一、燃料電池電動汽車的類型有哪些

1、按有無蓄能裝置分類

根據燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)是否配備蓄能裝置(zhi)，可(ke)把燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)分為純燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)和混合型燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)兩大(da)類。

（1）純燃料電池電動汽車

純(chun)燃料(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)的燃料(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)是電(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)上電(dian)能(neng)的唯一來源。這(zhe)種類型(xing)的燃料(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)要求燃料(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的功率大(da)，并且無法回收汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)制動能(neng)量(liang)。因此，純(chun)燃料(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)目(mu)前應用較少(shao)。

（2）混合型燃料電池電動汽車

混(hun)(hun)合型(xing)燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)車上除(chu)燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)外(wai)，還(huan)同時(shi)配備(bei)了(le)蓄能裝置(zhi)(zhi)（如蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)、超級電(dian)容(rong)或(huo)飛輪電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)等）。由于蓄能裝置(zhi)(zhi)可協助供電(dian)，因而可減小(xiao)燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)功率，且(qie)蓄能裝置(zhi)(zhi)還(huan)可用于汽(qi)車制(zhi)動時(shi)的(de)能量回收，所以可提(ti)高燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)車的(de)能量利用率。因此，燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)車多采用混(hun)(hun)合型(xing)結構。

2、按燃料電池與蓄電池的結構關系分類

根(gen)據混合型燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽車中燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)和蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的電(dian)(dian)路(lu)結(jie)構，可將混合型燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽車分為串聯(lian)(lian)式和并聯(lian)(lian)式兩種。

（1）串聯式燃料電池電動汽車

串聯(lian)式燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)的(de)(de)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)相當于車(che)載(zai)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)，通過DC/DC轉換(huan)(huan)器進行電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓變換(huan)(huan)后對蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，再由蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機提供驅動(dong)(dong)車(che)輛的(de)(de)全部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力。串聯(lian)式燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)的(de)(de)特(te)點與(yu)普(pu)通的(de)(de)串聯(lian)混合動(dong)(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)相似。其優點是可采用小功率的(de)(de)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，但要求蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)容量和(he)功率要足夠大，且燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)發(fa)出的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能需要經過蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)化學轉換(huan)(huan)過程，從中(zhong)有能量的(de)(de)轉換(huan)(huan)損失(shi)。目前，串聯(lian)式燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)較為少見(jian)。

（2）并聯式燃料電池電動汽車

并(bing)聯(lian)式(shi)(shi)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)由燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)和(he)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)共同(tong)向電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機提供(gong)動(dong)(dong)力。根據燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)與蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)能(neng)量(liang)大(da)小的(de)配(pei)置不同(tong)，又可(ke)將其(qi)分為大(da)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)型和(he)小燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)型兩種電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)。大(da)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)主(zhu)要由燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)提供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)容(rong)量(liang)較小，只是在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)起(qi)步、加速、爬坡(po)等行駛工(gong)況時協助(zhu)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，并(bing)在(zai)車(che)(che)輛減速與制動(dong)(dong)時進行能(neng)量(liang)回收。小燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)則必須采用大(da)容(rong)量(liang)的(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，由蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)提供(gong)主(zhu)要的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力，而燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)只是協助(zhu)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。并(bing)聯(lian)式(shi)(shi)是目(mu)前燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)采用較多的(de)形式(shi)(shi)。

3、按提供的燃料不同分類

根據燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)所提供的燃(ran)料(liao)不同，燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)又可分(fen)為(wei)直接燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)和重整燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)兩大(da)類。

（1）直接燃料電池電動汽車

直接燃(ran)料電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動汽車的(de)(de)燃(ran)料主要是純氫(qing)，也可(ke)以用(yong)甲醇等(deng)燃(ran)料。采用(yong)純氫(qing)作燃(ran)料的(de)(de)燃(ran)料電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動汽車，其(qi)氫(qing)燃(ran)料的(de)(de)儲存方式(shi)有壓縮氫(qing)氣、液(ye)態氫(qing)和合金(jin)（碳納米(mi)管）吸附氫(qing)等(deng)幾種。

（2）重整燃料電池電動汽車

重整(zheng)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)的(de)(de)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)主要(yao)有(you)汽(qi)油(you)(you)、天然氣、甲醇(chun)(chun)、甲烷、液化石(shi)油(you)(you)氣等。重整(zheng)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)的(de)(de)結構要(yao)比(bi)氫燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)復(fu)雜得多。比(bi)如，甲醇(chun)(chun)重整(zheng)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)需要(yao)對甲醇(chun)(chun)進行200℃左右的(de)(de)加熱以分解出氫，汽(qi)油(you)(you)重整(zheng)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)也需要(yao)對汽(qi)油(you)(you)進行1000℃左右的(de)(de)加熱以分解出氫。無論采用什么燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)，重整(zheng)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)都需設置重整(zheng)裝(zhuang)置，將其他(ta)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)轉化為燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)所需的(de)(de)氫。

直(zhi)接(jie)以純(chun)氫(qing)為燃料(liao)(liao)的(de)燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)(che)對(dui)儲(chu)氫(qing)裝置(zhi)的(de)要求較(jiao)高。但與重整(zheng)燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)(che)相(xiang)比，直(zhi)接(jie)燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)(che)的(de)結構簡單、質量(liang)輕、能(neng)量(liang)效率高、成本(ben)低。因此，目前的(de)燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)(che)采用重整(zheng)技術的(de)相(xiang)對(dui)較(jiao)少(shao)，大(da)都以純(chun)氫(qing)為車(che)(che)載氫(qing)源。

二、燃料電池汽車怎么選擇

在選擇燃(ran)料電池汽車時，消費者應該充分(fen)考慮自己的需求和使(shi)用情況(kuang)，并(bing)結合(he)汽車的性能(neng)、價格(ge)和售(shou)后(hou)服務等因素做出正確(que)的決策(ce)。

1、需求和使用情況

消費者首(shou)先應(ying)該對自己的(de)需求和使(shi)用(yong)情(qing)況有一個清晰(xi)的(de)認識。如果是長途出行，需要考慮汽(qi)車的(de)續(xu)航里程(cheng)和加氫(qing)設(she)施的(de)覆蓋范圍；如果是市區代步，可考慮汽(qi)車的(de)動力(li)性能和價格等因素。

2、汽車性能

燃(ran)料(liao)電池汽車(che)的(de)(de)性能是選擇(ze)時的(de)(de)重(zhong)要參(can)考因素。消費者可根據自己(ji)的(de)(de)使(shi)用需求和對汽車(che)性能的(de)(de)要求，選擇(ze)續(xu)航里(li)程更(geng)長(chang)、動力性能更(geng)優、充(chong)電速度更(geng)快的(de)(de)車(che)型。

3、價格和售后服務

燃料電池汽車相對(dui)于傳統汽車價格更高(gao)，消(xiao)費者在選擇(ze)時需要根據(ju)自己的(de)經濟實力做出決策。此外(wai)，還需要考慮廠(chang)家(jia)售(shou)后服務的(de)質(zhi)量和(he)承諾，確保汽車能夠得到及時有效的(de)維修和(he)保養。