一、燃料電池電動汽車的類型有哪些

1、按有無蓄能裝置分類

根據燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)是否配備蓄能(neng)裝置(zhi)，可把燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)分為純(chun)燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)和混(hun)合型燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)兩大類。

（1）純燃料電池電動汽車

純燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車的燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池是電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車上電(dian)(dian)(dian)能的唯(wei)一來源(yuan)。這種類型的燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車要求(qiu)燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的功率大，并且(qie)無法(fa)回收(shou)汽(qi)(qi)車制動(dong)能量(liang)。因此(ci)，純燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車目前應用較少。

（2）混合型燃料電池電動汽車

混合(he)型燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車上(shang)除燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池外，還同時配備了蓄(xu)(xu)能(neng)(neng)裝置（如(ru)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池、超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容或飛輪電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池等）。由于蓄(xu)(xu)能(neng)(neng)裝置可協助供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，因(yin)而可減小燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)功率，且蓄(xu)(xu)能(neng)(neng)裝置還可用(yong)于汽車制動(dong)時的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)回收，所以可提高燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)利(li)用(yong)率。因(yin)此(ci)，燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車多采用(yong)混合(he)型結構。

2、按燃料電池與蓄電池的結構關系分類

根(gen)據混(hun)合(he)型(xing)燃(ran)料電(dian)池電(dian)動汽車(che)中(zhong)燃(ran)料電(dian)池和蓄電(dian)池的電(dian)路結構，可將混(hun)合(he)型(xing)燃(ran)料電(dian)池電(dian)動汽車(che)分為串聯式(shi)和并聯式(shi)兩(liang)種。

（1）串聯式燃料電池電動汽車

串(chuan)(chuan)聯(lian)(lian)式(shi)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車的(de)(de)(de)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)相(xiang)當(dang)于車載發電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置，通(tong)過DC/DC轉換(huan)器進行電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓變(bian)換(huan)后對(dui)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，再(zai)由(you)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)向電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機提供驅動(dong)車輛的(de)(de)(de)全(quan)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)力。串(chuan)(chuan)聯(lian)(lian)式(shi)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車的(de)(de)(de)特點與普通(tong)的(de)(de)(de)串(chuan)(chuan)聯(lian)(lian)混合(he)動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車相(xiang)似。其優點是可采用小功率的(de)(de)(de)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，但要求蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)容量和(he)功率要足夠大，且(qie)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)發出的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)需要經過蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)化學轉換(huan)過程，從中有能(neng)量的(de)(de)(de)轉換(huan)損失(shi)。目前，串(chuan)(chuan)聯(lian)(lian)式(shi)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車較為(wei)少見。

（2）并聯式燃料電池電動汽車

并(bing)聯式(shi)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車由(you)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)和(he)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)共同(tong)(tong)向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機提供動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)。根據燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)與蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)能量大(da)小(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)配置(zhi)不同(tong)(tong)，又可將其分為大(da)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)型(xing)和(he)小(xiao)(xiao)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)型(xing)兩種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車。大(da)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車主要由(you)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)提供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)容(rong)量較小(xiao)(xiao)，只(zhi)是在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車起步、加(jia)速、爬(pa)坡等行駛工況時協助供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，并(bing)在車輛減速與制動(dong)(dong)(dong)時進行能量回收。小(xiao)(xiao)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車則必須采用大(da)容(rong)量的(de)(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，由(you)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)提供主要的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)，而(er)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)只(zhi)是協助供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。并(bing)聯式(shi)是目前燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車采用較多的(de)(de)形式(shi)。

3、按提供的燃料不同分類

根據燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)所提供的(de)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)不(bu)同(tong)，燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)又可分(fen)為直接燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)和重(zhong)整燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)兩大類。

（1）直接燃料電池電動汽車

直(zhi)接燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料電池(chi)電動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)的(de)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料主(zhu)要(yao)是純氫(qing)，也可(ke)以用(yong)甲醇等(deng)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料。采用(yong)純氫(qing)作燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料的(de)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料電池(chi)電動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)，其氫(qing)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料的(de)儲存方式(shi)有(you)壓縮氫(qing)氣(qi)、液態氫(qing)和合(he)金（碳納米管）吸附氫(qing)等(deng)幾種。

（2）重整燃料電池電動汽車

重(zhong)整燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)主(zhu)要有(you)汽(qi)(qi)油、天然氣、甲醇(chun)(chun)、甲烷、液化石油氣等。重(zhong)整燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)結構要比(bi)氫(qing)(qing)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)復雜得(de)多。比(bi)如，甲醇(chun)(chun)重(zhong)整燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)需(xu)要對(dui)甲醇(chun)(chun)進行(xing)200℃左右的(de)加(jia)熱(re)以分解出氫(qing)(qing)，汽(qi)(qi)油重(zhong)整燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)也需(xu)要對(dui)汽(qi)(qi)油進行(xing)1000℃左右的(de)加(jia)熱(re)以分解出氫(qing)(qing)。無論(lun)采(cai)用(yong)什么燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)，重(zhong)整燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)都需(xu)設(she)置重(zhong)整裝置，將其他(ta)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)轉化為燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)所需(xu)的(de)氫(qing)(qing)。

直接以純(chun)氫為燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)的(de)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)車對(dui)儲(chu)氫裝置的(de)要求較(jiao)高。但與重(zhong)整燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)車相(xiang)比，直接燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)車的(de)結構簡單、質量輕、能(neng)量效(xiao)率高、成(cheng)本低。因此，目前的(de)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)車采用重(zhong)整技術的(de)相(xiang)對(dui)較(jiao)少(shao)，大都以純(chun)氫為車載氫源。

二、燃料電池汽車怎么選擇

在選(xuan)擇燃(ran)料電(dian)池汽(qi)車時(shi)，消費者應該(gai)充分(fen)考慮自(zi)己的需求和使用情(qing)況，并結合汽(qi)車的性(xing)能、價(jia)格和售后服(fu)務等因素做出正確的決策。

1、需求和使用情況

消(xiao)費者首先應該對自(zi)己的(de)(de)需(xu)求和使(shi)用情況有(you)一個清晰的(de)(de)認(ren)識。如(ru)(ru)果是長(chang)途出行(xing)，需(xu)要考慮汽車的(de)(de)續航里程和加(jia)氫設施的(de)(de)覆蓋范(fan)圍；如(ru)(ru)果是市區(qu)代步，可(ke)考慮汽車的(de)(de)動力性能和價格等因素。

2、汽車性能

燃料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)汽(qi)車(che)的性(xing)能(neng)是選(xuan)擇(ze)時的重要參考因素。消費(fei)者可根(gen)據自己的使用需(xu)求(qiu)和(he)對汽(qi)車(che)性(xing)能(neng)的要求(qiu)，選(xuan)擇(ze)續航里(li)程更長、動力性(xing)能(neng)更優、充電(dian)(dian)速度更快(kuai)的車(che)型。

3、價格和售后服務

燃料電池汽車相(xiang)對(dui)于傳(chuan)統汽車價格更高，消費者(zhe)在選擇時需(xu)要(yao)根據自己的(de)經(jing)濟實力做出決策。此外，還需(xu)要(yao)考(kao)慮廠家售后服務的(de)質量(liang)和(he)(he)承(cheng)諾，確保汽車能夠得到及時有效的(de)維修和(he)(he)保養。