什么是充電電池

充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，是(shi)(shi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)次(ci)(ci)數有(you)限的可充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，配合充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)使用。市場上一(yi)般賣5號(hao)、7號(hao)，但是(shi)(shi)也有(you)1號(hao)。充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的好處是(shi)(shi)經(jing)濟、環保、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量足(zu)、適合大功(gong)率、長時間使用的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(如隨身聽、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)玩具等)。充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓比(bi)型號(hao)相同的一(yi)次(ci)(ci)性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)低，AA電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(5號(hao)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian))是(shi)(shi)1.2伏，9V充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)實(shi)際(ji)上是(shi)(shi) 8.4伏。現在一(yi)般充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)次(ci)(ci)數能在1000次(ci)(ci)左右。目(mu)前只有(you)五種：鎳(nie)鎘、鎳(nie)氫、鋰離(li)子、鉛(qian)蓄、鐵鋰。

種類

鎳鎘電池（Ni-Cd）

電(dian)(dian)壓：1.2V 充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)池 使用壽命(ming)為(wei)：500次 放電(dian)(dian)溫度為(wei)：-20度～60度 充電(dian)(dian)溫度為(wei)：0度～45度

鎳氫電池（Ni-MH）

電壓：1.2V 使用壽(shou)命為(wei)(wei)：1000次 放電溫度(du)為(wei)(wei)：-10度(du)～45度(du) 充(chong)電溫度(du)為(wei)(wei)：10度(du)～45度(du)

備注(zhu)：目前國產5號電池最高容量(liang)是2500mAh左(zuo)右(you)。

鋰離子電池（Li-lon）

電(dian)壓：3.6V 使用壽命為：500次 放電(dian)溫度(du)為：-20度(du)～60度(du) 充電(dian)溫度(du)為：0度(du)～45度(du)

備注：重(zhong)量比鎳氫(qing)電(dian)池輕30%～40%，容(rong)量高出鎳氫(qing)電(dian)池60%以上。但(dan)是(shi)不(bu)耐過(guo)(guo)充，如果過(guo)(guo)充會(hui)造成溫度過(guo)(guo)高而破壞結構=>爆炸(zha)。

鋰聚合物電池（Li-polymer）

電(dian)壓：3.7V 使(shi)用壽(shou)命為(wei)：500次 充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)池 放電(dian)溫(wen)度為(wei)：-20度～60度 充(chong)電(dian)溫(wen)度為(wei)：0度～45度

備注：鋰(li)電(dian)的改(gai)良型，沒有電(dian)池液，而改(gai)用聚合(he)物電(dian)解質，可以做成各種形狀(zhuang)，比鋰(li)電(dian)池穩(wen)定。

鉛酸電池（Sealed）

電(dian)壓(ya)：2V 使(shi)用壽命為：200～300次 放電(dian)溫度為：0度～45度 充電(dian)溫度為：0度～45度

備注：就是一般車用電瓶（它是以6個2V串聯成12V的(de)），免(mian)加(jia)水(shui)的(de)電池使用壽命(ming)長達10年，但體積和容量是最大的(de)。

特征

鎳鎘： 有記憶(yi)效應 容量小

鎳氫： 記憶效應(ying)小 容量大(da)

鋰離子(zi)： 無(wu)記(ji)憶效應 身薄 容量(liang)大，因電(dian)(dian)極材料(liao)不同(tong)，電(dian)(dian)動勢為3.6V、3.7V兩種。鋰電(dian)(dian)池的(de)性能是現有各類電(dian)(dian)池中最好的(de)一種，體積小、重量(liang)輕、容量(liang)大。廣泛用于數碼相(xiang)機、筆記(ji)本電(dian)(dian)腦、移動電(dian)(dian)話等電(dian)(dian)子(zi)產品(pin)中。

鉛蓄：電動勢約(yue)為2V，鉛蓄電池可(ke)以反復充電使(shi)用，電解液(ye)是(shi)硫酸溶液(ye)，內阻很小，廣泛用于汽車、摩托車中。

鐵鋰：電(dian)(dian)力更(geng)(geng)足，更(geng)(geng)安全(quan)，也更(geng)(geng)輕，未(wei)來電(dian)(dian)動車(che)的主(zhu)要發(fa)展方(fang)向。一般,同種(zhong)類(lei)型的充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)池,容量越大，體積越大，重量也較大。

名詞解釋

充電率(C-rate)

C是Capacity的第(di)一個字母，用(yong)來表示(shi)電(dian)池(chi)充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)時電(dian)流的大小數值。例(li)如：充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)池(chi)的額定容量為1100mAh時，即表示(shi)以1100mAh（1C）放(fang)電(dian)時間可(ke)持(chi)續1小時，如以200mA（0.2C）放(fang)電(dian)時間可(ke)持(chi)續5小時，充(chong)電(dian)也可(ke)按此對照(zhao)計算(suan)。

終止電壓（Cut-off discharge voltage）

指電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓下降到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)不宜再繼(ji)續放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)最低工作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓值。根據不同的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)類型(xing)及不同的(de)(de)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)條件，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)終(zhong)止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓也不相同。規(gui)定(ding)終(zhong)止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓放(fang)(fang)一般(ban)都(dou)要隨放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)增大而減(jian)少。以1.2V、800mah鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)為(wei)例，采取40ma（20小(xiao)時率）的(de)(de)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)它的(de)(de)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終(zhong)止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓一般(ban)設定(ding)在(zai)1.15v；采取80ma（10小(xiao)時率）的(de)(de)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)則(ze)它的(de)(de)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終(zhong)止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓就要設定(ding)在(zai)1.10v了。

開路電壓（Open circuit voltage OCV）

電(dian)(dian)池(chi)不(bu)放電(dian)(dian)時，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)兩(liang)極之間的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)位差被稱為開路電(dian)(dian)壓。電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)開路電(dian)(dian)壓，會依(yi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)正(zheng)、負(fu)極與(yu)電(dian)(dian)解液的(de)(de)材料(liao)而(er)異，如果電(dian)(dian)池(chi)正(zheng)、負(fu)極的(de)(de)材料(liao)完(wan)全一樣(yang)，那么不(bu)管電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)體積(ji)有(you)多大，幾何(he)(he)結構如何(he)(he)變化，起開路電(dian)(dian)壓都一樣(yang)的(de)(de)。

放電(dian)深度（Depth of discharge DOD）

在(zai)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)使用過(guo)程中，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)放(fang)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量占其(qi)額定(ding)容(rong)量的(de)(de)(de)百分比，稱為放(fang)電(dian)深(shen)度(du)(du)(du)。放(fang)電(dian)深(shen)度(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)高低(di)和二次電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)充電(dian)壽命(ming)有很深(shen)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系，當二次電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)放(fang)電(dian)深(shen)度(du)(du)(du)越(yue)深(shen)，其(qi)充電(dian)壽命(ming)就(jiu)越(yue)短(duan)，因此在(zai)使用時應(ying)盡量避(bi)免深(shen)度(du)(du)(du)放(fang)電(dian)。

過放電（Over discharge）

電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)若是在(zai)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)中，超過電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)終止電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓值，還繼續放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時就(jiu)可能(neng)會(hui)造(zao)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內壓升高，正(zheng)、負極活性物質的(de)可逆(ni)性遭到損(sun)壞，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)容量產生明顯減少。

過度充電 （Over charge）

在(zai)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓會(hui)隨(sui)著儲存電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量的(de)(de)增(zeng)加而逐漸上升(sheng),當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)儲存的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量達到飽和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極材料(liao)無法繼續充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時,若(ruo)繼續充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)則(ze)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)會(hui)起電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie),并(bing)且(qie)在(zai)陽(yang)極產生氧氣(qi),在(zai)陰極產生氫氣(qi),如(ru)此會(hui)在(zai)密(mi)封(feng)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內部(bu)(bu)造成內部(bu)(bu)壓力(li)上升(sheng),會(hui)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內部(bu)(bu)結(jie)構(gou)造成破壞.像這種現(xian)象稱(cheng)之為(wei)過度(du)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian).

為(wei)了避免過(guo)(guo)度(du)充電(dian)電(dian)池遭毀損,通常將(jiang)陰極(ji)(ji)之容量制作得比(bi)陽極(ji)(ji)容量大(da),如(ru)此(ci)當過(guo)(guo)度(du)充電(dian)時(shi)陽極(ji)(ji)會(hui)先達到(dao)(dao)飽(bao)和并(bing)產生(sheng)(sheng)氧氣(qi),而陰極(ji)(ji)卻未(wei)飽(bao)和而不會(hui)產生(sheng)(sheng)氫氣(qi),陽極(ji)(ji)產生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)氧氣(qi)擴(kuo)散到(dao)(dao)陰極(ji)(ji)之后會(hui)與充電(dian)產生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)鎘起(qi)(qi)化(hua)學(xue)反(fan)應吸收掉氧氣(qi),且此(ci)反(fan)應的(de)速(su)度(du)與金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)鎘產生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)速(su)度(du)平衡,因此(ci)可(ke)以有(you)效地(di)避免電(dian)池的(de)壓力(li)上升.但是若充電(dian)電(dian)流過(guo)(guo)大(da)(使用(yong)快充時(shi))就會(hui)失去平衡,電(dian)池的(de)內壓過(guo)(guo)大(da)會(hui)將(jiang)電(dian)池的(de)安全閥(fa)推(tui)開,氫氣(qi)和氧氣(qi)會(hui)泄(xie)漏(lou)到(dao)(dao)電(dian)池外部(bu),直(zhi)到(dao)(dao)壓力(li)降低安全閥(fa)關閉電(dian)池才又再密封(feng)起(qi)(qi)來.但是氣(qi)體的(de)泄(xie)漏(lou)已(yi)使得內部(bu)化(hua)學(xue)材(cai)料減(jian)少,造成電(dian)池壽命(ming)的(de)縮短。

能(neng)量密度（Energy density）

電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)平均單(dan)位體積(ji)或(huo)質量(liang)(liang)所釋放出的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)。一般在相同體積(ji)下(xia)，鋰(li)離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)能(neng)量(liang)(liang)密度是鎳(nie)鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)2.5倍(bei)，是鎳(nie)氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)1.8倍(bei)，因此在電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)容量(liang)(liang)相等的(de)(de)情況下(xia)，鋰(li)離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)就會比鎳(nie)鎘、鎳(nie)氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)體積(ji)更小(xiao)，重(zhong)量(liang)(liang)更輕。

自(zi)我放電(dian)（Self discharge）

電(dian)(dian)(dian)池不管(guan)在有無(wu)被使用的狀態(tai)下，由于各種(zhong)原因，都會引起其電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)損失的現(xian)象。若(ruo)是以(yi)一個月為(wei)單位來計算的話，鋰(li)離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池自(zi)我放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)約(yue)是1%-2%、鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)池自(zi)我放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)約(yue)3%-5%。

充電循環壽(shou)命（Cycle life）

充電電池在反(fan)復充放電使用下(xia)，電池容(rong)量(liang)回逐漸下(xia)降到初期(qi)容(rong)量(liang)的60%-80%。

記憶效應（Memory effect）

在電(dian)池(chi)充放電(dian)過程中(zhong)，會(hui)在電(dian)池(chi)極板上產生許多小(xiao)氣泡，時間一久，這些氣泡會(hui)減(jian)少電(dian)池(chi)極板的面積，也間接影響電(dian)池(chi)的容量。

中國電池發展前景

中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)出口有大(da)(da)幅增長，但同時歐(ou)盟綠色壁壘、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)出口退稅制(zhi)度(du)取消(xiao)、原材料上漲、國(guo)(guo)外企業壟斷高端市場等問題制(zhi)約著中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)行業發展(zhan)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)已(yi)成為全球最大(da)(da)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)生(sheng)產國(guo)(guo)和最大(da)(da)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)消(xiao)耗國(guo)(guo)，但產品更新換代不及時，生(sheng)產自動化(hua)、機械(xie)化(hua)程度(du)不高，為了(le)適應世界電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)業發展(zhan)的(de)趨勢，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)必須致力于太陽能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)和燃料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)等新型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)研發，大(da)(da)力發展(zhan)高新技術的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)產品。

電池業是中國的重點產業之一，有著良好發展前景。二十一世紀的電池具有大容量、高功率、長壽命、無污染、安全可靠輕便的特點，是高科技、高產出、高利潤、高創匯產品。隨著信息時代的到來，資訊產業蓬勃發展，在邁入電子、資訊、通訊的“3C”時代后，電子產品朝著“短、小、輕、薄”的趨勢發展，作為電子產品不可或缺的電池，其重要性也越來越顯著。