【稻種催芽(ya)】水(shui)稻種子浸種催芽(ya)技術要點 水(shui)稻種子催芽(ya)注意事項
水(shui)稻種(zhong)(zhong)子浸種(zhong)(zhong)催芽(ya)技術要點(dian)
水稻種子浸種前需曬種2—3天,以利提高種子的發芽勢(shi)和發芽率。但(dan)不(bu)宜在(zai)水泥地、石板上曬種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時首(shou)先要進(jin)行(xing)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)消毒(du)處理,再進(jin)行(xing)浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。水稻(dao)(dao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)提倡(chang)流水浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)法(fa),如(ru)確(que)實需靜水浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),則每天最(zui)少要淋種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)或換水二次以上。一般早(zao)稻(dao)(dao)需浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)48小時以上,中、晚稻(dao)(dao)需浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)36小時以上。
浸種(zhong)后(hou)催芽(ya)(ya),主(zhu)要掌(zhang)握高溫(35℃—38℃)破胸(xiong)露白,適溫 (25℃—30℃)長芽(ya)(ya),低溫(正常氣溫)晾芽(ya)(ya)練芽(ya)(ya)。以(yi)淋(lin)溫水和(he)覆蓋(gai)密閉的(de)辦(ban)法調(diao)節(jie)谷(gu)(gu)種(zhong)溫度和(he)水分,以(yi)翻堆的(de)辦(ban)法促使谷(gu)(gu)堆內(nei)外、上下,溫度、濕(shi)度均(jun)勻,使芽(ya)(ya)、根(gen)長勢一(yi)致。催芽(ya)(ya)標(biao)準為芽(ya)(ya)長半粒谷(gu)(gu)、根(gen)長一(yi)粒谷(gu)(gu)。
1、曬種
常規稻種(zhong)浸種(zhong)前(qian)一周選晴天將種(zhong)子曬6~8小時,然后將曬好的種子放在干燥、陰涼的地方涼透心,以促進種子的(de)呼吸作用和酶的(de)活(huo)(huo)性(xing),有(you)利(li)于(yu)提高(gao)種(zhong)(zhong)子發(fa)(fa)芽率(lv)和發(fa)(fa)芽勢;曬種(zhong)(zhong)也可殺死(si)部分(fen)附(fu)著(zhu)在稻殼上的(de)病菌。但雜交稻種(zhong)(zhong)浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)前不要(yao)曬種(zhong)(zhong),曬種(zhong)(zhong)后接著(zhu)浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong),發(fa)(fa)芽率(lv)一般要(yao)降(jiang)低5%至10%,對于(yu)那些(xie)生活(huo)(huo)力弱的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)子,曬種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)負(fu)面(mian)影響(xiang)更大(da)。
2、選種
要(yao)求用清水選(xuan)種,把(ba)浮在表層的(de)秕谷撈出,選(xuan)用飽滿(man)的(de)稻(dao)種,以培育出整齊健壯秧苗(miao)。
3、提倡活水浸種
浸種時間(jian)不易過長,最(zui)好采用“日浸夜露(lu)”的(de)方(fang)法,即白天浸種、夜晚撈出攤開,浸種時(shi)最(zui)好將種子放入流(liu)動清水(shui)中先浸6小(xiao)時(shi)(無流(liu)動清水(shui)的(de)要每隔4-6小(xiao)時(shi)左右換水(shui)一次),要淘汰舊(老)的(de)直接浸種48小(xiao)時(shi)方(fang)法。
采用間(jian)歇浸(jin)種方(fang)法:常規(gui)早(zao)稻(dao)浸(jin)種最佳時間(jian)33—35小時(shi),超(chao)過(guo)48小時(shi)不利于種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)發(fa)芽勢(shi)和(he)發(fa)芽率(lv)。(具(ju)體(ti)浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)視(shi)氣溫(wen)水(shui)(shui)(shui)溫(wen)而定(ding),以種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)吸(xi)(xi)足水(shui)(shui)(shui)份為準----谷殼(ke)透(tou)明,米粒(li)腹(fu)白可見,剝去穎殼(ke)米粒(li)易折斷(duan)而無響(xiang)(xiang)聲,用手能碾(nian)碎(sui)時(shi),表明種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)已吸(xi)(xi) 足水(shui)(shui)(shui)分(fen))。雜交早稻(dao)宜采(cai)用多(duo)起多(duo)落,間(jian)(jian)歇浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)(fang)法,忌長時(shi)間(jian)(jian)連續(xu)浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)。 水(shui)(shui)(shui)稻(dao)浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)過(guo)程就是種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)過(guo)程,種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)吸(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)后,種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)酶(mei)的(de)(de)活(huo)性(xing)開始上升,在(zai)酶(mei)活(huo)性(xing)作用下胚(pei)乳(ru)淀粉逐步溶(rong)解成糖,釋放出供胚(pei)根、胚(pei)芽和(he)胚(pei)軸(zhou)所需要(yao)的(de)(de)養(yang)分(fen)。當稻(dao)種(zhong)(zhong)吸(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)達到谷重24%時(shi),胚(pei)就開始萌動,稱這為破胸(xiong)或露白。當種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)吸(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)達到谷重40%時(shi),種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)才能正常發(fa)芽,這時(shi)的(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)為種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)飽和(he)吸(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)。達到這一(yi)吸(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)時(shi)間(jian)(jian),一(yi)方(fang)(fang)面受浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)溫(wen)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang),在(zai)一(yi)定(ding)溫(wen)度范圍內(nei),溫(wen)度越高,種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)吸(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)越快,達到飽和(he)吸(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)越短。另(ling)一(yi)方(fang)(fang)面受水(shui)(shui)(shui)稻(dao)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)和(he)組合類型影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)。由于雜交水(shui)(shui)(shui)稻(dao)吸(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)后酶(mei)的(de)(de)活(huo)性(xing)較(jiao)強,故雜交水(shui)(shui)(shui)稻(dao)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)要(yao)比常規稻(dao)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)要(yao)短。
4、提倡藥劑浸種
建議采用藥劑(ji)浸(jin)種(zhong),包衣種(zhong)子除(chu)外。清水浸(jin)種(zhong)6小時(shi)(shi)后,使附在種(zhong)子上(shang)的病菌孢子萌(meng)動(dong),再進行藥(yao)劑殺菌。目(mu)前常用的藥(yao)劑有25%咪鮮(xian)胺2000-3000倍液(即(ji)2ml兌水(shui)(shui)5公(gong)斤,浸種(zhong)4-5公(gong)斤)浸種(zhong)6小時(shi)(shi)。或用500倍強氯精(jing)(2克強氯精(jing)兌1公(gong)斤水(shui)(shui))浸種(zhong)6-8小時(shi)(shi)后,消毒藥(yao)液應高出種(zhong)子表面一寸(消毒期(qi)間(jian)不換水(shui)(shui)),然后把稻種(zhong)用清水(shui)(shui)反復沖洗,把殘(can)留藥(yao)液沖洗干凈(jing)。
5、催芽
目前還有(you)不(bu)少(shao)(shao)農民喜歡將種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)裝(zhuang)在(zai)(zai)編織袋(dai)中(zhong)催(cui)芽,甚至因為溫度上(shang)不(bu)來,將種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)放(fang)在(zai)(zai)太陽下暴曬,往往造成燒芽。最好最簡(jian)易(yi)的(de)方法(fa)是(shi)用雙層、無(wu)病、濕(shi)潤(run)麻(ma)袋(dai)催(cui)芽,在(zai)(zai)地(di)面墊(dian)一層無(wu)病稻草,將一條(tiao)麻(ma)袋(dai)鋪好,把種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)均勻(yun)地(di)鋪在(zai)(zai)上(shang)面,再將另一條(tiao)麻(ma)袋(dai)蓋在(zai)(zai)上(shang)面,中(zhong)途只少(shao)(shao)許注意是(shi)否添加水分即可(ke)(ke)。也(ye)可(ke)(ke)裝(zhuang)入(ru)麻(ma)袋(dai)或比較通氣的(de)編織袋(dai),四周(zhou)可(ke)(ke)用稻草封好保溫。谷(gu)種(zhong)升溫后,控制溫度在(zai)(zai)35~38℃,溫(wen)度過(guo)高要(yao)翻堆,過(guo)低則要(yao)采取措施提高種堆溫(wen)度。經(jing)20小時左右,谷種即可露(lu)白破胸。5月(yue)中下旬(xun)氣溫(wen)正常(chang),則采用日(ri)浸夜露(lu)方(fang)法(fa),無需加保溫(wen)材料,均可正常(chang)發芽。
6、煉芽
在播種前要把催好芽的谷種攤開在常溫下煉芽3~6小時后播種(zhong)。使谷種(zhong)適(shi)應空(kong)氣溫度,提高成(cheng)苗率。
7、適時播種
谷種露白后調溫到25~30℃,適溫催芽促根,待芽長半粒谷、根長1粒谷時即可播種下田,機插拋栽育秧芽長要適當短些。
水稻種子催芽注意事項
1、 催芽時每(mei)天要翻動1-2次(ci),使種子上下(xia)內外(wai)溫(wen)度均勻一致,達到發(fa)芽整齊。
2、 催芽時(shi)一定要(yao)注意溫(wen)度變(bian)化(hua),防(fang)治高溫(wen)燒種,超過40℃種子失去(qu)發芽能力(li)。
3、 當種子85%破胸,使溫度(du)降至25℃,芽、根長控制在2毫米以內,攤開晾種。
4、 破胸后,適當補水,注意通(tong)氣增氧,即可催出茁壯的(de)好芽。
5、 根據各(ge)自的生產計劃(hua),適時分批(pi)催芽、播種,把秧齡控制在(zai)3.5葉齡,防(fang)止前(qian)期插(cha)小苗,后期插(cha)大苗。