【稻(dao)種(zhong)催(cui)芽(ya)(ya)】水稻(dao)種(zhong)子(zi)浸種(zhong)催(cui)芽(ya)(ya)技術要點(dian) 水稻(dao)種(zhong)子(zi)催(cui)芽(ya)(ya)注(zhu)意事項

水稻種子浸種催芽技術要點

水稻種子浸種前需曬種2—3天，以利提高種子的(de)發芽(ya)勢和發芽(ya)率。但(dan)不宜(yi)在水泥地、石板上曬種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時首先要進行種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子消(xiao)毒處理，再進行浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。水稻(dao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)提倡流水浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)法，如確實需靜(jing)水浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，則每(mei)天最少要淋種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)或換水二次以上。一般早(zao)稻(dao)需浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)48小時以上，中(zhong)、晚稻(dao)需浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)36小時以上。

浸種(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)催(cui)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，主(zhu)要掌握(wo)高溫(wen)(35℃—38℃)破胸露白(bai)，適(shi)溫(wen) (25℃—30℃)長(chang)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，低(di)溫(wen)(正常氣溫(wen))晾芽(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)練(lian)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。以淋溫(wen)水和覆蓋密閉的辦(ban)法調節谷種(zhong)(zhong)溫(wen)度和水分，以翻堆的辦(ban)法促使(shi)谷堆內外、上下，溫(wen)度、濕度均勻，使(shi)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)、根長(chang)勢一致。催(cui)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)標(biao)準為芽(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)長(chang)半粒谷、根長(chang)一粒谷。

該圖片由注冊用戶"夢里回鄉"提供，版權聲明反饋

1、曬種

常規稻種浸種前(qian)一周選晴天將種子曬6～8小時，然后將曬好的種子放在干燥、陰涼的地方涼透心,以促進種子的(de)呼吸(xi)作(zuo)用(yong)和酶的(de)活性，有利于(yu)提高(gao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子發芽率和發芽勢(shi)；曬種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)也可(ke)殺(sha)死部(bu)分附著在稻殼上的(de)病菌。但雜交稻種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)浸種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)前不要(yao)曬種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),曬種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后接著浸種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，發芽率一般要(yao)降(jiang)低5%至10%，對于(yu)那些生活力弱的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子，曬種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)負(fu)面影響更(geng)大。

2、選種

要求用清水選種，把浮在(zai)表層的(de)秕谷撈出(chu)，選用飽滿的(de)稻(dao)種，以培(pei)育出(chu)整齊健(jian)壯秧苗。

3、提倡活水浸種

浸種時間不易過長，最好(hao)采用“日浸夜(ye)露(lu)”的方(fang)法(fa)，即白天浸種、夜(ye)晚(wan)撈(lao)出攤開，浸種時(shi)最(zui)好將種子放入(ru)流動清水中(zhong)先浸6小時(shi)（無流動清水的要每隔4－6小時(shi)左右換水一次(ci)），要淘汰(tai)舊(jiu)(老)的直接(jie)浸種48小時(shi)方(fang)法(fa)。

采用間歇浸種方(fang)法：常規早稻浸種最(zui)佳時間33—35小時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，超過48小時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不利于種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)發芽勢和(he)發芽率。（具(ju)體浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)視(shi)氣溫水(shui)(shui)(shui)溫而定，以種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)足(zu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)份為(wei)準----谷殼透明，米粒(li)(li)腹白可見，剝去穎殼米粒(li)(li)易折斷而無響聲，用手(shou)能碾碎時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，表明種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)已吸(xi)(xi)(xi) 足(zu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)分）。雜交(jiao)早稻(dao)(dao)宜(yi)采(cai)用多起多落(luo)，間(jian)歇浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)方法(fa)，忌(ji)長(chang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)連續浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。 水(shui)(shui)(shui)稻(dao)(dao)浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)過程就(jiu)是(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)過程，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)后(hou)，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)酶的(de)(de)活性(xing)開(kai)始(shi)上升(sheng)，在酶活性(xing)作用下胚(pei)乳淀(dian)粉逐步溶解成糖，釋放出供胚(pei)根、胚(pei)芽和(he)胚(pei)軸(zhou)所需要(yao)的(de)(de)養分。當(dang)稻(dao)(dao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)達(da)到(dao)谷重(zhong)24%時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，胚(pei)就(jiu)開(kai)始(shi)萌動，稱這為(wei)破胸或露白。當(dang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量達(da)到(dao)谷重(zhong)40%時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)才能正常(chang)發芽，這時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量為(wei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)飽和(he)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量。達(da)到(dao)這一吸(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)，一方面受(shou)浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)溫影響，在一定溫度(du)范圍內(nei)，溫度(du)越高(gao)，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)越快(kuai)，達(da)到(dao)飽和(he)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)越短。另一方面受(shou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)稻(dao)(dao)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)組合類型影響。由(you)于雜交(jiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)稻(dao)(dao)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)后(hou)酶的(de)(de)活性(xing)較(jiao)強，故雜交(jiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)稻(dao)(dao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)要(yao)比常(chang)規稻(dao)(dao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)要(yao)短。

4、提倡藥劑浸種

建議采(cai)用藥劑浸種(zhong)，包(bao)衣(yi)種(zhong)子除外。清水浸種(zhong)6小時(shi)后，使(shi)附在種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子上的(de)病菌(jun)孢子萌動,再進(jin)行藥劑殺菌(jun)。目前常用的(de)藥劑有25%咪鮮胺2000-3000倍液(ye)(ye)（即2ml兌(dui)水(shui)(shui)5公斤(jin)，浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)4-5公斤(jin)）浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)6小時(shi)。或用500倍強氯精(jing)（2克強氯精(jing)兌(dui)1公斤(jin)水(shui)(shui)）浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)6-8小時(shi)后，消(xiao)毒藥液(ye)(ye)應高出(chu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子表(biao)面一寸（消(xiao)毒期間不(bu)換水(shui)(shui)），然后把稻(dao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用清水(shui)(shui)反復沖洗，把殘留藥液(ye)(ye)沖洗干(gan)凈。

5、催芽

目(mu)前還(huan)有不少農民喜歡將(jiang)(jiang)種子裝(zhuang)在(zai)編(bian)織袋中催芽(ya)，甚至因為溫(wen)度上不來，將(jiang)(jiang)種子放(fang)在(zai)太陽下暴曬，往(wang)往(wang)造成燒芽(ya)。最好最簡易的方(fang)法(fa)是用雙層、無病、濕潤麻袋催芽(ya)，在(zai)地(di)面(mian)墊(dian)一(yi)層無病稻草，將(jiang)(jiang)一(yi)條麻袋鋪好，把種子均勻地(di)鋪在(zai)上面(mian)，再(zai)將(jiang)(jiang)另一(yi)條麻袋蓋在(zai)上面(mian)，中途只少許注(zhu)意(yi)是否添加水分即可。也(ye)可裝(zhuang)入麻袋或(huo)比(bi)較通氣的編(bian)織袋，四周可用稻草封好保溫(wen)。谷種升(sheng)溫(wen)后，控制(zhi)溫(wen)度在(zai)35～38℃，溫(wen)度過高(gao)要(yao)翻堆，過低則要(yao)采取(qu)措施提高(gao)種(zhong)堆溫(wen)度。經20小時左右，谷(gu)種(zhong)即(ji)可露(lu)白破胸。5月中(zhong)下旬氣(qi)溫(wen)正(zheng)常，則采用日浸夜露(lu)方法，無需加保溫(wen)材料，均(jun)可正(zheng)常發芽。

6、煉芽

在(zai)播種(zhong)前(qian)要(yao)把催好芽(ya)的谷種(zhong)攤開在(zai)常溫下(xia)煉芽(ya)3～6小時后播種(zhong)。使谷(gu)種(zhong)適應空氣溫度(du)，提高成苗率。

7、適時播種

谷種露白后調溫到25～30℃，適溫催芽促根，待芽長半粒谷、根長1粒谷時即可播種下田，機插拋栽育秧芽長要適當短些。

水稻種子催芽注意事項

1、 催芽時每天要(yao)翻動1-2次，使(shi)種子上下內外溫度均勻一致，達(da)到發芽整齊。

2、 催芽時一(yi)定(ding)要(yao)注意溫度變化，防治高溫燒種，超過40℃種子失去發(fa)芽能(neng)力。

3、 當種子85%破胸，使(shi)溫度(du)降至25℃，芽、根長控制在2毫米以(yi)內，攤開(kai)晾種(zhong)。

4、 破胸后(hou)，適當補水，注(zhu)意通氣增(zeng)氧，即可(ke)催出茁壯的好芽(ya)。

5、 根據各自的生產(chan)計劃，適時分批催芽、播種(zhong)，把秧齡控制在3.5葉齡，防止前期插小苗，后期插大苗。