一、燃料電池電動汽車的類型有哪些

1、按有無蓄能裝置分類

根據(ju)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)是否配(pei)備(bei)蓄能裝置，可把燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)分為純燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)和混合型燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)兩大(da)類。

（1）純燃料電池電動汽車

純燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)池電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)的燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)池是電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)上電(dian)能的唯一來源。這種類型的燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)池電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)要求(qiu)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)池的功率大(da)，并(bing)且無(wu)法回收汽(qi)車(che)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)能量。因此，純燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)池電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)目前應用較少。

（2）混合型燃料電池電動汽車

混(hun)合型燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)上除燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池外，還同時配備(bei)了蓄能(neng)裝置（如蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池、超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)容或(huo)飛(fei)輪電(dian)(dian)(dian)池等(deng)）。由于蓄能(neng)裝置可協助供電(dian)(dian)(dian)，因而可減小燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)功率(lv)，且(qie)蓄能(neng)裝置還可用于汽(qi)車(che)制(zhi)動時的(de)(de)能(neng)量回(hui)收，所(suo)以可提(ti)高燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)的(de)(de)能(neng)量利用率(lv)。因此(ci)，燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)多采(cai)用混(hun)合型結構。

2、按燃料電池與蓄電池的結構關系分類

根據混合型燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車中燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)和蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的電(dian)(dian)路結構，可將混合型燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車分為串聯式和并聯式兩(liang)種。

（1）串聯式燃料電池電動汽車

串(chuan)聯式燃料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)的(de)燃料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)相當(dang)于車(che)(che)載發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置(zhi)，通(tong)過DC/DC轉換(huan)器進行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓變換(huan)后對蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，再由蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機提供驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)輛的(de)全(quan)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力。串(chuan)聯式燃料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)的(de)特點(dian)與普(pu)通(tong)的(de)串(chuan)聯混合動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)相似。其優(you)點(dian)是可采用小功率(lv)的(de)燃料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，但要(yao)(yao)求蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)容量和功率(lv)要(yao)(yao)足夠(gou)大，且燃料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)發出(chu)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能需要(yao)(yao)經過蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學轉換(huan)過程，從中有能量的(de)轉換(huan)損失。目前(qian)，串(chuan)聯式燃料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)較為少(shao)見。

（2）并聯式燃料電池電動汽車

并聯式(shi)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)由(you)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)和蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)共同(tong)向電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機提供動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)。根據燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)與蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)能量大小的(de)(de)配置不同(tong)，又可(ke)將其分為大燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)型和小燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)型兩種電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)。大燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)主(zhu)要由(you)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)提供電(dian)力(li)，蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)容量較小，只(zhi)是(shi)在電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)起步、加速(su)、爬坡等行(xing)駛工況(kuang)時協(xie)助供電(dian)，并在車(che)輛(liang)減速(su)與制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)時進行(xing)能量回收。小燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)則必須采用大容量的(de)(de)蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，由(you)蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)提供主(zhu)要的(de)(de)電(dian)力(li)，而(er)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)只(zhi)是(shi)協(xie)助供電(dian)。并聯式(shi)是(shi)目前燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)采用較多的(de)(de)形式(shi)。

3、按提供的燃料不同分類

根據燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)所提供的燃(ran)料不同，燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)又可(ke)分為直(zhi)接燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)和(he)重整燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)兩大(da)類。

（1）直接燃料電池電動汽車

直接燃料(liao)電(dian)池電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車的燃料(liao)主(zhu)要是純(chun)氫(qing)，也(ye)可以用甲醇等(deng)燃料(liao)。采用純(chun)氫(qing)作燃料(liao)的燃料(liao)電(dian)池電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車，其氫(qing)燃料(liao)的儲存(cun)方(fang)式有壓(ya)縮氫(qing)氣、液態(tai)氫(qing)和合金（碳納(na)米管）吸附氫(qing)等(deng)幾種。

（2）重整燃料電池電動汽車

重(zhong)整(zheng)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)的燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)主要有汽(qi)油(you)(you)(you)、天然氣、甲醇、甲烷、液化(hua)石油(you)(you)(you)氣等。重(zhong)整(zheng)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)的結構要比氫燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)復雜得多。比如，甲醇重(zhong)整(zheng)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)需(xu)(xu)(xu)要對(dui)甲醇進行200℃左(zuo)右(you)的加熱以分解出(chu)氫，汽(qi)油(you)(you)(you)重(zhong)整(zheng)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)也需(xu)(xu)(xu)要對(dui)汽(qi)油(you)(you)(you)進行1000℃左(zuo)右(you)的加熱以分解出(chu)氫。無論采用什(shen)么燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)，重(zhong)整(zheng)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)都需(xu)(xu)(xu)設置重(zhong)整(zheng)裝置，將其他燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)轉化(hua)為燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)所(suo)需(xu)(xu)(xu)的氫。

直接(jie)以(yi)純氫(qing)(qing)為燃料的(de)(de)燃料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車對儲氫(qing)(qing)裝置(zhi)的(de)(de)要求較(jiao)高(gao)。但與重(zhong)整燃料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車相比，直接(jie)燃料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車的(de)(de)結(jie)構(gou)簡單、質量(liang)輕、能(neng)量(liang)效(xiao)率高(gao)、成本(ben)低(di)。因此(ci)，目前的(de)(de)燃料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車采用(yong)重(zhong)整技術的(de)(de)相對較(jiao)少，大(da)都以(yi)純氫(qing)(qing)為車載(zai)氫(qing)(qing)源。

二、燃料電池汽車怎么選擇

在選擇燃料電池汽(qi)車時，消費者應該(gai)充(chong)分(fen)考(kao)慮自己的需求和使用情況，并結合汽(qi)車的性能、價(jia)格和售后服務等因素做出正(zheng)確的決(jue)策(ce)。

1、需求和使用情況

消費者首先應該對自己的(de)(de)需(xu)求和(he)使用情況有一個清晰的(de)(de)認(ren)識。如果是(shi)長途出行，需(xu)要考慮(lv)汽車(che)的(de)(de)續航(hang)里(li)程和(he)加氫設施的(de)(de)覆蓋范圍；如果是(shi)市區代步，可考慮(lv)汽車(che)的(de)(de)動(dong)力性能和(he)價(jia)格等因素(su)。

2、汽車性能

燃(ran)料電池汽(qi)車(che)的性(xing)能是選(xuan)擇(ze)時(shi)的重要(yao)參考因素。消費者可(ke)根據自己的使用需(xu)求和對汽(qi)車(che)性(xing)能的要(yao)求，選(xuan)擇(ze)續(xu)航里程更長、動力性(xing)能更優、充電速(su)度更快的車(che)型。

3、價格和售后服務

燃料電池汽車相(xiang)對于傳統汽車(che)價格更高，消(xiao)費(fei)者在選(xuan)擇時(shi)(shi)需要根據自己的(de)經濟實力做出決策。此外(wai)，還需要考慮(lv)廠家售后(hou)服務的(de)質量和承諾，確保汽車(che)能夠得到及時(shi)(shi)有效的(de)維修(xiu)和保養(yang)。