【稻種催(cui)芽(ya)】水(shui)稻種子浸種催(cui)芽(ya)技術要(yao)點 水(shui)稻種子催(cui)芽(ya)注意事項

水稻種(zhong)子浸種(zhong)催芽技(ji)術要點

水稻種子浸種前需曬種2—3天，以利提高種子的發(fa)芽勢和發(fa)芽率。但(dan)不宜在水(shui)(shui)泥地、石板上(shang)曬種(zhong)(zhong)。浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)首(shou)先要進(jin)行種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)消(xiao)毒(du)處理，再進(jin)行浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)。水(shui)(shui)稻種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)提倡流水(shui)(shui)浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)法(fa)，如確實需靜(jing)水(shui)(shui)浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)，則每天(tian)最(zui)少要淋種(zhong)(zhong)或換水(shui)(shui)二次(ci)以上(shang)。一般早(zao)稻需浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)48小時(shi)以上(shang)，中、晚(wan)稻需浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)36小時(shi)以上(shang)。

浸種后催芽(ya)(ya)，主要掌握高溫(wen)(35℃—38℃)破胸露(lu)白，適溫(wen) (25℃—30℃)長芽(ya)(ya)，低溫(wen)(正常氣溫(wen))晾芽(ya)(ya)練(lian)芽(ya)(ya)。以(yi)淋溫(wen)水和覆蓋密閉(bi)的(de)辦法(fa)調節(jie)谷種溫(wen)度和水分，以(yi)翻堆的(de)辦法(fa)促(cu)使谷堆內外、上下，溫(wen)度、濕度均勻，使芽(ya)(ya)、根長勢(shi)一(yi)致。催芽(ya)(ya)標(biao)準為芽(ya)(ya)長半粒谷、根長一(yi)粒谷。

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1、曬種

常規稻(dao)種(zhong)浸種(zhong)前一周選晴(qing)天(tian)將種(zhong)子曬6～8小時，然后將曬好的種子放在干燥、陰涼的地方涼透心,以促進種子的(de)呼吸(xi)作用和(he)酶的(de)活性，有利于(yu)提高種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)發芽率(lv)和(he)發芽勢(shi)；曬(shai)(shai)種(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)可殺(sha)死(si)部分附著(zhu)在稻(dao)殼上的(de)病(bing)菌。但雜交稻(dao)種(zhong)(zhong)浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)前不要曬(shai)(shai)種(zhong)(zhong),曬(shai)(shai)種(zhong)(zhong)后接著(zhu)浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)，發芽率(lv)一般要降(jiang)低5%至10%，對于(yu)那些(xie)生活力弱(ruo)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)，曬(shai)(shai)種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)負面影響更(geng)大。

2、選種

要求用清水(shui)選(xuan)種(zhong)，把(ba)浮在表(biao)層的(de)秕谷撈出(chu)，選(xuan)用飽滿的(de)稻種(zhong)，以培育(yu)出(chu)整齊健壯秧苗。

3、提倡活水浸種

浸種時間不易過長，最好(hao)采(cai)用“日浸(jin)夜(ye)露”的(de)(de)方法，即白(bai)天浸(jin)種、夜(ye)晚(wan)撈(lao)出攤開，浸(jin)種時最好(hao)將種子(zi)放入流(liu)動清水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)先浸(jin)6小時（無流(liu)動清水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)要每(mei)隔4－6小時左右換水(shui)(shui)一次），要淘汰舊(老)的(de)(de)直接浸(jin)種48小時方法。

采用間歇浸種方法：常規早稻浸種最佳時間33—35小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，超過(guo)(guo)48小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不利于種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子發(fa)芽(ya)勢和(he)發(fa)芽(ya)率。（具體浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)視(shi)氣溫水(shui)(shui)(shui)溫而定(ding)，以種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子吸(xi)足(zu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)份為準----谷殼透明，米(mi)粒(li)腹白(bai)可見，剝去穎(ying)殼米(mi)粒(li)易折斷(duan)而無響(xiang)(xiang)聲，用手能碾(nian)碎時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，表明種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子已(yi)吸(xi) 足(zu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)分）。雜(za)(za)交早(zao)稻宜(yi)采用多(duo)起多(duo)落，間(jian)(jian)(jian)歇浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)法(fa)，忌長時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)連(lian)續(xu)浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。 水(shui)(shui)(shui)稻浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)過(guo)(guo)程就是種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子的(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)過(guo)(guo)程，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子吸(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)后，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子酶(mei)的(de)(de)(de)活性開始上升，在(zai)(zai)酶(mei)活性作(zuo)用下胚(pei)(pei)乳淀粉(fen)逐步溶解成糖，釋放出供胚(pei)(pei)根(gen)、胚(pei)(pei)芽(ya)和(he)胚(pei)(pei)軸所需(xu)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)養(yang)分。當稻種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)吸(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)達到(dao)谷重24%時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，胚(pei)(pei)就開始萌動，稱這為破胸或露白(bai)。當種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子吸(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)達到(dao)谷重40%時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子才能正常(chang)發(fa)芽(ya)，這時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)為種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子飽和(he)吸(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)。達到(dao)這一(yi)吸(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)，一(yi)方(fang)面受(shou)(shou)浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)溫影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)，在(zai)(zai)一(yi)定(ding)溫度范圍內，溫度越高(gao)，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子吸(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)越快，達到(dao)飽和(he)吸(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)越短。另一(yi)方(fang)面受(shou)(shou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)稻品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)組(zu)合類型影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)。由(you)于雜(za)(za)交水(shui)(shui)(shui)稻吸(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)后酶(mei)的(de)(de)(de)活性較(jiao)強(qiang)，故雜(za)(za)交水(shui)(shui)(shui)稻種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子的(de)(de)(de)浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)要(yao)比常(chang)規稻種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子的(de)(de)(de)浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)要(yao)短。

4、提倡藥劑浸種

建議采(cai)用藥(yao)劑浸(jin)(jin)種，包衣種子除外。清(qing)水(shui)浸(jin)(jin)種6小(xiao)時后(hou)(hou)(hou)，使附在種子(zi)上的病菌(jun)孢子(zi)萌動(dong),再(zai)進行藥(yao)劑殺菌(jun)。目前(qian)常用的藥(yao)劑有25%咪鮮胺(an)2000-3000倍液(ye)(ye)（即2ml兌水(shui)5公斤(jin)，浸(jin)(jin)種4-5公斤(jin)）浸(jin)(jin)種6小(xiao)時。或用500倍強氯精（2克強氯精兌1公斤(jin)水(shui)）浸(jin)(jin)種6-8小(xiao)時后(hou)(hou)(hou)，消(xiao)毒藥(yao)液(ye)(ye)應高出(chu)種子(zi)表面一(yi)寸（消(xiao)毒期間不(bu)換(huan)水(shui)），然(ran)后(hou)(hou)(hou)把(ba)稻種用清水(shui)反復沖(chong)(chong)洗，把(ba)殘留藥(yao)液(ye)(ye)沖(chong)(chong)洗干凈。

5、催芽

目前(qian)還有不少農民喜歡(huan)將(jiang)種子裝在(zai)(zai)編織(zhi)(zhi)袋(dai)中催芽，甚至因為溫度上不來，將(jiang)種子放在(zai)(zai)太陽下暴曬，往往造(zao)成(cheng)燒芽。最好(hao)最簡易的方法(fa)是(shi)用(yong)雙層、無病(bing)、濕潤麻(ma)袋(dai)催芽，在(zai)(zai)地(di)(di)面(mian)墊一層無病(bing)稻草(cao)，將(jiang)一條麻(ma)袋(dai)鋪好(hao)，把(ba)種子均勻地(di)(di)鋪在(zai)(zai)上面(mian)，再將(jiang)另一條麻(ma)袋(dai)蓋在(zai)(zai)上面(mian)，中途只少許注意是(shi)否添加水分即可。也(ye)可裝入(ru)麻(ma)袋(dai)或比(bi)較(jiao)通氣(qi)的編織(zhi)(zhi)袋(dai)，四周(zhou)可用(yong)稻草(cao)封好(hao)保(bao)溫。谷種升溫后(hou)，控(kong)制溫度在(zai)(zai)35～38℃，溫度過高要翻堆，過低則要采取措(cuo)施(shi)提高種(zhong)堆溫度。經20小時左右，谷種(zhong)即可露白破(po)胸(xiong)。5月中下旬(xun)氣溫正常，則采用日(ri)浸夜露方法，無需加(jia)保溫材料，均可正常發芽。

6、煉芽

在播種(zhong)前要把(ba)催好(hao)芽(ya)的谷種(zhong)攤開在常(chang)溫下煉芽(ya)3～6小時后播種。使谷種適應空氣(qi)溫(wen)度，提高成苗率。

7、適時播種

谷種露白后調溫到25～30℃，適溫催芽促根，待芽長半粒谷、根長1粒谷時即可播種下田，機插拋栽育秧芽長要適當短些。

水稻種子催芽注意事項

1、 催(cui)芽時每天要翻動1-2次，使種子上下內外(wai)溫度均(jun)勻(yun)一致，達到發芽整齊(qi)。

2、 催(cui)芽時一定要注意溫(wen)度(du)變化，防治(zhi)高(gao)溫(wen)燒種，超過40℃種(zhong)子(zi)失去發(fa)芽(ya)能(neng)力。

3、 當種子85%破胸，使溫度(du)降至25℃，芽、根(gen)長控(kong)制在(zai)2毫米以內，攤(tan)開晾種。

4、 破胸后，適當(dang)補水(shui)，注意(yi)通氣增氧，即可催出茁壯的(de)好(hao)芽。

5、 根(gen)據各自的生產計劃(hua)，適時(shi)分批催芽、播種，把秧齡控(kong)制在3.5葉齡，防止(zhi)前期插小苗，后(hou)期插大苗。