秦(qin)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)又(you)稱(cheng)亂彈,是(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)戲(xi)(xi)(xi)曲(qu)曲(qu)種(zhong)之(zhi)一(yi),源于(yu)西秦(qin)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang),如今流(liu)行(xing)于(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)西北(bei)地(di)區的(de)(de)陜(shan)西、甘肅、青(qing)海、寧(ning)夏(xia)、新疆等(deng)地(di)。又(you)因其(qi)以(yi)棗(zao)木梆子(zi)(zi)為(wei)擊節樂(le)器,所以(yi)又(you)叫“梆子(zi)(zi)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)”,俗稱(cheng)“桄桄子(zi)(zi)”(象梆子(zi)(zi)聲),是(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)大聲腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)中(zhong)(zhong)最(zui)古(gu)老、最(zui)豐富的(de)(de)聲腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)體(ti)(ti)系。秦(qin)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)開創戲(xi)(xi)(xi)曲(qu)音(yin)樂(le)中(zhong)(zhong)板式變化(hua)的(de)(de)結構方法(fa),是(shi)(shi)(shi)最(zui)早(zao)的(de)(de)板腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)體(ti)(ti)聲腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang),也是(shi)(shi)(shi)梆子(zi)(zi)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)系統的(de)(de)母體(ti)(ti)。現(xian)在(zai)北(bei)方各(ge)地(di)梆子(zi)(zi)戲(xi)(xi)(xi)雖然風格(ge)與秦(qin)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)有(you)(you)(you)很(hen)大不同,但在(zai)音(yin)調(diao)和(he)伴奏上(shang)都保(bao)持著共同的(de)(de)特(te)征。發出“恍恍”聲,俗稱(cheng)“桄桄子(zi)(zi)”。秦(qin)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)的(de)(de)表(biao)演(yan)(yan)自成(cheng)一(yi)家(jia),角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)色(se)體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)生(sheng)、旦(dan)、凈、末、丑五大行(xing),各(ge)行(xing)又(you)分(fen)多種(zhong),統稱(cheng)為(wei)“十三(san)頭(tou)網子(zi)(zi)”。一(yi)般戲(xi)(xi)(xi)班(ban),都要按(an)行(xing)當建置以(yi)“四(si)梁四(si)柱”為(wei)骨干的(de)(de)三(san)路(lu)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)色(se)制(zhi)。頭(tou)路(lu)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)色(se)包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)頭(tou)道須(xu)生(sheng)、正旦(dan)、花(hua)臉和(he)小(xiao)旦(dan),二路(lu)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)色(se)包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)小(xiao)生(sheng)、二道須(xu)生(sheng)、二花(hua)臉和(he)丑角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao),其(qi)他(ta)(ta)老旦(dan),老生(sheng)等(deng)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)均(jun)為(wei)三(san)路(lu)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)色(se)。各(ge)路(lu)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)色(se)的(de)(de)佼佼者(zhe),均(jun)可掛頭(tou)牌演(yan)(yan)出,其(qi)他(ta)(ta)即為(wei)配角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。條件(jian)優(you)越的(de)(de)戲(xi)(xi)(xi)班(ban),常(chang)不惜(xi)重金邀請名角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。各(ge)行(xing)皆(jie)能,文(wen);武、昆、亂不擋(dang)的(de)(de)多面手、好把式,又(you)稱(cheng)“戲(xi)(xi)(xi)包(bao)(bao)袱”,或(huo)叫“飽肚(du)子(zi)(zi)”。秦(qin)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)表(biao)演(yan)(yan)技藝十分(fen)豐富,身段和(he)特(te)技應有(you)(you)(you)盡有(you)(you)(you),常(chang)用(yong)的(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)趟馬、拉架(jia)子(zi)(zi)、吐火、撲跌、掃(sao)燈花(hua)、耍火棍、槍背、頂燈、咬牙、轉椅等(deng)。神話戲(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)表(biao)演(yan)(yan)技藝,更為(wei)奇特(te)而多姿。如演(yan)(yan)《黃河陣》,要用(yong)五種(zhong)法(fa)寶(bao)道具。量天尺,翻(fan)天印,可施放(fang)長串焰火,金交剪能飛出朵(duo)朵(duo)蝴蝶。除此,花(hua)臉講究(jiu)架(jia)子(zi)(zi)功,以(yi)顯威武豪邁(mai)的(de)(de)氣(qi)概(gai),群(qun)眾稱(cheng)其(qi)為(wei)“架(jia)架(jia)兒”。
秦(qin)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)音樂反(fan)映了(le)陜(shan)甘人民耿(geng)直(zhi)(zhi)爽朗、慷慨好(hao)義的(de)性(xing)格(ge),和淳樸敦厚(hou)、勤(qin)勞(lao)勇敢的(de)民風(feng),且較(jiao)(jiao)早地(di)(也可能是最早的(de))形成了(le)比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)適宜于表現各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)情緒變化的(de)板腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)體(ti)音樂體(ti)制;加上秦(qin)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)藝人逐漸創造出一套比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)完整的(de)表演技巧,因而秦(qin)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)所到之處,都給各(ge)(ge)劇種(zhong)以(yi)不同的(de)影(ying)(ying)響,并直(zhi)(zhi)接影(ying)(ying)響了(le)各(ge)(ge)個梆(bang)子腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)劇種(zhong)的(de)形成和發展,成了(le)梆(bang)子腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)的(de)鼻祖。清(qing)康、雍、乾三(san)代(dai)秦(qin)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)流入北京,又直(zhi)(zhi)接影(ying)(ying)響到京劇的(de)形成。
秦(qin)腔所演(yan)的(de)劇(ju)目多是取材于(yu)“列國”、“三國”、“楊家將”、“說岳”等英雄傳奇(qi)或(huo)悲劇(ju)故事(shi),也有神話、民間故事(shi)和(he)各(ge)種(zhong)公(gong)案(an)戲,劇(ju)目超過1萬本。因時代久遠,散佚頗多。據(ju)統計,僅存約4700多個,而這些(xie)劇(ju)直至今日還以驚(jing)人的(de)速度繼續流失,如果有關(guan)部門不(bu)能有效搶救,歷代人民用心(xin)血創造的(de)寶貴(gui)文化遺產將永訣于(yu)世。
國(guo)家(jia)非常重視非物(wu)質文(wen)化(hua)遺產(chan)的(de)保護,2006年(nian)5月20日,經國(guo)務院(yuan)批準列入第一批國(guo)家(jia)級非物(wu)質文(wen)化(hua)遺產(chan)名錄。2007年(nian)6月8日,陜西省西安秦(qin)腔劇院(yuan)獲得國(guo)家(jia)文(wen)化(hua)部(bu)頒布的(de)首(shou)屆文(wen)化(hua)遺產(chan)日獎。
一.歷史起源
秦(qin)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)以(yi)(yi)關(guan)中方言(yan)語音為(wei)(wei)基礎,特別是涇河(he)、渭河(he)流(liu)域諸縣(xian)的(de)語言(yan)發聲(sheng)為(wei)(wei)“正(zheng)音”。因周代以(yi)(yi)來(lai),關(guan)中地區(qu)就被稱為(wei)(wei)"秦(qin)",秦(qin)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)由此而得名(ming),是相當古老的(de)劇(ju)種之(zhi)一(yi)。因以(yi)(yi)棗(zao)木(mu)梆子(zi)為(wei)(wei)擊節樂(le)器(qi),又(you)叫"梆子(zi)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)",因以(yi)(yi)梆擊節時(shi)發出"恍(huang)恍(huang)"聲(sheng),俗(su)稱"桄桄子(zi)"。清人李調(diao)元《雨村劇(ju)話》云(yun):"俗(su)傳錢(qian)氏綴百(bai)裘(qiu)外集,有秦(qin)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)。始于陜(shan)西,以(yi)(yi)梆為(wei)(wei)板,月琴應之(zhi),亦有緊慢,俗(su)呼梆子(zi)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang),蜀(shu)謂之(zhi)亂彈(dan)(dan)。""亂彈(dan)(dan)"一(yi)詞(ci)在我(wo)國戲(xi)曲(qu)聲(sheng)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)中的(de)含義(yi)很多,過去曾把昆曲(qu)、高腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)之(zhi)外的(de)劇(ju)種都叫"亂彈(dan)(dan)",也曾把京劇(ju)稱為(wei)(wei)"亂彈(dan)(dan)",還(huan)有的(de)劇(ju)種也以(yi)(yi)亂彈(dan)(dan)命名(ming),如(ru)溫州(zhou)亂彈(dan)(dan)、河(he)北(bei)亂彈(dan)(dan)但是,更多的(de)仍用在以(yi)(yi)秦(qin)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)為(wei)(wei)先、為(wei)(wei)主的(de)梆子(zi)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)系(xi)統的(de)總稱上。
明(ming)(ming)(ming)代(dai)朱(zhu)權《太和正(zheng)音(yin)(yin)譜》載:“元知(zhi)(zhi)音(yin)(yin)善歌(ge)者,三十(shi)六人(ren)中(zhong)之首者盧綱(gang),咸陽人(ren),音(yin)(yin)屬(shu)宮而雜商(shang),如(ru)神虎之嘯(xiao)風(feng),雄而且壯,為當(dang)時之杰”。演(yan)(yan)(yan)員(yuan)(yuan)吐(tu)字以(yi)(yi)涇陽、三原語言為“標準”。史書(shu)記載明(ming)(ming)(ming)代(dai)中(zhong)葉(xie)咸陽就已流(liu)行秦(qin)(qin)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang),武宗正(zheng)德(de)五年(nian)(1510)武功(gong)康(kang)(kang)(kang)海組建戲(xi)班,演(yan)(yan)(yan)唱“康(kang)(kang)(kang)王(wang)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)”。清康(kang)(kang)(kang)熙年(nian)間(1662—1722),咸陽的秦(qin)(qin)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)班社(she)已為數眾多,如(ru)保符(fu)班、江(jiang)樂班、華慶班、雙才(cai)班等。乾(qian)隆(long)時期(1736—1795)翰林(lin)院學(xue)士嚴長(chang)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(江(jiang)蘇人(ren))宦游(you)陜(shan)西,酷愛秦(qin)(qin)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、所著《秦(qin)(qin)云(yun)擷英小譜》記載關中(zhong)秦(qin)(qin)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)班社(she)共有(you)36個,并(bing)以(yi)(yi)禮泉、周至、渭南(nan)、大(da)(da)荔為四大(da)(da)流(liu)派(pai)。秦(qin)(qin)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)班社(she)演(yan)(yan)(yan)出,不僅(jin)為當(dang)地人(ren)鐘(zhong)愛,赴北(bei)京演(yan)(yan)(yan)出亦愛歡(huan)迎,被稱為“傳情(qing)在(zai)無意(yi)之間”,“啞(ya)趣傳神許擅長(chang)”。此時,演(yan)(yan)(yan)員(yuan)(yuan)白雙兒、豌豆花(hua)和金(jin)墜子等隨涇陽錦(jin)繡班演(yan)(yan)(yan)紅西安(an)城(cheng)內。1912年(nian),李桐軒、孫仁玉(yu)、范紫東和高培支等人(ren),受辛亥革命影響,辦起“易(yi)(yi)俗(su)社(she)”,并(bing)編寫出《一字獄》等劇(ju)(ju)本。咸陽各縣以(yi)(yi)“易(yi)(yi)俗(su)社(she)”為榜樣,先后成立了(le)“高興班”(長(chang)武),“馬(ma)(ma)家(jia)班”(武功(gong)),“秦(qin)(qin)貴(gui)社(she)”(禮泉),“益(yi)民(min)社(she)”(咸陽),“曉鐘(zhong)社(she)”(乾(qian)縣)、“新中(zhong)社(she)”、“明(ming)(ming)(ming)正(zheng)社(she)”(三原)等演(yan)(yan)(yan)出團(tuan)(tuan)體(ti)。1937年(nian)中(zhong)共陜(shan)西省委(wei)(wei)(駐涇陽縣云(yun)陽鎮)、關中(zhong)工委(wei)(wei)(駐旬邑(yi)縣馬(ma)(ma)家(jia)堡),相繼成立了(le)七月劇(ju)(ju)團(tuan)(tuan)、關中(zhong)劇(ju)(ju)團(tuan)(tuan)、關警(jing)劇(ju)(ju)團(tuan)(tuan)等,創作演(yan)(yan)(yan)出《大(da)(da)上當(dang)》、《新教子》、《十(shi)里塬》等大(da)(da)批新劇(ju)(ju)目,在(zai)唱腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、表演(yan)(yan)(yan)、舞(wu)美、服飾等方面(mian)都有(you)創新。建國后,咸陽地區有(you)專業劇(ju)(ju)團(tuan)(tuan)14個,創作了(le)大(da)(da)批新劇(ju)(ju)目,涌(yong)現出眾多知(zhi)(zhi)名演(yan)(yan)(yan)員(yuan)(yuan),如(ru)郭明(ming)(ming)(ming)霞、王(wang)麥蘭、舒曼(man)莉、馬(ma)(ma)金(jin)仙、趙斌、王(wang)義(yi)民(min)、昝金(jin)香等,新秀(xiu)如(ru)趙改琴(qin)、王(wang)平、白萍、馮武耕、王(wang)亞萍等。這(zhe)些演(yan)(yan)(yan)員(yuan)(yuan)均先后在(zai)西北(bei)、省、市會演(yan)(yan)(yan)大(da)(da)賽中(zhong)獲獎(jiang)。
據1989年統(tong)計,咸陽市有(you)市直戲(xi)曲團(tuan)體3個,縣秦腔劇團(tuan)11個,共有(you)演(yan)職人員1100余人。藝術創作人員30余名(ming),演(yan)出本(ben)、折子(zi)戲(xi)100余部。
秦腔"形成于(yu)(yu)(yu)秦,精進于(yu)(yu)(yu)漢,昌明(ming)于(yu)(yu)(yu)唐(tang),完整于(yu)(yu)(yu)元,成熟(shu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)明(ming),廣播(bo)于(yu)(yu)(yu)清,幾(ji)經演變,蔚為大觀",是(shi)(shi)相當(dang)古老的(de)(de)劇種,堪稱中國戲曲(qu)的(de)(de)鼻祖,明(ming)代萬歷間(公元1573-1620年)《缽中蓮(lian)》傳(chuan)奇抄(chao)本中,有一段注明(ming)用[西(xi)秦腔二犯(fan)的(de)(de)唱腔演唱的(de)(de)唱詞,且都是(shi)(shi)上下句的(de)(de)七言體,說明(ming)秦腔在當(dang)時或(huo)在那以前不(bu)但形成、而且已外傳(chuan)到其(qi)他地方了。
二.藝術特色
1.唱腔
咸陽(yang)秦(qin)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)唱(chang)(chang)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang),分板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)式(shi)和(he)彩腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)兩部(bu)分,每個部(bu)分均由“苦音(yin)”和(he)“歡音(yin)”(又稱(cheng)花音(yin))兩種(zhong)聲(sheng)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)體系(xi)組成。苦音(yin)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)是秦(qin)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)區別于其(qi)他劇種(zhong)最(zui)具有(you)特(te)色的一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)唱(chang)(chang)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang),演(yan)唱(chang)(chang)時激(ji)越、悲壯、深沉(chen)、高(gao)亢,表現出悲憤、痛恨(hen)、懷念、凄涼的感(gan)情。歡音(yin)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)則(ze)歡快(kuai)、明朗、剛健,擅長表現喜悅、愉快(kuai)的感(gan)情。秦(qin)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)式(shi)分為(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)三眼、一(yi)(yi)(yi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)一(yi)(yi)(yi)眼、有(you)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)無眼和(he)無板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)無眼四(si)種(zhong)。板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)稱(cheng)謂有(you)慢板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、攔頭板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、一(yi)(yi)(yi)錘(chui)安板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、陰(yin)司板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、二(er)六(liu)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、拉錘(chui)二(er)六(liu)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、帶板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、尖板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、滾板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、二(er)導(dao)(dao)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、雙錘(chui)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)等。總歸稱(cheng)是六(liu)大(da)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)頭、慢板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、帶板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、墊板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、二(er)導(dao)(dao)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)和(he)滾板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)。秦(qin)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)曲牌分為(wei)弦索類(lei)(lei)、擊樂類(lei)(lei)、嗩吶類(lei)(lei)、笙管(guan)類(lei)(lei)、海笛(di)類(lei)(lei)、套(tao)曲類(lei)(lei)共6種(zhong)。早期樂隊分文、武兩部(bu)6人。
2.角色
秦腔(qiang)的(de)角色有“十三門(men)二十八類”之說(shuo)。老生(sheng)(sheng)分安工老生(sheng)(sheng)、衰(shuai)派老生(sheng)(sheng)、靠(kao)把(ba)老生(sheng)(sheng),須(xu)生(sheng)(sheng)分王帽(mao)須(xu)生(sheng)(sheng)、靠(kao)把(ba)須(xu)生(sheng)(sheng)、
紗帽(mao)(mao)須(xu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、道袍須(xu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)和(he)紅(hong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),小生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)分(fen)雉尾(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、紗帽(mao)(mao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、貧生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),武生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、幼生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),老(lao)旦(dan)(dan),正(zheng)旦(dan)(dan)分(fen)挽袖青衣、蟒帶青衣,小旦(dan)(dan)分(fen)閨門旦(dan)(dan)、刀馬(ma)旦(dan)(dan),花旦(dan)(dan)分(fen)玩笑旦(dan)(dan)、潑辣旦(dan)(dan)、武旦(dan)(dan),媒旦(dan)(dan),大凈,毛凈,丑(chou)分(fen)大丑(chou)、小丑(chou)、武丑(chou)。各門角色都有(you)獨特的風格(ge)和(he)拿手戲。演唱(chang)(chang)時須(xu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、青衣、老(lao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、老(lao)旦(dan)(dan)、花臉(lian)多角重唱(chang)(chang),所以也叫做“唱(chang)(chang)亂彈(dan)”。有(you)人贊美(mei)秦腔是“繁音激楚,熱耳酸心,使人血氣為(wei)之動(dong)蕩”,正(zheng)是出于秦腔表(biao)演的特色。其(qi)表(biao)演技藝質樸(pu)、樸(pu)實、粗獷、細膩(ni)、深刻、優美(mei),以情動(dong)人,富有(you)夸張(zhang)性,生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活氣息濃厚,程式嚴謹,技巧豐富。身(shen)段(duan)和(he)特技有(you)趟馬(ma)、拉架(jia)子、吐火(huo)(huo)、吹火(huo)(huo)、噴火(huo)(huo)、擔子功(gong)、梢子功(gong)、翎子功(gong)、水袖功(gong)、扇子功(gong)、鞭掃(sao)燈(deng)花、頂燈(deng)、咬牙、耍(shua)火(huo)(huo)棍、跌撲、髯口、蹺工(gong)、獠牙、帽(mao)(mao)翅功(gong)等。
3.臉譜
秦(qin)(qin)(qin)腔(qiang)(qiang)的(de)臉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)譜(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)講究莊重(zhong)、大方、干(gan)凈、生(sheng)動(dong)和美觀,顏色(se)以三原(yuan)色(se)為(wei)(wei)主,間(jian)色(se)為(wei)(wei)副(fu),平涂(tu)為(wei)(wei)主,烘托(tuo)為(wei)(wei)副(fu),所以極少用過(guo)渡色(se),在(zai)顯示人(ren)物性格(ge)(ge)上,表現(xian)為(wei)(wei)紅(hong)忠、黑直、粉奸(jian)、神奇(qi)的(de)特點,格(ge)(ge)調(diao)(diao)主要(yao)表現(xian)為(wei)(wei)線條粗獷,筆調(diao)(diao)豪放,著色(se)鮮(xian)明(ming),對比(bi)強(qiang)烈,濃眉(mei)大眼,圖(tu)案(an)壯麗(li),寓意明(ming)朗(lang),性格(ge)(ge)突出,格(ge)(ge)調(diao)(diao)“火暴(bao)”,和音(yin)樂、表演的(de)風(feng)格(ge)(ge)一(yi)致(zhi)。秦(qin)(qin)(qin)腔(qiang)(qiang)臉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)譜(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)歷史悠久,在(zai)陜西武功(gong)境內出土的(de)明(ming)代“康海(hai)臉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)譜(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)”是目前發(fa)現(xian)的(de)最早的(de)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)腔(qiang)(qiang)臉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)譜(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu),陜、甘兩省的(de)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)腔(qiang)(qiang)由于各(ge)(ge)自形(xing)成了(le)不同(tong)的(de)演出風(feng)格(ge)(ge),故在(zai)臉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)譜(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)塑造上也涌現(xian)出了(le)許多流派,比(bi)如甘肅秦(qin)(qin)(qin)腔(qiang)(qiang)就有(you)隴南派臉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)譜(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)、隴東派臉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)譜(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)和代表甘肅中路秦(qin)(qin)(qin)腔(qiang)(qiang)的(de)“耿派”臉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)譜(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu),陜西各(ge)(ge)路秦(qin)(qin)(qin)腔(qiang)(qiang)也形(xing)成了(le)各(ge)(ge)自不同(tong)的(de)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)腔(qiang)(qiang)臉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)譜(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)。
4.題材
秦腔所(suo)(suo)演的劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)目(mu)(mu)數以(yi)萬計(ji),傳統劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)目(mu)(mu)大多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)出(chu)自民間文人之手,題材廣(guang)泛,內容紛繁。因時代(dai)久遠,佚散(san)頗多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo),據原陜西省劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)目(mu)(mu)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)室(現(xian)省藝術(shu)研(yan)究所(suo)(suo))1958年挖掘整理的統計(ji)僅(jin)存約(yue)3000多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)本(ben)。這些劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)目(mu)(mu)主要以(yi)反映歷史(shi)事(shi)件(jian)的悲劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)、正劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)居多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo),表現(xian)民間生活、婚姻愛情的劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)目(mu)(mu)有(you)(you)占有(you)(you)一(yi)定比例。歷史(shi)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)是取(qu)才(cai)于“列國(guo)”、“三(san)國(guo)”、“楊家(jia)將(jiang)”、“說岳(yue)”等(deng)說部中(zhong)(zhong)的英(ying)雄傳奇或(huo)悲劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)故事(shi),其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)三(san)國(guo)戲有(you)(you)108個,楊家(jia)將(jiang)戲有(you)(you)85個。其(qi)(qi)他(ta)題材還(huan)有(you)(you)神(shen)話、民間故事(shi)和各種公案戲。 辛亥(hai)革(ge)命后(hou),西安易俗社30多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)位劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)作(zuo)(zuo)家(jia)共編(bian)輯出(chu)了550多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)個劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)本(ben),其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)孫仁(ren)玉、范紫東、高(gao)(gao)培(pei)支、李桐軒、李約(yue)祉五人成(cheng)就最(zui)高(gao)(gao),這些劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)目(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong),《三(san)回頭》、《三(san)滴(di)血》、《奪錦樓(lou)》、《雙錦衣(yi)》、《軟(ruan)玉屏》、《柜中(zhong)(zhong)緣(yuan)》、《小(xiao)姑賢》、《庚娘傳》、《韓寶英(ying)》等(deng)成(cheng)為(wei)經常(chang)上演的保留劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)目(mu)(mu)。另外,在革(ge)命邊區也涌(yong)現(xian)出(chu)了一(yi)批秦腔現(xian)代(dai)戲劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)作(zuo)(zuo)家(jia),創作(zuo)(zuo)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)本(ben)計(ji)有(you)(you)200多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)個,其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)馬(ma)建(jian)翎成(cheng)就最(zui)高(gao)(gao),代(dai)表劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)目(mu)(mu)有(you)(you)《血淚仇》、《一(yi)家(jia)人》、《窮(qiong)人恨》等(deng)等(deng)。建(jian)國(guo)后(hou)整理、改編(bian)的劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)目(mu)(mu)有(you)(you)《游龜山》、《游西湖》、《三(san)滴(di)血》、《趙氏孤(gu)兒》、《竇娥冤》、《鍘美案》、《破寧國(guo)》、《四(si)進士》、《白蛇傳》、《法門寺(si)》、《烈火揚州(zhou)》等(deng),創作(zuo)(zuo)的現(xian)代(dai)戲中(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)《三(san)世(shi)仇》、《祝福》、《西安事(shi)變》等(deng)影響較大。
5.唱詞
秦腔唱詞結構是(shi)齊(qi)言(yan)(yan)體,常見(jian)的有七字句和十(shi)字句,也就是(shi)整出(chu)戲詞如同(tong)一首七言(yan)(yan)無(wu)韻詩(shi)一樣(yang)排列
整(zheng)齊(qi)。和唱詞相對應的(de)(de)是(shi)曲調,秦腔(qiang)(qiang)板(ban)(ban)腔(qiang)(qiang)音樂結(jie)構可以歸(gui)納為(wei) “散板(ban)(ban)——慢(man)板(ban)(ban)——由(you)中板(ban)(ban)而(er)入于(yu)急板(ban)(ban)——結(jie)束”的(de)(de)過程(cheng),也(ye)即打板(ban)(ban)節奏(zou)從慢(man)到略快(kuai)、快(kuai)、極快(kuai)、結(jie)束以前的(de)(de)漸慢(man)、最終結(jie)束的(de)(de)過程(cheng)。演唱者根據這(zhe)種循序漸進(jin)的(de)(de)節奏(zou),層層推入地展開故事(shi)情(qing)(qing)節。那么如(ru)何來改變節奏(zou)的(de)(de)快(kuai)慢(man)呢?這(zhe)正是(shi)秦腔(qiang)(qiang)唱腔(qiang)(qiang)“板(ban)(ban)路(lu)”起的(de)(de)作用。秦腔(qiang)(qiang)屬于(yu)板(ban)(ban)式(shi)變化(hua)(hua)體劇種,有二六板(ban)(ban)、慢(man)板(ban)(ban)、帶板(ban)(ban)、墊板(ban)(ban)、二倒(dao)板(ban)(ban)、滾板(ban)(ban)等六大(da)板(ban)(ban)式(shi)。二六板(ban)(ban)就是(shi)兩個“六板(ban)(ban)”,一個六板(ban)(ban)要(yao)敲(qiao)六下梆(bang)子,都是(shi)強拍。其它各(ge)種板(ban)(ban)式(shi)都是(shi)將二六板(ban)(ban)加快(kuai)、減慢(man)、自由(you)、轉板(ban)(ban)等變化(hua)(hua)而(er)成的(de)(de)。這(zhe)樣藝術(shu)家就可以根據劇情(qing)(qing)需要(yao),使用不同的(de)(de)節奏(zou)來表達情(qing)(qing)感了。
6.伴奏
秦(qin)腔所用的樂器,文場(chang)有板(ban)胡(hu)、二弦子(zi)、二胡(hu)、笛(di)、三弦、琵琶(pa)、揚琴、嗩吶(na)、海笛(di)、管子(zi)、大(da)號(喇叭(ba))等(deng);武場(chang)有暴鼓、干鼓、堂鼓、句(ju)鑼(luo)(luo)、小(xiao)鑼(luo)(luo)、馬(ma)鑼(luo)(luo)、鐃鈸、鉸子(zi)、梆子(zi)等(deng)。秦(qin)腔中最主要(yao)的樂器當然(ran)是板(ban)胡(hu),其發音(yin)尖細清脆,最能(neng)體(ti)現秦(qin)腔板(ban)式變化的特色(se)。
三.八大絕技
1.吹火
亦稱噴火,一般多用(yong)(yong)于(yu)有妖怪、鬼魂(hun)出現的劇目中(zhong)。秦腔《游西湖·救裴生》中(zhong),李慧娘用(yong)(yong)此(ci)技。吹火的方法是先將松(song)(song)香研成(cheng)粉末,用(yong)(yong)籮過濾,再(zai)用(yong)(yong)一種纖維長(chang)、拉力強的白(bai)麻紙包(bao)(bao)成(cheng)可含入口(kou)中(zhong)的小包(bao)(bao),然(ran)后(hou)剪去紙頭。演(yan)員吹火前將松(song)(song)香包(bao)(bao)噙在口(kou)里。用(yong)(yong)氣吹動松(song)(song)香包(bao)(bao),使松(song)(song)香末飛向火把,燃燒(shao)騰起火焰。
常見的形式(shi)有(you):直吹(chui)、傾吹(chui)、斜吹(chui)、仰吹(chui)、俯吹(chui)、翻身吹(chui)、蹦子翻身吹(chui)等。就其形狀(zhuang)可分為;單口(kou)火(huo)、連(lian)火(huo)、翻身火(huo)、一條龍、蘑菇云火(huo)等。
單口火(huo)(huo):即一(yi)口一(yi)口吹火(huo)(huo)。主(zhu)要用(yong)鼻子吸氣,丹田(tian)用(yong)氣,沖(chong)著火(huo)(huo)把的火(huo)(huo)苗直吹。
連(lian)火(huo):用氣(qi)方法與單口火(huo)相(xiang)同(tong)。吹(chui)時(shi)要連(lian)緊一(yi)(yi)(yi)些。在火(huo)頭上(shang)吹(chui)第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)口火(huo),乘其未(wei)滅時(shi),緊接著在第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)口火(huo)上(shang)再(zai)吹(chui)一(yi)(yi)(yi)口火(huo),使火(huo)延續不滅。
翻身火(huo):踏(ta)左步(bu),半臥魚勢(shi),從火(huo)頭上(shang)引火(huo)(即借吹出的火(huo)苗再連續噴出松香末,使火(huo)苗不(bu)斷延續長達(da)四(si)、五尺)翻身,轉一圈后,火(huo)仍然連續不(bu)斷。
一(yi)(yi)條龍:半臥魚勢俯沖(chong)火(huo)把(ba)頭吹火(huo),然后離開火(huo)把(ba),均勻(yun)地一(yi)(yi)口氣吹的引過火(huo)來,使火(huo)苗不斷延續長達(da)數尺,猶如一(yi)(yi)條火(huo)龍一(yi)(yi)樣擺過去。
磨菇云火(huo)(huo):半(ban)臥(wo)魚(yu)勢,在“一條龍”火(huo)(huo)的(de)(de)龍尾上緊接著再擺(bai)回來(lai)(lai),重重地一口(kou)(kou)一口(kou)(kou)吹(chui)火(huo)(huo),即成一朵一朵的(de)(de)磨菇狀(也叫天(tian)女散(san)花(hua)或火(huo)(huo)中(zhong)鳳凰。后來(lai)(lai)吹(chui)這種(zhong)火(huo)(huo)時,還(huan)可將火(huo)(huo)的(de)(de)顏(yan)色變成雪(xue)青色)。以上是最基本的(de)(de)幾中(zhong)吹(chui)法,還(huan)可根據(ju)劇情需(xu)要和舞(wu)蹈動作的(de)(de)變化而變化。秦(qin)腔(qiang)黨甘(gan)亭、何振中(zhong)、李正敏、馬藍(lan)魚(yu)、張(zhang)(zhang)詠華(hua)、孫利(li)群、張(zhang)(zhang)燕;同(tong)州梆子王德元;西府秦(qin)腔(qiang)曾鑒堂、李嘉寶等(deng)均(jun)擅長此技。馬藍(lan)魚(yu)的(de)(de)“鬼吹(chui)火(huo)(huo)”(《游西湖·救(jiu)裴生》中(zhong)的(de)(de)李慧娘之鬼魂吹(chui)火(huo)(huo))享譽全國。她能吹(chui)出各(ge)種(zhong)形(xing)狀的(de)(de)火(huo)(huo),且能一口(kou)(kou)氣吹(chui)到四十多口(kou)(kou)火(huo)(huo),堪稱絕技。她曾向全國,如北京、上海等(deng)省市(shi)的(de)(de)很多劇種(zhong)的(de)(de)演員(yuan)傳授(shou)過此技。
2.變臉
秦腔、同州梆子、西府(fu)秦腔、漢調桄桄、漢調二簧(huang)等(deng)劇種的生、旦、丑行皆有此特(te)技。其(qi)變(bian)(bian)法(fa)有“變(bian)(bian)臉型”和(he)“吹面灰”兩種。
變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)臉型:《三人(ren)頭·揭(jie)(jie)(jie)墓》中用(yong)此技。揭(jie)(jie)(jie)墓賊用(yong)腰帶(dai)做好套圈,一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)端套在(zai)僵尸脖(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)子上(shang),另一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)端掛(gua)在(zai)自(zi)己(ji)脖(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)子上(shang),扶起(qi)僵尸脫衣(yi)時(shi),感(gan)情變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化復雜,面(mian)(mian)部表情也隨之變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化。他(ta)發現(xian)死者衣(yi)著豪華時(shi),高興(xing)得(de)眼睛(jing)瞇成(cheng)了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)條線,嘴(zui)角翹到了(le)(le)鼻子兩側(ce),喜得(de)渾身(shen)發抖。當尸體的(de)(de)蓋臉怕(pa)飛落,露出(chu)陰森可怖面(mian)(mian)孔時(shi),他(ta)被(bei)嚇得(de)脖(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)子一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)縮,裂開大嘴(zui),瞪(deng)著兩眼,眉(mei)(mei)毛不住地跳(tiao)動(dong)。揭(jie)(jie)(jie)墓賊為了(le)(le)抑(yi)制心中的(de)(de)恐(kong)懼(ju)情緒,忽(hu)地眉(mei)(mei)頭一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)聳(song),圓鼓(gu)(gu)雙眼,翹起(qi)鼻翼,眥著牙,顯出(chu)兇殘之相。死者穿了(le)(le)七(qi)套衣(yi)服,每旋(xuan)轉一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)次尸體,就脫掉一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件衣(yi)服,同時(shi)還要(yao)穿在(zai)自(zi)己(ji)身(shen)上(shang),并要(yao)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化—次臉型。他(ta)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)時(shi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)得(de)憨傻癡呆,一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)會(hui)兒又(you)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)得(de)機智勇(yong)敢;一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)會(hui)兒扯長脖(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)子,收(shou)起(qi)下(xia)巴(ba),舌尖頂(ding)住下(xia)唇,把頭和脖(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)子拉成(cheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)體,變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)成(cheng)又(you)長又(you)細的(de)(de)臉型;一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)會(hui)兒皺起(qi)雙眉(mei)(mei),縮著下(xia)顎(e),撅著下(xia)巴(ba),變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)成(cheng)兩腮無肉的(de)(de)險(xian)惡者;一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)會(hui)兒又(you)鼓(gu)(gu)起(qi)兩腮,松開雙肩,變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)成(cheng)大胖子;一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)會(hui)兒縮著頭,收(shou)起(qi)下(xia)巴(ba),變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)成(cheng)瘦子……形(xing)態百出(chu),變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化無窮(qiong),全靠一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)張臉的(de)(de)功夫(fu)。漢(han)調桄桄演員田興(xing)華精于此特(te)技。
吹(chui)面(mian)灰:演員給自己(ji)臉上吹(chui)灰,使之變(bian)化。西安亂彈《毒二娘》、漢調桄(guang)桄(guang)《藥毒武(wu)大郎》等,皆用此法。武(wu)大郎一時(shi)毒酒下(xia)肚,腹疼難(nan)忍,指罵潘(pan)金(jin)蓮。潘(pan)下(xia)狠心(xin)猛撲(pu)過(guo)去,用被(bei)子捂(wu)住武(wu)大郎,到潘(pan)起(qi)身坐在(zai)被(bei)子上時(shi),面(mian)灰已吹(chui)上臉,一副陰森黑煞之臉相。《太和城》中孫武(wu)也有變(bian)臉的情(qing)節。
3.頂燈
演者(zhe)將一盞(zhan)油燈點著,置于頭(tou)頂,耍各種動(dong)作(zuo)。秦(qin)腔《三進士》的丑(chou)角常天保因賭博(bo)被其妻處罰(fa)頂
燈。常天保頭頂油燈,跪地、行走、仰臥、鉆(zhan)椅(yi)、鉆(zhan)桌、上桌等,均很自如,并能使油燈不掉(diao)、不灑(sa)、不滅(mie)。這全憑演(yan)員(yuan)脖頸的平(ping)衡技(ji)巧。秦腔丑角演(yan)員(yuan)劉省三(san)、晉福(fu)長(chang)(chang)和漢調桄桄演(yan)員(yuan)王半(ban)(ban)截、趙安(an)學及漢調二簧演(yan)員(yuan)蔡安(an)今等,均擅長(chang)(chang)此技(ji)。王半(ban)(ban)截還能自己將頭頂之燈吹滅(mie)。
4.打碗
秦腔(qiang)、同州梆子(zi)(zi)、西(xi)府秦腔(qiang)、漢調桄桄及漢調二簧等劇種(zhong)演神廟(miao)會(hui)戲時(shi)常(chang)用(yong)(yong)的打(da)(da)鬼特技(ji)。《打(da)(da)臺(tai)》的天官(guan),《太和城》的孫武子(zi)(zi)等凈(jing)角、須(xu)生也用(yong)(yong)此技(ji),其表(biao)演方(fang)法是將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)一碗(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)擲于(yu)空(kong)(kong)中飛轉,用(yong)(yong)另一只(zhi)碗(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)飛出(chu)擊打(da)(da),兩碗(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)同在空(kong)(kong)中粉碎。打(da)(da)碗(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)表(biao)演有(you)平打(da)(da)、斜打(da)(da)兩種(zhong)打(da)(da)法。平打(da)(da):先將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)一碗(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)底朝下平擲于(yu)空(kong)(kong)中飛轉,再將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)另一碗(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)底朝上擲出(chu),兩只(zhi)碗(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)底對(dui)擊相撞(zhuang),破碎落下。斜打(da)(da);兩手各拿一碗(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan),碗(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)底相對(dui)轉磨,打(da)(da)時(shi)先將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)碗(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)側立(li)擲出(chu),使其在空(kong)(kong)中如車輪滾(gun)行狀旋(xuan)轉,然(ran)后將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)第二個碗(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)如法擲出(chu),以碗(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)底邊撞(zhuang)擊而破碎。西(xi)府秦腔(qiang)須(xu)生王彥(yan)魁、唐二瓜、司東紀(ji)、呂明發,西(xi)安(an)秦腔(qiang)演員陸順子(zi)(zi)、和家彥(yan)、劉立(li)杰、閻(yan)國斌等,均擅(shan)長此技(ji)。
5.鞭掃燈花
秦腔、同州梆子(zi)(zi)、西府秦腔、漢調桄(guang)(guang)桄(guang)(guang)和漢調二(er)簧凈、旦行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表演(yan)(yan)(yan)特技(ji)(ji)。有鞭(bian)掃(sao)(sao)(sao)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)花(hua)(hua)和“紙(zhi)擺子(zi)(zi)”(把紙(zhi)擰成繩(sheng)子(zi)(zi)一樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條子(zi)(zi))掃(sao)(sao)(sao)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)花(hua)(hua)兩(liang)種。鞭(bian)掃(sao)(sao)(sao)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng) 花(hua)(hua):《太(tai)和城》中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)孫武(wu)子(zi)(zi)與(yu)《黃(huang)河陣》中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聞(wen)仲用(yong)此技(ji)(ji)。其表演(yan)(yan)(yan)法是:先用(yong)黃(huang)表紙(zhi)在(zai)鞭(bian)梢扎(zha)成約(yue)四(si)寸多(duo)長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紙(zhi)花(hua)(hua),然(ran)后加足燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)油(you),拉長燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)捻(nian)(用(yong)紙(zhi)裹(guo)香做成),使其多(duo)出(chu)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)花(hua)(hua)。演(yan)(yan)(yan)員在(zai)兵(bing)卒下(xia)場后,跨右腿,左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)轉身,躦步,左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)前(qian)(qian)弓后箭,面(mian)向(xiang)(xiang)觀眾,對著(zhu)舞(wu)(wu)臺左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)前(qian)(qian)角吊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)油(you)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng),在(zai)打擊樂《腳(jiao)底風》伴奏(zou)中(zhong)(zhong),雙鞭(bian)從(cong)下(xia)向(xiang)(xiang)上,反手交(jiao)叉(cha)挽面(mian)花(hua)(hua),雙鞭(bian)梢前(qian)(qian)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紙(zhi)花(hua)(hua),反復掃(sao)(sao)(sao)向(xiang)(xiang)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)捻(nian)上所結的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)花(hua)(hua),使其擴散,灑(sa)向(xiang)(xiang)空中(zhong)(zhong)。接著(zhu),跨左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)腿,右轉身躦步,右前(qian)(qian)弓后箭,面(mian)向(xiang)(xiang)觀眾,對著(zhu)吊在(zai)舞(wu)(wu)臺右前(qian)(qian)角的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)油(you)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng),動作要求與(yu)鑼(luo)鼓經(jing)同上,只是方向(xiang)(xiang)不同。接著(zhu),舞(wu)(wu)一套雙鞭(bian),在(zai)《倒四(si)錘》中(zhong)(zhong),到(dao)舞(wu)(wu)臺右前(qian)(qian)角扎(zha)勢亮相(xiang)。這時(shi),舞(wu)(wu)臺空間(jian)火星閃閃,四(si)下(xia)飄落(luo),忽明(ming)忽暗(an)(an),撲朔迷離。靠近演(yan)(yan)(yan)員亮相(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)那盞(zhan)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng),因燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)花(hua)(hua)被掃(sao)(sao)(sao)掉(diao)而(er)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)光由暗(an)(an)轉亮,使觀眾清晰(xi)地看(kan)到(dao)演(yan)(yan)(yan)員面(mian)部的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表情(qing)與(yu)眼(yan)神。掃(sao)(sao)(sao)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)花(hua)(hua),在(zai)添油(you)、撥捻(nian)子(zi)(zi)、結燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)花(hua)(hua)、掃(sao)(sao)(sao)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)花(hua)(hua)上,均需掌握好時(shi)間(jian),恰(qia)到(dao)好處,配合默契,才(cai)能顯示出(chu)技(ji)(ji)巧的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)超。舊時(shi)演(yan)(yan)(yan)出(chu)用(yong)清油(you)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming),用(yong)此特技(ji)(ji)。隨(sui)著(zhu)科學技(ji)(ji)術的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展,照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)條件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改變,此特技(ji)(ji)已無人使用(yong)。
6.踩蹺
秦腔、漢調二簧旦角表演(yan)特(te)技。蹺子是木(mu)制腳(jiao)墊,尖(jian)而小(xiao),約三寸(cun)長(chang),外(wai)面套繡花小(xiao)鞋(xie)。演(yan)員只(zhi)能(neng)用(yong)兩個腳(jiao)指(zhi)穿(chuan)假鞋(xie),而且要將鞋(xie)綁(bang)在腳(jiao)指(zhi)上(shang),因此(ci),稱之為扎(zha)蹺。扎(zha)蹺之后(hou),演(yan)員只(zhi)能(neng)憑(ping)兩個腳(jiao)的(de)(de)腳(jiao)指(zhi)行走,腳(jiao)跟(gen)高高提起,扎(zha)蹺演(yan)員則始終都得用(yong)二指(zhi)著地(di)。戲演(yan)完后(hou)方可解蹺休息(xi)。更難(nan)的(de)(de)是,不僅要求模仿三寸(cun)金蓮的(de)(de)步子和形態,還有特(te)為扎(zha)蹺設計的(de)(de)高難(nan)動作,如:踩蹺走凳、踩蹺過桌、踩蹺踢石子等,沿低上(shang)高,蹦跳不止,方能(neng)顯(xian)出(chu)演(yan)員的(de)(de)踩蹺技巧來。清乾隆時,秦腔旦角魏(wei)長(chang)生(sheng)(sheng)在北京演(yan)出(chu)后(hou),“名動京師”,踩蹺之技從此(ci)推廣到(dao)全國各兄弟劇種。魏(wei)長(chang)生(sheng)(sheng)之后(hou),踩蹺著名者(zhe)有朱怡堂。
7.牙技
秦(qin)(qin)腔、同州梆子、西府秦(qin)(qin)腔、漢調(diao)桄桄和漢調(diao)二簧等(deng)(deng)劇種中毛凈所(suo)用(yong)的(de)(de)一種特技(ji)(ji)。牙(ya)技(ji)(ji)分為“咬牙(ya)”和“耍牙(ya)”兩種。咬牙(ya):也叫磨(mo)牙(ya),毛凈常用(yong)此(ci)技(ji)(ji)。演(yan)員用(yong)上、下(xia)牙(ya)齒咬緊磨(mo)動,發(fa)出咯吱(zhi)(zhi)吱(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)聲音,表示咬牙(ya)切齒的(de)(de)恨。這一技(ji)(ji)巧主要在(zai)(zai)于控制(zhi),咬響并不(bu)難,難點在(zai)(zai)于聲音要響并要傳得(de)遠(yuan),還不(bu)能有疹人(ren)的(de)(de)噪音。秦(qin)(qin)腔名(ming)演(yan)員彥娃(wa)、劉金(jin)錄、范仲魁、華啟民、陳西秦(qin)(qin)、周輔國等(deng)(deng)在(zai)(zai)《反長沙》、《虎(hu)頭橋》、《祭燈》、《淤泥河》、《八義圖》等(deng)(deng)劇中,扮演(yan)魏延、蓋蘇文(wen)、屠岸(an)賈等(deng)(deng),均用(yong)此(ci)技(ji)(ji)。
耍(shua)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya):即(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)將牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)含(han)在(zai)口(kou)中(zhong)使其活動。所耍(shua)的(de)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)有兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)種。一(yi)(yi)是將兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)顆(ke)(ke)較(jiao)長的(de)豬(zhu)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)洗凈(jing),空根(gen)(gen)郭灌鉛,外部刻細槽,扎上(shang)(shang)細絲線,使兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)相連,演出(chu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)含(han)于口(kou)中(zhong),以舌操縱;一(yi)(yi)種是用(yong)牛骨磨制而成的(de)。從前漢調(diao)桄恍演員(yuan)用(yong)這種牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。耍(shua)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)有六種七個樣式。(一(yi)(yi))陰陽齒(chi)(chi)。即(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)左邊牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)尖(jian)朝上(shang)(shang)彎(wan),右邊牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)尖(jian)朝下彎(wan),或相反;(二(er))獠牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。即(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)顆(ke)(ke)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)齒(chi)(chi)同(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)向(xiang)上(shang)(shang),并(bing)微向(xiang)外撇,呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)倒(dao)八字(zi)(zi)形;(三)鼻孔齒(chi)(chi)。即(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)顆(ke)(ke)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)齒(chi)(chi)同(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)向(xiang)上(shang)(shang),將牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)尖(jian)仲(zhong)進兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)個鼻孔內,根(gen)(gen)部微撇,呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)正八字(zi)(zi)形;(四)一(yi)(yi)字(zi)(zi)齒(chi)(chi)。即(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)顆(ke)(ke)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)齒(chi)(chi)分別從嘴(zui)(zui)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)邊出(chu),伸向(xiang)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)邊腮(sai)部,同(tong)(tong)嘴(zui)(zui)唇呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)(yi)字(zi)(zi)形。(五)巨齒(chi)(chi):即(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)巨靈(ling)神的(de)齒(chi)(chi)形,兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)顆(ke)(ke)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)齒(chi)(chi)從嘴(zui)(zui)角(jiao)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)側向(xiang)下斜(xie)仲(zhong),在(zai)下巴兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)側呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)倒(dao)八字(zi)(zi)形;(六)疵牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。即(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)顆(ke)(ke)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)齒(chi)(chi)由口(kou)中(zhong)向(xiang)下伸直,呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)“ll”形狀。西府秦腔藝(yi)人謝德奎(kui)、溫(wen)良民、趙文國(guo)、焦定國(guo)等常用(yong)此(ci)技。主要用(yong)于番王、判官、鬼(gui)怪(guai)—類腳(jiao)色。漢調(diao)二(er)簧藝(yi)人劉嗚祥,漢調(diao)桄桄名凈(jing)馬忠福(fu)、張同(tong)(tong)福(fu)、華天堂(tang),西安亂彈的(de)王化(hua)民,后起之秀雷藝(yi)強,富平(ping)阿宮腔的(de)柏福(fu)榮(rong)等均擅長此(ci)技。
用(yong)(yong)2-4顆洗凈的(de)(de)(de)長豬(zhu)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)空其根部灌鉛,繞根部外(wai)圍刻一(yi)道(dao)細(xi)渠,用(yong)(yong)約二寸長的(de)(de)(de)線分頭扎(zha)在(zai)渠里,銜在(zai)嘴(zui)內(nei)用(yong)(yong)舌操作(zuo)(zuo)。表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)演時,嘴(zui)唇(chun)、牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)齒配合(he)舌尖(jian)頂來拉去,使其吐出(chu)各種形態的(de)(de)(de)“耍(shua)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)”技巧。唱(chang)念時,用(yong)(yong)舌將牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)頂到唇(chun)內(nei)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)外(wai)兩(liang)邊即可,功(gong)夫(fu)深的(de)(de)(de)演員(yuan)經(jing)常牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)不(bu)離口(kou),并(bing)唱(chang)念清晰。此表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)演技巧難度特大,具有(you)(you)和(he)高的(de)(de)(de)欣(xin)賞(shang)價值(zhi)!秦腔有(you)(you)史以(yi)來能活泛用(yong)(yong)用(yong)(yong)此表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)演技巧的(de)(de)(de)實屬鳳毛麟角(jiao)。(上個世(shi)紀)四十年代劉鳳鳴老(lao)藝(yi)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)“耍(shua)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)”表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)演堪(kan)稱一(yi)絕。五(wu)十年代的(de)(de)(de)王華民(min)也有(you)(you)此技巧。后(hou)起者(zhe)雷藝(yi)強“耍(shua)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)”表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)演自如,并(bing)能準(zhun)確的(de)(de)(de)配合(he)人(ren)物的(de)(de)(de)性格(ge)和(he)情感(gan)。富平“阿宮腔”凈角(jiao)演員(yuan)柏(bo)福榮尚能“耍(shua)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)”,六十年代他表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)演的(de)(de)(de)《活捉(zhuo)王魁(kui)》一(yi)戲中的(de)(de)(de)判官,把“吐火”巧改“耍(shua)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)”,頗有(you)(you)聲(sheng)譽(yu)!此后(hou)再無(wu)有(you)(you)演員(yuan)掌(zhang)握(wo)“耍(shua)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)"技巧真是秦腔界(jie)的(de)(de)(de)遺憾! “耍(shua)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)”技巧,在(zai)秦腔傳統戲中一(yi)般(ban)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)現相貌(mao)兇(xiong)惡的(de)(de)(de)角(jiao)色。周倉、判官、王白超(chao)、龍須虎、鄧忠等(deng)都用(yong)(yong)耍(shua)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)演。不(bu)管陽世(shi)三間,陰曹地府,還是天際神界(jie),皆有(you)(you)用(yong)(yong)之。其代表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)作(zuo)(zuo)為《淤泥河》中的(de)(de)(de)蓋蘇(su)文。
8.尸吊
亦稱“大(da)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)吊”[劉全進瓜],秦腔(qiang)、同州梆(bang)子(zi)(zi)、西府秦腔(qiang)、漢(han)調桄桄、漢(han)調二簧、眉戶等劇(ju)種均有(you)此(ci)特技。演出前,先(xian)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)一(yi)(yi)根(gen)長吊桿(gan),平綁于(yu)入場口(kou)(kou)的柱子(zi)(zi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),桿(gan)的一(yi)(yi)端在臺(tai)(tai)口(kou)(kou),另一(yi)(yi)端藏于(yu)臺(tai)(tai)內(nei)側。劇(ju)中(zhong)人(ren)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)吊時(shi),站椅(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)白綾吊圈(quan)(quan)綁于(yu)桿(gan)頭(tou),然(ran)后將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)吊圈(quan)(quan)套在脖子(zi)(zi),蹬(deng)倒(dao)椅(yi)子(zi)(zi)。這時(shi)臺(tai)(tai)內(nei)即(ji)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)吊桿(gan)一(yi)(yi)端壓(ya)下(xia),右移,使(shi)桿(gan)頭(tou)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)翹并(bing)伸出臺(tai)(tai)口(kou)(kou),使(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)吊者高高吊于(yu)臺(tai)(tai)前。演員在化妝時(shi),腰里扎(zha)一(yi)(yi)橢圓形鐵裹(guo)肚,上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)端有(you)兩(liang)個鐵鉤,由(you)胸部(bu)直通(tong)脖頸。上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)吊時(shi),往脖子(zi)(zi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)套的吊圈(quan)(quan)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)要套在鐵鉤上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),然(ran)后將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)一(yi)(yi)水袖繞(rao)脖搭肩,以作掩(yan)飾(shi),另一(yi)(yi)水袖下(xia)垂,呈(cheng)現(xian)出活人(ren)被吊死(si)的景象。至今(jin)已不(bu)用此(ci)技。
三.常見曲目
秦腔所(suo)演的劇目有(you)神話(hua)、民間故事和各種(zhong)公案戲。它的傳(chuan)統(tong)劇目豐富(fu),已抄存(cun)的共2748本。
備受觀眾喜(xi)愛的曲目有《春秋(qiu)筆》、《八義圖(tu)》、《紫霞宮(gong)》、《和(he)氏璧》、《惠鳳扇》、《玉(yu)虎(hu)墜》、《麟骨床(chuang)》、《鴛鴦被》、《射九(jiu)陽》、《哭長城》、《伐董卓》、《白蛇傳》、《梵(fan)王宮(gong)》、《法(fa)門寺》、《鐵公雞》等。新中國建立后(hou)還創作了《黃(huang)花(hua)崗》、《漢宮(gong)案》、《屈原》等膾炙人口的佳(jia)作。
膾炙人口的曲目(mu)有《三(san)滴(di)血(xue)》、《周仁回(hui)府》、《十(shi)五貫》、《火焰駒(ju)》、《大登殿》等。
相關推薦:
藍田普化水會音樂有什么藝術特點 藍田普化水會音樂歷史起源以及藝術特點概述