo)出正確(que)的(de)(de)決策(ce)。

1、需求和使用情況

消費者首先應該對自己的(de)(de)(de)需求和(he)(he)使用情況有(you)一個清晰的(de)(de)(de)認(ren)識(shi)。如果是長(chang)途出(chu)行，需要(yao)考(kao)慮汽(qi)車的(de)(de)(de)續航(hang)里(li)程和(he)(he)加氫設施的(de)(de)(de)覆蓋范圍；如果是市區代步，可考(kao)慮汽(qi)車的(de)(de)(de)動力性能和(he)(he)價格(ge)等因素。

2、汽車性能

燃料(liao)電池汽(qi)車的(de)性能(neng)是(shi)選擇時的(de)重要(yao)(yao)參考因素。消費(fei)者可根據自己(ji)的(de)使用需(xu)求和對(dui)汽(qi)車性能(neng)的(de)要(yao)(yao)求，選擇續航里程(cheng)更長、動力性能(neng)更優、充電速度更快的(de)車型。

3、價格和售后服務

燃料電池汽車相對于傳(chuan)統汽車(che)價格更(geng)高，消費者在選(xuan)擇時需(xu)要根據(ju)自己的經(jing)濟實力(li)做出決策。此(ci)外，還需(xu)要考(kao)慮(lv)廠家售后(hou)服務(wu)的質(zhi)量和(he)承諾(nuo)，確保汽車(che)能(neng)夠得到及時有效的維修和(he)保養。