一、燃料電池電動汽車的類型有哪些

1、按有無蓄能裝置分類

根據(ju)燃(ran)料電池電動汽(qi)車(che)(che)是否配備蓄(xu)能裝置，可(ke)把燃(ran)料電池電動汽(qi)車(che)(che)分(fen)為純(chun)燃(ran)料電池電動汽(qi)車(che)(che)和混合型(xing)燃(ran)料電池電動汽(qi)車(che)(che)兩(liang)大類。

（1）純燃料電池電動汽車

純燃(ran)(ran)料電池(chi)(chi)電動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)的(de)(de)燃(ran)(ran)料電池(chi)(chi)是電動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)上電能的(de)(de)唯一來(lai)源(yuan)。這種類型的(de)(de)燃(ran)(ran)料電池(chi)(chi)電動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)要求燃(ran)(ran)料電池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)功率大，并且無法回(hui)收汽(qi)車(che)制(zhi)動(dong)能量。因此，純燃(ran)(ran)料電池(chi)(chi)電動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)目前應用較少(shao)。

（2）混合型燃料電池電動汽車

混合(he)型燃料(liao)(liao)電池電動(dong)汽車上除燃料(liao)(liao)電池外，還同(tong)時配備了蓄(xu)能裝置(zhi)（如蓄(xu)電池、超級電容(rong)或飛輪電池等）。由于(yu)蓄(xu)能裝置(zhi)可(ke)協助供電，因(yin)而可(ke)減小燃料(liao)(liao)電池的功率(lv)，且蓄(xu)能裝置(zhi)還可(ke)用(yong)于(yu)汽車制(zhi)動(dong)時的能量回收，所(suo)以可(ke)提(ti)高燃料(liao)(liao)電池電動(dong)汽車的能量利用(yong)率(lv)。因(yin)此(ci)，燃料(liao)(liao)電池電動(dong)汽車多采用(yong)混合(he)型結構。

2、按燃料電池與蓄電池的結構關系分類

根據(ju)混合型燃料電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動汽車中燃料電(dian)池(chi)和蓄電(dian)池(chi)的電(dian)路(lu)結(jie)構，可將混合型燃料電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動汽車分為串聯式和并(bing)聯式兩種。

（1）串聯式燃料電池電動汽車

串(chuan)聯(lian)式燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)的(de)燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)相(xiang)當(dang)于車(che)載發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)裝置，通過(guo)DC/DC轉(zhuan)換器進(jin)行電(dian)(dian)壓變(bian)換后對蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，再由蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)向電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機提供驅動(dong)車(che)輛的(de)全部電(dian)(dian)力。串(chuan)聯(lian)式燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)的(de)特點(dian)與普通的(de)串(chuan)聯(lian)混合動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)相(xiang)似(si)。其優點(dian)是(shi)可采用小功(gong)率的(de)燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，但要(yao)求蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)容量和功(gong)率要(yao)足夠大，且(qie)燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)發(fa)(fa)出的(de)電(dian)(dian)能需要(yao)經(jing)過(guo)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)化(hua)學轉(zhuan)換過(guo)程，從中有能量的(de)轉(zhuan)換損失。目前(qian)，串(chuan)聯(lian)式燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)較為少見。

（2）并聯式燃料電池電動汽車

并聯式(shi)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)由(you)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)和(he)(he)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)共同(tong)向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機提(ti)供(gong)動(dong)力(li)。根據燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)與蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)能(neng)量大(da)小(xiao)的(de)配(pei)置不同(tong)，又可將其分為大(da)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)型(xing)和(he)(he)小(xiao)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)型(xing)兩種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)。大(da)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)主要由(you)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)提(ti)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)，蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)容量較小(xiao)，只是(shi)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)起步、加速(su)、爬坡等行駛(shi)工況時(shi)協助供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，并在(zai)車(che)(che)輛減(jian)速(su)與制動(dong)時(shi)進行能(neng)量回收。小(xiao)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)則必須(xu)采用大(da)容量的(de)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，由(you)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)提(ti)供(gong)主要的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)，而(er)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)只是(shi)協助供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。并聯式(shi)是(shi)目(mu)前燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)采用較多(duo)的(de)形式(shi)。

3、按提供的燃料不同分類

根(gen)據燃(ran)(ran)料電池所提(ti)供的燃(ran)(ran)料不(bu)同，燃(ran)(ran)料電池電動汽(qi)車(che)又可分為直接燃(ran)(ran)料電池電動汽(qi)車(che)和重(zhong)整燃(ran)(ran)料電池電動汽(qi)車(che)兩大類。

（1）直接燃料電池電動汽車

直(zhi)接(jie)燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)池電(dian)動汽車的燃(ran)(ran)料主(zhu)要是純氫(qing)(qing)，也可以用(yong)甲醇等燃(ran)(ran)料。采用(yong)純氫(qing)(qing)作燃(ran)(ran)料的燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)池電(dian)動汽車，其氫(qing)(qing)燃(ran)(ran)料的儲存方式有壓(ya)縮氫(qing)(qing)氣、液態(tai)氫(qing)(qing)和合金（碳納米管）吸附氫(qing)(qing)等幾種。

（2）重整燃料電池電動汽車

重(zhong)整(zheng)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)的(de)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)主要有汽(qi)(qi)油(you)(you)、天然氣(qi)、甲(jia)醇、甲(jia)烷(wan)、液(ye)化石油(you)(you)氣(qi)等(deng)。重(zhong)整(zheng)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)的(de)結構要比(bi)氫(qing)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)復雜(za)得(de)多(duo)。比(bi)如(ru)，甲(jia)醇重(zhong)整(zheng)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)需要對甲(jia)醇進行200℃左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)的(de)加(jia)(jia)熱以分解出氫(qing)，汽(qi)(qi)油(you)(you)重(zhong)整(zheng)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)也(ye)需要對汽(qi)(qi)油(you)(you)進行1000℃左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)的(de)加(jia)(jia)熱以分解出氫(qing)。無論(lun)采用什么(me)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)，重(zhong)整(zheng)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)都需設置重(zhong)整(zheng)裝置，將其他燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)轉(zhuan)化為(wei)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)所需的(de)氫(qing)。

直接以(yi)(yi)純氫(qing)(qing)為燃料的(de)(de)(de)燃料電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車對儲氫(qing)(qing)裝置(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求較(jiao)高(gao)(gao)。但與重(zhong)整燃料電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車相比(bi)，直接燃料電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車的(de)(de)(de)結(jie)構(gou)簡單、質量(liang)輕、能量(liang)效率高(gao)(gao)、成本低。因此，目前的(de)(de)(de)燃料電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車采用(yong)重(zhong)整技術的(de)(de)(de)相對較(jiao)少，大都以(yi)(yi)純氫(qing)(qing)為車載氫(qing)(qing)源。

二、燃料電池汽車怎么選擇

在(zai)選擇(ze)燃(ran)料電池汽(qi)(qi)車時，消費者(zhe)應該充分(fen)考慮自己的(de)(de)需求(qiu)和使用情況，并(bing)結(jie)合汽(qi)(qi)車的(de)(de)性能、價(jia)格和售后服(fu)務等因素做出正確的(de)(de)決策。

1、需求和使用情況

消(xiao)費(fei)者(zhe)首(shou)先應該對(dui)自(zi)己(ji)的需求和(he)使用情況有(you)一(yi)個清晰(xi)的認識。如果是(shi)長(chang)途出(chu)行，需要考慮(lv)汽車的續航里程和(he)加氫設施(shi)的覆蓋范圍；如果是(shi)市區代步，可考慮(lv)汽車的動力性能和(he)價格等(deng)因素。

2、汽車性能

燃(ran)料電(dian)池汽(qi)車的性(xing)能是(shi)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)時的重要參考因(yin)素(su)。消(xiao)費(fei)者(zhe)可根據自己的使用需(xu)求和對汽(qi)車性(xing)能的要求，選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)續航里程更(geng)(geng)(geng)長、動力性(xing)能更(geng)(geng)(geng)優(you)、充(chong)電(dian)速度更(geng)(geng)(geng)快的車型。

3、價格和售后服務

燃料電池汽車相對于傳統汽(qi)(qi)車價格更高，消費(fei)者在(zai)選擇(ze)時需(xu)要根據(ju)自己(ji)的(de)經濟實(shi)力(li)做出決策。此外，還需(xu)要考慮廠家售后服務(wu)的(de)質量和承諾，確(que)保汽(qi)(qi)車能夠得到及(ji)時有效的(de)維修(xiu)和保養。