【稻種(zhong)(zhong)催芽(ya)】水(shui)稻種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)浸種(zhong)(zhong)催芽(ya)技術要點 水(shui)稻種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)催芽(ya)注意事項

水稻種子浸(jin)種催(cui)芽技(ji)術要點

水稻種子浸種前需曬種2—3天，以利提高種子的(de)發(fa)芽(ya)勢和發(fa)芽(ya)率。但(dan)不宜在水泥地(di)、石板上曬種(zhong)(zhong)。浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)時首先要(yao)進行種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)消毒處理(li)，再(zai)進行浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)。水稻(dao)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)提(ti)倡流水浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)法，如確實需靜(jing)水浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)，則每天最(zui)少(shao)要(yao)淋種(zhong)(zhong)或(huo)換水二(er)次以上。一般早(zao)稻(dao)需浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)48小時以上，中、晚稻(dao)需浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)36小時以上。

浸種后催(cui)芽，主要掌握高溫(wen)(wen)(35℃—38℃)破胸露(lu)白，適(shi)溫(wen)(wen) (25℃—30℃)長(chang)芽，低(di)溫(wen)(wen)(正常氣溫(wen)(wen))晾芽練芽。以(yi)淋溫(wen)(wen)水和覆蓋(gai)密閉(bi)的辦(ban)法調節(jie)谷(gu)種溫(wen)(wen)度和水分，以(yi)翻堆(dui)的辦(ban)法促使(shi)谷(gu)堆(dui)內外、上(shang)下，溫(wen)(wen)度、濕度均勻，使(shi)芽、根長(chang)勢一(yi)致。催(cui)芽標(biao)準為芽長(chang)半粒(li)谷(gu)、根長(chang)一(yi)粒(li)谷(gu)。

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1、曬種

常規稻種浸種前一(yi)周選晴天(tian)將種子曬6～8小時，然后將曬好的種子放在干燥、陰涼的地方涼透心,以促進種子的(de)(de)呼吸作用和酶的(de)(de)活性(xing)，有利于(yu)提高種(zhong)(zhong)子發(fa)芽率和發(fa)芽勢；曬(shai)種(zhong)(zhong)也可殺死部分附著在(zai)稻殼上的(de)(de)病菌。但(dan)雜交稻種(zhong)(zhong)浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)前不要(yao)曬(shai)種(zhong)(zhong),曬(shai)種(zhong)(zhong)后接著浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)，發(fa)芽率一般要(yao)降(jiang)低5%至10%，對于(yu)那些生活力弱的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)子，曬(shai)種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)負(fu)面影響更(geng)大。

2、選種

要(yao)求用清(qing)水選(xuan)種(zhong)，把浮(fu)在(zai)表層的秕(bi)谷撈出(chu)，選(xuan)用飽滿的稻種(zhong)，以培(pei)育出(chu)整齊健壯秧苗。

3、提倡活水浸種

浸種時間不易過長，最好采用“日浸(jin)(jin)(jin)夜露(lu)”的方法，即白天浸(jin)(jin)(jin)種、夜晚撈(lao)出攤開(kai)，浸(jin)(jin)(jin)種時(shi)(shi)最好(hao)將種子(zi)放入流動清水中先浸(jin)(jin)(jin)6小時(shi)(shi)（無流動清水的要每隔(ge)4－6小時(shi)(shi)左右(you)換水一次），要淘汰舊(老)的直(zhi)接浸(jin)(jin)(jin)種48小時(shi)(shi)方法。

采用間(jian)歇(xie)浸(jin)(jin)種方法：常(chang)規早稻浸(jin)(jin)種最(zui)佳時間(jian)33—35小時，超過48小時不(bu)利于種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)發芽勢和發芽率。（具體浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)視氣溫水(shui)(shui)(shui)溫而定(ding)(ding)，以種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)足(zu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)份為準----谷殼透明，米粒腹白可見，剝去(qu)穎殼米粒易折斷而無(wu)響(xiang)聲，用手能(neng)碾碎(sui)時，表明種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)已吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi) 足(zu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)分）。雜(za)交早稻(dao)宜(yi)采(cai)用多(duo)起多(duo)落，間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)歇浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)方法(fa)，忌長時間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)連續(xu)浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。 水(shui)(shui)(shui)稻(dao)浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)過程就是種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)的(de)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)過程，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)后，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)酶的(de)活(huo)性(xing)開始(shi)上升，在酶活(huo)性(xing)作用下胚乳淀粉逐步溶解成糖(tang)，釋放出供胚根、胚芽和胚軸所需(xu)要(yao)的(de)養分。當(dang)稻(dao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)達(da)到(dao)谷重(zhong)24%時，胚就開始(shi)萌(meng)動，稱(cheng)這(zhe)(zhe)為破胸或露白。當(dang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)達(da)到(dao)谷重(zhong)40%時，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)才能(neng)正常(chang)發芽，這(zhe)(zhe)時的(de)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)為種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)飽和吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)。達(da)到(dao)這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)的(de)時間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，一(yi)方面受浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)溫影響(xiang)，在一(yi)定(ding)(ding)溫度范圍內(nei)，溫度越(yue)高，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)越(yue)快，達(da)到(dao)飽和吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)時間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)越(yue)短(duan)。另一(yi)方面受水(shui)(shui)(shui)稻(dao)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和組合類型(xing)影響(xiang)。由于雜(za)交水(shui)(shui)(shui)稻(dao)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)后酶的(de)活(huo)性(xing)較強(qiang)，故雜(za)交水(shui)(shui)(shui)稻(dao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)的(de)浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)要(yao)比(bi)常(chang)規(gui)稻(dao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)的(de)浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)要(yao)短(duan)。

4、提倡藥劑浸種

建議采用藥劑浸種，包衣種子除外。清水浸種6小(xiao)時(shi)后，使附在種子(zi)上的病菌孢子(zi)萌動(dong),再進行藥(yao)劑殺(sha)菌。目前常用的藥(yao)劑有25%咪鮮胺(an)2000-3000倍(bei)液（即2ml兌水(shui)5公斤(jin)，浸(jin)種4-5公斤(jin)）浸(jin)種6小(xiao)時(shi)。或用500倍(bei)強(qiang)(qiang)氯(lv)精（2克(ke)強(qiang)(qiang)氯(lv)精兌1公斤(jin)水(shui)）浸(jin)種6-8小(xiao)時(shi)后，消(xiao)毒藥(yao)液應高出種子(zi)表面一寸(cun)（消(xiao)毒期間不換(huan)水(shui)），然后把稻種用清水(shui)反復沖(chong)洗，把殘留藥(yao)液沖(chong)洗干凈。

5、催芽

目前還(huan)有不(bu)少(shao)農民喜歡(huan)將(jiang)種子(zi)(zi)裝(zhuang)在(zai)(zai)編織袋(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)中催芽(ya)，甚至因為溫(wen)(wen)度上不(bu)來，將(jiang)種子(zi)(zi)放在(zai)(zai)太陽下暴曬，往往造成燒芽(ya)。最好(hao)(hao)最簡易的(de)方法是用雙層(ceng)、無(wu)病、濕潤麻(ma)(ma)袋(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)催芽(ya)，在(zai)(zai)地面墊一(yi)層(ceng)無(wu)病稻草(cao)，將(jiang)一(yi)條麻(ma)(ma)袋(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)鋪好(hao)(hao)，把種子(zi)(zi)均勻地鋪在(zai)(zai)上面，再(zai)將(jiang)另一(yi)條麻(ma)(ma)袋(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)蓋在(zai)(zai)上面，中途只少(shao)許注意是否添加水分(fen)即可。也(ye)可裝(zhuang)入麻(ma)(ma)袋(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)或比較通氣的(de)編織袋(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)，四周可用稻草(cao)封好(hao)(hao)保溫(wen)(wen)。谷種升溫(wen)(wen)后，控制溫(wen)(wen)度在(zai)(zai)35～38℃，溫度過高要翻堆(dui)，過低則(ze)要采取措施提(ti)高種(zhong)堆(dui)溫度。經20小時左右，谷種(zhong)即可露白破(po)胸。5月中下旬(xun)氣溫正(zheng)常，則(ze)采用日浸夜(ye)露方法，無需加(jia)保溫材料(liao)，均(jun)可正(zheng)常發芽。

6、煉芽

在播種(zhong)前要把催(cui)好芽(ya)的谷(gu)種(zhong)攤開在常溫下煉芽(ya)3～6小時(shi)后播(bo)種。使谷種適應空氣(qi)溫度，提高成苗率(lv)。

7、適時播種

谷(gu)種露白后(hou)調溫到25～30℃，適溫催芽促根，待芽長半粒谷、根長1粒谷時即可播種下田，機插拋栽育秧芽長要適當短些。

水稻種子催芽注意事項

1、 催芽(ya)時每天(tian)要(yao)翻動1-2次，使種子上(shang)下內外溫度均勻一致，達到發芽(ya)整齊。

2、 催芽時一定要注意溫度變化(hua)，防治高溫燒種，超(chao)過40℃種子失去發芽能力。

3、 當種子85%破胸(xiong)，使溫度降至25℃，芽(ya)、根(gen)長(chang)控制在(zai)2毫米以內，攤開晾種。

4、 破胸后，適(shi)當(dang)補水，注意通(tong)氣(qi)增氧，即可催出(chu)茁壯的(de)好芽。

5、 根據各自的生產計劃，適時分批催芽、播種(zhong)，把(ba)秧齡控制在3.5葉齡，防止前(qian)期插小苗，后期插大苗。