什么是充電電池

充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，是(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)次(ci)(ci)數(shu)有限(xian)的(de)可充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，配合充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器使用。市(shi)場上一(yi)般賣5號(hao)(hao)、7號(hao)(hao)，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)也有1號(hao)(hao)。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)好處是(shi)(shi)經濟(ji)、環(huan)保(bao)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量足(zu)、適合大功率(lv)、長時間使用的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(如隨身聽、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)玩具等)。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)比型號(hao)(hao)相(xiang)同(tong)的(de)一(yi)次(ci)(ci)性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)低，AA電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(5號(hao)(hao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian))是(shi)(shi)1.2伏，9V充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)實際上是(shi)(shi) 8.4伏。現在一(yi)般充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)次(ci)(ci)數(shu)能在1000次(ci)(ci)左(zuo)右。目前只有五種：鎳鎘(ge)、鎳氫(qing)、鋰(li)離子、鉛蓄(xu)、鐵鋰(li)。

種類

鎳鎘電池（Ni-Cd）

電壓：1.2V 充(chong)電電池 使用(yong)壽命為：500次 放電溫(wen)度(du)為：-20度(du)～60度(du) 充(chong)電溫(wen)度(du)為：0度(du)～45度(du)

鎳氫電池（Ni-MH）

電壓：1.2V 使用壽命為：1000次(ci) 放(fang)電溫度(du)為：-10度(du)～45度(du) 充電溫度(du)為：10度(du)～45度(du)

備(bei)注(zhu)：目前國產5號電(dian)池(chi)最高容量是2500mAh左右。

鋰離子電池（Li-lon）

電(dian)壓：3.6V 使用壽命為(wei)：500次 放電(dian)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)為(wei)：-20度(du)～60度(du) 充(chong)電(dian)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)為(wei)：0度(du)～45度(du)

備注(zhu)：重量(liang)(liang)比鎳氫(qing)電池(chi)輕30%～40%，容量(liang)(liang)高出鎳氫(qing)電池(chi)60%以上(shang)。但是不耐過(guo)充，如果過(guo)充會(hui)造成溫度過(guo)高而破壞結構(gou)=>爆炸。

鋰聚合物電池（Li-polymer）

電(dian)壓：3.7V 使用壽命為：500次 充電(dian)電(dian)池 放(fang)電(dian)溫度為：-20度～60度 充電(dian)溫度為：0度～45度

備注：鋰電的(de)改(gai)良型，沒有電池液，而改(gai)用聚(ju)合物電解(jie)質，可以做(zuo)成各種形狀，比(bi)鋰電池穩定(ding)。

鉛酸電池（Sealed）

電(dian)壓：2V 使用壽命為(wei)：200～300次(ci) 放(fang)電(dian)溫度(du)為(wei)：0度(du)～45度(du) 充電(dian)溫度(du)為(wei)：0度(du)～45度(du)

備注：就是一般車(che)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)瓶（它是以(yi)6個2V串(chuan)聯成(cheng)12V的），免(mian)加(jia)水的電(dian)池(chi)使用(yong)(yong)壽命長達10年，但(dan)體積和容量(liang)是最(zui)大的。

特征

鎳(nie)鎘： 有(you)記憶效應 容量小

鎳氫(qing)： 記憶(yi)效應小 容量大

鋰離子： 無記憶效應 身薄 容量大，因(yin)電極材料不同，電動(dong)勢為3.6V、3.7V兩種(zhong)。鋰電池(chi)的(de)性能是現有(you)各類電池(chi)中最好(hao)的(de)一種(zhong)，體(ti)積小、重量輕、容量大。廣泛用于數碼相機、筆記本電腦(nao)、移動(dong)電話等(deng)電子產品中。

鉛蓄：電(dian)動勢約為2V，鉛蓄電(dian)池(chi)可以反(fan)復充(chong)電(dian)使(shi)用(yong)，電(dian)解液是硫酸溶液，內阻很小(xiao)，廣泛用(yong)于汽車(che)、摩托車(che)中。

鐵鋰：電力更足，更安(an)全，也更輕，未(wei)來電動車的(de)(de)主(zhu)要發展方向。一般,同種類型的(de)(de)充電電池,容量越(yue)大，體積(ji)越(yue)大，重量也較大。

名詞解釋

充(chong)電(dian)率(C-rate)

C是Capacity的第一(yi)個字母(mu)，用(yong)來表示電(dian)池(chi)充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)時(shi)電(dian)流的大小數值。例(li)如(ru)：充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)池(chi)的額定容量為1100mAh時(shi)，即表示以(yi)(yi)1100mAh（1C）放(fang)電(dian)時(shi)間(jian)可(ke)持續(xu)1小時(shi)，如(ru)以(yi)(yi)200mA（0.2C）放(fang)電(dian)時(shi)間(jian)可(ke)持續(xu)5小時(shi)，充(chong)電(dian)也(ye)可(ke)按此對照計算。

終止電(dian)壓(ya)（Cut-off discharge voltage）

指電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓下(xia)降(jiang)到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池不宜再繼續放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)最低(di)工(gong)作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓值。根據不同的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池類型及不同的(de)(de)(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)條件，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)終止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓也(ye)不相同。規(gui)定終止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓放(fang)一(yi)般(ban)都要(yao)隨放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)增大而減少(shao)。以1.2V、800mah鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池為例，采(cai)取(qu)40ma（20小時率(lv)）的(de)(de)(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)它的(de)(de)(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓一(yi)般(ban)設(she)(she)定在(zai)1.15v；采(cai)取(qu)80ma（10小時率(lv)）的(de)(de)(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)則它的(de)(de)(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓就要(yao)設(she)(she)定在(zai)1.10v了。

開路電壓（Open circuit voltage OCV）

電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)不放電(dian)(dian)時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)兩極(ji)(ji)之(zhi)間的(de)電(dian)(dian)位(wei)差被稱為開(kai)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)開(kai)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，會依電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)正(zheng)、負極(ji)(ji)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)解液(ye)的(de)材料而異，如果電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)正(zheng)、負極(ji)(ji)的(de)材料完全一(yi)(yi)樣，那么(me)不管電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)體積有多大，幾何(he)結構如何(he)變(bian)化，起開(kai)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)都一(yi)(yi)樣的(de)。

放電(dian)深(shen)度(du)（Depth of discharge DOD）

在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池使用過程中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池放出的(de)容量占其(qi)額(e)定容量的(de)百(bai)分比，稱為放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深(shen)(shen)(shen)度。放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深(shen)(shen)(shen)度的(de)高(gao)低(di)和二(er)次(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壽(shou)命有很(hen)深(shen)(shen)(shen)的(de)關系，當二(er)次(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深(shen)(shen)(shen)度越深(shen)(shen)(shen)，其(qi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壽(shou)命就(jiu)越短，因此在(zai)使用時(shi)應盡量避免深(shen)(shen)(shen)度放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

過放電（Over discharge）

電(dian)(dian)池(chi)若是在(zai)放電(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)中，超過(guo)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)放電(dian)(dian)的(de)終止電(dian)(dian)壓值，還繼續放電(dian)(dian)時就可能會造成電(dian)(dian)池(chi)內壓升高(gao)，正、負極(ji)活性(xing)物(wu)質的(de)可逆性(xing)遭到損壞，使電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)容量產生明(ming)顯減少。

過度充電 （Over charge）

在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓會隨著儲(chu)存電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量的(de)增加而逐漸上(shang)(shang)升(sheng),當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)儲(chu)存的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量達到飽和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)材(cai)料無(wu)法(fa)繼(ji)(ji)續充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時,若繼(ji)(ji)續充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)則電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)會起(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie),并且(qie)在陽(yang)極(ji)產(chan)生氧氣,在陰極(ji)產(chan)生氫氣,如此會在密封的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內部造成內部壓力(li)上(shang)(shang)升(sheng),會對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內部結構造成破(po)壞(huai).像這(zhe)種現象(xiang)稱之為過度(du)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian).

為了(le)避免(mian)過(guo)度(du)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)遭毀損,通常將(jiang)陰(yin)(yin)極之(zhi)容(rong)量(liang)制作(zuo)得比陽極容(rong)量(liang)大(da),如此(ci)當過(guo)度(du)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時陽極會(hui)先(xian)達到(dao)(dao)飽(bao)和(he)并產(chan)生氧(yang)(yang)氣,而陰(yin)(yin)極卻未飽(bao)和(he)而不會(hui)產(chan)生氫氣,陽極產(chan)生的(de)氧(yang)(yang)氣擴散到(dao)(dao)陰(yin)(yin)極之(zhi)后會(hui)與充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)產(chan)生的(de)金(jin)屬鎘(ge)起化(hua)學(xue)反應吸收掉氧(yang)(yang)氣,且(qie)此(ci)反應的(de)速(su)度(du)與金(jin)屬鎘(ge)產(chan)生的(de)速(su)度(du)平(ping)衡(heng),因此(ci)可以有效地避免(mian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)壓力上升.但(dan)是(shi)若充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流過(guo)大(da)(使(shi)用快充(chong)時)就會(hui)失去平(ping)衡(heng),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)內壓過(guo)大(da)會(hui)將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)安(an)(an)全閥(fa)推開,氫氣和(he)氧(yang)(yang)氣會(hui)泄漏(lou)到(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)外部(bu),直(zhi)到(dao)(dao)壓力降(jiang)低安(an)(an)全閥(fa)關(guan)閉電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)才又再密封起來.但(dan)是(shi)氣體(ti)的(de)泄漏(lou)已使(shi)得內部(bu)化(hua)學(xue)材料減少,造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽命的(de)縮短。

能(neng)量密(mi)度（Energy density）

電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)平均(jun)單(dan)位體(ti)積或質量(liang)所釋放出(chu)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)能。一般(ban)在(zai)相(xiang)同體(ti)積下，鋰離(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)能量(liang)密度是(shi)鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)2.5倍(bei)，是(shi)鎳氫電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)1.8倍(bei)，因(yin)此在(zai)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)容量(liang)相(xiang)等的(de)(de)情況下，鋰離(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)就(jiu)會比(bi)鎳鎘(ge)、鎳氫電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)體(ti)積更(geng)(geng)小，重(zhong)量(liang)更(geng)(geng)輕。

自我放電（Self discharge）

電池(chi)不(bu)管在有無(wu)被使用的(de)狀(zhuang)態(tai)下，由于各種(zhong)原因(yin)，都會引起其電量損失的(de)現象。若是(shi)以一個月為單位來計算的(de)話(hua)，鋰離子(zi)電池(chi)自我放電約是(shi)1%-2%、鎳氫電池(chi)自我放電約3%-5%。

充(chong)電循環壽命(ming)（Cycle life）

充電(dian)電(dian)池(chi)在(zai)反復充放電(dian)使用(yong)下(xia)，電(dian)池(chi)容量回逐漸下(xia)降(jiang)到初期容量的60%-80%。

記憶效應(ying)（Memory effect）

在(zai)電池充放電過程中，會在(zai)電池極(ji)板上(shang)產生許多小(xiao)氣泡(pao)，時間一久，這些氣泡(pao)會減少電池極(ji)板的面積，也間接(jie)影響電池的容量(liang)。

中國電池發展前景

中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)出(chu)口有(you)大(da)(da)幅增長，但同時歐盟(meng)綠色壁壘、中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)出(chu)口退稅制度取消(xiao)、原材料(liao)(liao)上漲、國(guo)(guo)外企業壟(long)斷高(gao)端(duan)市場等問題制約(yue)著中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)行業發展。中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)已成為全球(qiu)最(zui)大(da)(da)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)生(sheng)產(chan)國(guo)(guo)和最(zui)大(da)(da)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)消(xiao)耗國(guo)(guo)，但產(chan)品(pin)更新(xin)(xin)換代不及時，生(sheng)產(chan)自動化、機械化程度不高(gao)，為了適應世界電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)業發展的趨(qu)勢，中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)必須(xu)致力(li)于太陽能電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)和燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)等新(xin)(xin)型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的研發，大(da)(da)力(li)發展高(gao)新(xin)(xin)技術(shu)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)產(chan)品(pin)。

電池業是中國的重點產業之一，有著良好發展前景。二十一世紀的電池具有大容量、高功率、長壽命、無污染、安全可靠輕便的特點，是高科技、高產出、高利潤、高創匯產品。隨著信息時代的到來，資訊產業蓬勃發展，在邁入電子、資訊、通訊的“3C”時代后，電子產品朝著“短、小、輕、薄”的趨勢發展，作為電子產品不可或缺的電池，其重要性也越來越顯著。