什么是充電電池

充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，是(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)次(ci)數有限的(de)可充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，配合充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)使用。市場上(shang)一(yi)般(ban)賣5號、7號，但是(shi)也(ye)有1號。充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)好處(chu)是(shi)經濟、環保、電(dian)(dian)(dian)量足、適合大功率、長時間使用的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(如(ru)隨身聽、電(dian)(dian)(dian)動玩(wan)具等(deng))。充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓比型號相同的(de)一(yi)次(ci)性電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)低，AA電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(5號充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian))是(shi)1.2伏(fu)，9V充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)實際上(shang)是(shi) 8.4伏(fu)。現在一(yi)般(ban)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)次(ci)數能(neng)在1000次(ci)左(zuo)右。目前只有五種：鎳鎘、鎳氫、鋰離子、鉛蓄、鐵鋰。

種類

鎳鎘電池（Ni-Cd）

電(dian)壓：1.2V 充電(dian)電(dian)池 使用壽命為：500次 放電(dian)溫度(du)(du)為：-20度(du)(du)～60度(du)(du) 充電(dian)溫度(du)(du)為：0度(du)(du)～45度(du)(du)

鎳氫電池（Ni-MH）

電(dian)壓：1.2V 使用壽命為(wei)：1000次 放電(dian)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)為(wei)：-10度(du)(du)(du)～45度(du)(du)(du) 充電(dian)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)為(wei)：10度(du)(du)(du)～45度(du)(du)(du)

備注(zhu)：目前國產5號電池最高(gao)容(rong)量(liang)是2500mAh左右。

鋰離子電池（Li-lon）

電(dian)壓：3.6V 使用壽(shou)命為：500次 放電(dian)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)為：-20度(du)(du)(du)(du)～60度(du)(du)(du)(du) 充電(dian)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)為：0度(du)(du)(du)(du)～45度(du)(du)(du)(du)

備注：重量比鎳氫(qing)(qing)電(dian)池輕30%～40%，容量高出鎳氫(qing)(qing)電(dian)池60%以上。但是(shi)不耐過(guo)充，如果(guo)過(guo)充會造(zao)成溫度過(guo)高而破壞結構=>爆炸。

鋰聚合物電池（Li-polymer）

電(dian)壓：3.7V 使(shi)用壽(shou)命(ming)為：500次 充電(dian)電(dian)池 放電(dian)溫度(du)(du)(du)(du)為：-20度(du)(du)(du)(du)～60度(du)(du)(du)(du) 充電(dian)溫度(du)(du)(du)(du)為：0度(du)(du)(du)(du)～45度(du)(du)(du)(du)

備注：鋰電(dian)的(de)改(gai)良(liang)型，沒有電(dian)池(chi)液，而改(gai)用聚合物(wu)電(dian)解(jie)質，可以做成各種形狀，比鋰電(dian)池(chi)穩(wen)定。

鉛酸電池（Sealed）

電壓：2V 使用壽(shou)命為：200～300次 放電溫(wen)度(du)(du)為：0度(du)(du)～45度(du)(du) 充電溫(wen)度(du)(du)為：0度(du)(du)～45度(du)(du)

備注：就是一般(ban)車用(yong)電瓶（它是以6個2V串聯成(cheng)12V的(de)(de)），免加水的(de)(de)電池(chi)使用(yong)壽命長達10年(nian)，但體(ti)積和(he)容量是最大的(de)(de)。

特征

鎳(nie)鎘： 有(you)記憶(yi)效(xiao)應 容量小

鎳氫： 記憶效(xiao)應小 容量大

鋰離子(zi)： 無記(ji)憶效(xiao)應 身(shen)薄(bo) 容量大(da)，因電(dian)(dian)極材料不(bu)同(tong)，電(dian)(dian)動勢為3.6V、3.7V兩種。鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)性能是現有各類電(dian)(dian)池(chi)中最(zui)好的(de)一種，體積小、重(zhong)量輕、容量大(da)。廣(guang)泛(fan)用于數碼相機(ji)、筆記(ji)本電(dian)(dian)腦、移動電(dian)(dian)話(hua)等電(dian)(dian)子(zi)產(chan)品中。

鉛(qian)蓄：電(dian)(dian)動勢約為2V，鉛(qian)蓄電(dian)(dian)池可(ke)以反復(fu)充電(dian)(dian)使用，電(dian)(dian)解液是硫酸溶液，內阻很小，廣泛用于汽車、摩托車中。

鐵鋰(li)：電力更(geng)足，更(geng)安(an)全，也更(geng)輕，未來電動車的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)發展方向。一般,同種類型的(de)充電電池,容量(liang)越(yue)(yue)大(da)，體積越(yue)(yue)大(da)，重(zhong)量(liang)也較大(da)。

名詞解釋

充電(dian)率(C-rate)

C是Capacity的第(di)一個字母，用來表示(shi)電(dian)池充放電(dian)時電(dian)流(liu)的大小數值。例(li)如：充電(dian)電(dian)池的額定容(rong)量為1100mAh時，即表示(shi)以1100mAh（1C）放電(dian)時間可持續1小時，如以200mA（0.2C）放電(dian)時間可持續5小時，充電(dian)也可按(an)此對照計(ji)算(suan)。

終止電壓(ya)（Cut-off discharge voltage）

指(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)下降到電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)不宜再(zai)繼續(xu)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最低(di)工(gong)作電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)值(zhi)。根據不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)類型及不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)條(tiao)件，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)終止(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)也(ye)不相(xiang)同(tong)。規定終止(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)放(fang)(fang)一般(ban)都(dou)要(yao)隨(sui)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增大而(er)減(jian)少。以(yi)1.2V、800mah鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)為例，采(cai)取(qu)40ma（20小(xiao)時率(lv)）的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)終止(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)一般(ban)設(she)(she)定在1.15v；采(cai)取(qu)80ma（10小(xiao)時率(lv)）的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流則它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)終止(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)就(jiu)要(yao)設(she)(she)定在1.10v了。

開路(lu)電壓（Open circuit voltage OCV）

電池不放(fang)電時(shi)，電池兩(liang)極(ji)之間的電位差被稱為開(kai)路(lu)電壓。電池的開(kai)路(lu)電壓，會(hui)依電池正、負(fu)極(ji)與(yu)電解液(ye)的材(cai)料而(er)異，如(ru)果電池正、負(fu)極(ji)的材(cai)料完(wan)全一樣，那么不管電池的體積有多大，幾(ji)何(he)結(jie)構如(ru)何(he)變化，起(qi)開(kai)路(lu)電壓都(dou)一樣的。

放電(dian)深(shen)度（Depth of discharge DOD）

在電(dian)(dian)(dian)池使用過程(cheng)中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池放出(chu)的(de)(de)容(rong)量(liang)占其額定容(rong)量(liang)的(de)(de)百分比，稱為放電(dian)(dian)(dian)深(shen)度。放電(dian)(dian)(dian)深(shen)度的(de)(de)高低(di)和二(er)次(ci)(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壽命有(you)很深(shen)的(de)(de)關(guan)系，當二(er)次(ci)(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)深(shen)度越深(shen)，其充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壽命就(jiu)越短，因此在使用時(shi)應盡量(liang)避(bi)免深(shen)度放電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

過放(fang)電(dian)（Over discharge）

電(dian)池(chi)若是在放電(dian)過程中，超(chao)過電(dian)池(chi)放電(dian)的(de)終止(zhi)電(dian)壓值，還繼續放電(dian)時就可能會造成電(dian)池(chi)內壓升高，正、負極活(huo)性(xing)物質的(de)可逆(ni)性(xing)遭到(dao)損壞，使電(dian)池(chi)的(de)容量產生(sheng)明顯減少。

過(guo)度充(chong)電 （Over charge）

在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)中電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)會(hui)(hui)隨著儲存電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)的(de)增加而(er)逐漸上升,當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)儲存的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)達到飽和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極材料無法繼續充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時,若繼續充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)則電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液會(hui)(hui)起電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解,并且在(zai)(zai)陽極產生(sheng)氧氣,在(zai)(zai)陰(yin)極產生(sheng)氫氣,如(ru)此會(hui)(hui)在(zai)(zai)密封的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內(nei)部造成內(nei)部壓(ya)力上升,會(hui)(hui)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內(nei)部結構造成破壞.像這種現象稱(cheng)之為過度充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian).

為了(le)避免(mian)過(guo)度充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)遭毀(hui)損,通常將(jiang)陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)之容量制作得比(bi)陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)容量大,如此當過(guo)度充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)會(hui)(hui)先達到(dao)(dao)飽和(he)(he)并(bing)產(chan)生(sheng)氧氣(qi)(qi),而(er)陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)卻未飽和(he)(he)而(er)不(bu)會(hui)(hui)產(chan)生(sheng)氫(qing)氣(qi)(qi),陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)氧氣(qi)(qi)擴散到(dao)(dao)陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)之后會(hui)(hui)與充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)金屬鎘起化(hua)學(xue)(xue)反(fan)(fan)應吸收掉氧氣(qi)(qi),且此反(fan)(fan)應的(de)(de)(de)速度與金屬鎘產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)速度平(ping)(ping)衡,因此可以有效地避免(mian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)壓力上升.但是(shi)若(ruo)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)過(guo)大(使(shi)用(yong)快充(chong)(chong)時)就會(hui)(hui)失去平(ping)(ping)衡,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)壓過(guo)大會(hui)(hui)將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)全閥推開,氫(qing)氣(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)氧氣(qi)(qi)會(hui)(hui)泄漏到(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)外部,直到(dao)(dao)壓力降低安(an)(an)全閥關閉(bi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)才(cai)又(you)再(zai)密封起來(lai).但是(shi)氣(qi)(qi)體的(de)(de)(de)泄漏已(yi)使(shi)得內(nei)部化(hua)學(xue)(xue)材料減少,造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)壽(shou)命的(de)(de)(de)縮(suo)短。

能量密度（Energy density）

電(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)(de)平均單位體積(ji)或質(zhi)量所釋放出的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)能。一般在相(xiang)同體積(ji)下，鋰離子電(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)(de)能量密度是鎳鎘電(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)(de)2.5倍(bei)，是鎳氫電(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)(de)1.8倍(bei)，因此在電(dian)池容量相(xiang)等的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下，鋰離子電(dian)池就會比鎳鎘、鎳氫電(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)(de)體積(ji)更小，重量更輕。

自我放電（Self discharge）

電(dian)池(chi)不(bu)管在有無被使(shi)用的狀(zhuang)態下，由于各種原因，都會引(yin)起其電(dian)量損失的現象。若是以一個月為單位來計算的話，鋰離(li)子電(dian)池(chi)自(zi)我(wo)放電(dian)約(yue)是1%-2%、鎳氫電(dian)池(chi)自(zi)我(wo)放電(dian)約(yue)3%-5%。

充電循(xun)環壽命（Cycle life）

充電(dian)電(dian)池在反復充放電(dian)使用下(xia)，電(dian)池容量(liang)回逐漸下(xia)降到初期容量(liang)的60%-80%。

記憶效(xiao)應(ying)（Memory effect）

在電(dian)池充放電(dian)過程中，會在電(dian)池極(ji)板上產生許多小氣(qi)泡，時間一(yi)久，這些氣(qi)泡會減(jian)少電(dian)池極(ji)板的面(mian)積，也間接影響電(dian)池的容量。

中國電池發展前景

中國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)出口有大幅增長，但(dan)(dan)同時歐盟綠色(se)壁壘、中國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)出口退(tui)稅制(zhi)度取消、原材料(liao)上(shang)漲、國(guo)外(wai)企業(ye)(ye)壟斷高(gao)端市場等問(wen)題(ti)制(zhi)約著(zhu)中國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)行業(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。中國(guo)已(yi)成(cheng)為全球最(zui)大的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)生產國(guo)和最(zui)大的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)消耗國(guo)，但(dan)(dan)產品更新(xin)換代(dai)不及(ji)時，生產自動(dong)化(hua)、機(ji)械化(hua)程度不高(gao)，為了適應(ying)世界電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)趨勢，中國(guo)必須(xu)致力(li)于太陽能電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)和燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)等新(xin)型電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)研(yan)發(fa)(fa)，大力(li)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)高(gao)新(xin)技(ji)術的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)產品。

電池業是中國的重點產業之一，有著良好發展前景。二十一世紀的電池具有大容量、高功率、長壽命、無污染、安全可靠輕便的特點，是高科技、高產出、高利潤、高創匯產品。隨著信息時代的到來，資訊產業蓬勃發展，在邁入電子、資訊、通訊的“3C”時代后，電子產品朝著“短、小、輕、薄”的趨勢發展，作為電子產品不可或缺的電池，其重要性也越來越顯著。