什么是充電電池

充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，是(shi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)次(ci)(ci)數有限的可充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，配合(he)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)使用。市場上一般賣(mai)5號(hao)(hao)、7號(hao)(hao)，但是(shi)也有1號(hao)(hao)。充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的好(hao)處是(shi)經濟、環保、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量足、適合(he)大功率(lv)、長(chang)時(shi)間使用的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(如隨(sui)身聽、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動玩具等)。充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓比型號(hao)(hao)相同的一次(ci)(ci)性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)低，AA電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(5號(hao)(hao)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian))是(shi)1.2伏(fu)，9V充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)實際上是(shi) 8.4伏(fu)。現在(zai)一般充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)次(ci)(ci)數能在(zai)1000次(ci)(ci)左右。目前只(zhi)有五種：鎳(nie)鎘、鎳(nie)氫、鋰(li)離子(zi)、鉛蓄、鐵鋰(li)。

種類

鎳鎘電池（Ni-Cd）

電(dian)壓：1.2V 充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)池 使用(yong)壽命(ming)為(wei)：500次 放電(dian)溫度(du)(du)為(wei)：-20度(du)(du)～60度(du)(du) 充(chong)電(dian)溫度(du)(du)為(wei)：0度(du)(du)～45度(du)(du)

鎳氫電池（Ni-MH）

電(dian)壓(ya)：1.2V 使(shi)用(yong)壽命為(wei)：1000次 放電(dian)溫度(du)為(wei)：-10度(du)～45度(du) 充(chong)電(dian)溫度(du)為(wei)：10度(du)～45度(du)

備注：目(mu)前國(guo)產5號電池(chi)最高容(rong)量是2500mAh左(zuo)右。

鋰離子電池（Li-lon）

電(dian)壓：3.6V 使用壽命為：500次 放電(dian)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)為：-20度(du)(du)(du)～60度(du)(du)(du) 充(chong)電(dian)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)為：0度(du)(du)(du)～45度(du)(du)(du)

備(bei)注：重量比鎳(nie)氫(qing)電池輕30%～40%，容(rong)量高(gao)出鎳(nie)氫(qing)電池60%以(yi)上。但(dan)是(shi)不耐過充(chong)，如果過充(chong)會造成溫度過高(gao)而破壞結構=>爆炸。

鋰聚合物電池（Li-polymer）

電(dian)壓：3.7V 使用壽命為(wei)：500次 充電(dian)電(dian)池(chi) 放電(dian)溫度為(wei)：-20度～60度 充電(dian)溫度為(wei)：0度～45度

備注：鋰電的改(gai)良型，沒有電池液，而改(gai)用聚(ju)合物電解質，可以做成各種形(xing)狀，比鋰電池穩定。

鉛酸電池（Sealed）

電(dian)壓：2V 使用壽命為：200～300次 放電(dian)溫度(du)為：0度(du)～45度(du) 充電(dian)溫度(du)為：0度(du)～45度(du)

備注：就是(shi)(shi)一般(ban)車用(yong)(yong)電(dian)瓶（它是(shi)(shi)以6個2V串聯(lian)成12V的(de)），免加(jia)水的(de)電(dian)池使用(yong)(yong)壽命長達10年，但體積和容(rong)量是(shi)(shi)最大的(de)。

特征

鎳鎘： 有記(ji)憶效應 容(rong)量小

鎳氫： 記憶(yi)效應小 容(rong)量大(da)

鋰離子(zi)： 無記憶效應 身薄 容(rong)量(liang)大，因電(dian)極材料不同，電(dian)動(dong)勢為3.6V、3.7V兩種。鋰電(dian)池的性(xing)能(neng)是現有(you)各(ge)類電(dian)池中最好(hao)的一種，體積小、重量(liang)輕(qing)、容(rong)量(liang)大。廣泛用于數(shu)碼相機、筆記本電(dian)腦、移(yi)動(dong)電(dian)話等(deng)電(dian)子(zi)產品(pin)中。

鉛(qian)蓄：電(dian)動勢約為2V，鉛(qian)蓄電(dian)池可以反(fan)復充電(dian)使用，電(dian)解(jie)液是硫酸溶液，內阻(zu)很(hen)小，廣(guang)泛用于汽車、摩托(tuo)車中。

鐵鋰：電(dian)力(li)更(geng)足，更(geng)安全，也(ye)更(geng)輕，未來電(dian)動車的(de)主要發展方向。一般,同(tong)種類(lei)型的(de)充電(dian)電(dian)池,容(rong)量(liang)越大，體積越大，重(zhong)量(liang)也(ye)較(jiao)大。

名詞解釋

充電率(C-rate)

C是Capacity的第一個字母，用來表(biao)示電池(chi)充(chong)放(fang)電時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)電流的大小數(shu)值(zhi)。例如：充(chong)電電池(chi)的額(e)定容(rong)量(liang)為1100mAh時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，即表(biao)示以(yi)1100mAh（1C）放(fang)電時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間可(ke)持續(xu)1小時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，如以(yi)200mA（0.2C）放(fang)電時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間可(ke)持續(xu)5小時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，充(chong)電也可(ke)按此對照計(ji)算。

終止(zhi)電壓（Cut-off discharge voltage）

指電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)下降到電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)不(bu)(bu)宜再繼續放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)最低工作電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)值。根據不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)類(lei)型及不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)條件(jian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)終(zhong)止(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)也不(bu)(bu)相(xiang)同(tong)。規定(ding)終(zhong)止(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)放(fang)一(yi)般都要隨放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)增大而(er)減少。以1.2V、800mah鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)為(wei)例，采取(qu)40ma（20小時(shi)率(lv)）的(de)(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)它(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)終(zhong)止(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)一(yi)般設定(ding)在(zai)1.15v；采取(qu)80ma（10小時(shi)率(lv)）的(de)(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)則它(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)終(zhong)止(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)就要設定(ding)在(zai)1.10v了。

開路電壓(ya)（Open circuit voltage OCV）

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)不(bu)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)兩極(ji)之間的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位差被稱(cheng)為開(kai)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)開(kai)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，會依(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)正、負極(ji)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液的(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)而異，如(ru)果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)正、負極(ji)的(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)完全一樣，那么不(bu)管電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)體(ti)積有(you)多大，幾何結構如(ru)何變化，起(qi)開(kai)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)都(dou)一樣的(de)(de)。

放電深(shen)度（Depth of discharge DOD）

在(zai)電(dian)(dian)池使(shi)用(yong)(yong)過程中，電(dian)(dian)池放(fang)出的容量(liang)占其(qi)額定容量(liang)的百分比，稱(cheng)為放(fang)電(dian)(dian)深(shen)度(du)。放(fang)電(dian)(dian)深(shen)度(du)的高低和(he)二次(ci)電(dian)(dian)池的充電(dian)(dian)壽命有(you)很深(shen)的關(guan)系，當二次(ci)電(dian)(dian)池的放(fang)電(dian)(dian)深(shen)度(du)越(yue)深(shen)，其(qi)充電(dian)(dian)壽命就越(yue)短，因此(ci)在(zai)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)時應盡量(liang)避(bi)免深(shen)度(du)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)。

過放電（Over discharge）

電(dian)池(chi)(chi)若是在(zai)放電(dian)過(guo)程中，超過(guo)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)放電(dian)的終止電(dian)壓值，還繼(ji)續放電(dian)時就可(ke)能會造(zao)成電(dian)池(chi)(chi)內壓升高，正、負極活性(xing)物(wu)質的可(ke)逆性(xing)遭(zao)到損壞，使電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的容量產生明顯減(jian)少。

過度充(chong)電(dian) （Over charge）

在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓會(hui)隨著儲存電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量的(de)增(zeng)加而逐(zhu)漸(jian)上升,當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池儲存的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量達(da)到(dao)飽和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極材(cai)料無法繼(ji)續(xu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時,若繼(ji)續(xu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)則電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液會(hui)起電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解,并且在(zai)陽極產(chan)(chan)生氧氣,在(zai)陰極產(chan)(chan)生氫氣,如(ru)此會(hui)在(zai)密封的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池內(nei)部造成(cheng)內(nei)部壓力(li)上升,會(hui)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池內(nei)部結(jie)構造成(cheng)破壞(huai).像這種現象稱之為過度充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian).

為(wei)了避免過度充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)遭毀損,通常將陰(yin)極(ji)之容(rong)量(liang)制作(zuo)得(de)比陽(yang)極(ji)容(rong)量(liang)大(da),如此當過度充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)陽(yang)極(ji)會(hui)先達到(dao)飽和(he)(he)并產(chan)生氧(yang)(yang)氣(qi)(qi),而陰(yin)極(ji)卻未(wei)飽和(he)(he)而不會(hui)產(chan)生氫(qing)氣(qi)(qi),陽(yang)極(ji)產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)氣(qi)(qi)擴散到(dao)陰(yin)極(ji)之后會(hui)與充(chong)電(dian)(dian)產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)金屬(shu)鎘起化學(xue)反應吸收掉氧(yang)(yang)氣(qi)(qi),且此反應的(de)(de)(de)速度與金屬(shu)鎘產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)速度平衡,因此可以有效地避免電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)壓力(li)上升.但(dan)(dan)是(shi)若(ruo)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流過大(da)(使用快充(chong)時(shi))就會(hui)失(shi)去(qu)平衡,電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)內壓過大(da)會(hui)將電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)安(an)全閥推開,氫(qing)氣(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)氧(yang)(yang)氣(qi)(qi)會(hui)泄漏到(dao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)外部,直(zhi)到(dao)壓力(li)降低安(an)全閥關(guan)閉電(dian)(dian)池(chi)才又再密封(feng)起來.但(dan)(dan)是(shi)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)泄漏已(yi)使得(de)內部化學(xue)材料減少(shao),造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽命的(de)(de)(de)縮短。

能量密度（Energy density）

電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)平均單位體(ti)積或質量(liang)所釋放出(chu)的(de)電(dian)能。一般在相同體(ti)積下，鋰離(li)子電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)能量(liang)密度是鎳鎘電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)2.5倍，是鎳氫電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)1.8倍，因(yin)此在電(dian)池(chi)(chi)容量(liang)相等的(de)情況下，鋰離(li)子電(dian)池(chi)(chi)就(jiu)會比(bi)鎳鎘、鎳氫電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)體(ti)積更小(xiao)，重(zhong)量(liang)更輕(qing)。

自(zi)我放電（Self discharge）

電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)不管在有無被使用的(de)狀(zhuang)態(tai)下(xia)，由于(yu)各種原因，都(dou)會引起其電(dian)(dian)量損失(shi)的(de)現象。若(ruo)是以一(yi)個月(yue)為單位來計算的(de)話(hua)，鋰(li)離(li)子電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)自(zi)我放(fang)電(dian)(dian)約是1%-2%、鎳氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)自(zi)我放(fang)電(dian)(dian)約3%-5%。

充(chong)電(dian)循(xun)環壽命（Cycle life）

充電電池在反復充放(fang)電使用下(xia)，電池容量(liang)回逐漸下(xia)降到初期容量(liang)的60%-80%。

記(ji)憶效應（Memory effect）

在電池充放電過程中，會(hui)在電池極(ji)板(ban)上(shang)產(chan)生許多小氣泡，時間(jian)一久，這(zhe)些氣泡會(hui)減少電池極(ji)板(ban)的(de)面(mian)積，也(ye)間(jian)接影響(xiang)電池的(de)容量。

中國電池發展前景

中國(guo)(guo)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)出(chu)口有大(da)幅(fu)增長，但同時歐盟綠色壁壘、中國(guo)(guo)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)出(chu)口退稅制度取消、原材料上漲(zhang)、國(guo)(guo)外企(qi)業壟斷高端市(shi)場等問題制約著(zhu)中國(guo)(guo)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)行業發展(zhan)。中國(guo)(guo)已(yi)成為(wei)全球最(zui)大(da)的電(dian)池(chi)(chi)生產國(guo)(guo)和(he)(he)最(zui)大(da)的電(dian)池(chi)(chi)消耗國(guo)(guo)，但產品更新換代不(bu)及時，生產自動化(hua)、機械化(hua)程度不(bu)高，為(wei)了(le)適應世界電(dian)池(chi)(chi)業發展(zhan)的趨(qu)勢，中國(guo)(guo)必須致(zhi)力于太陽能電(dian)池(chi)(chi)和(he)(he)燃料電(dian)池(chi)(chi)等新型電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的研發，大(da)力發展(zhan)高新技術的電(dian)池(chi)(chi)產品。

電池業是中國的重點產業之一，有著良好發展前景。二十一世紀的電池具有大容量、高功率、長壽命、無污染、安全可靠輕便的特點，是高科技、高產出、高利潤、高創匯產品。隨著信息時代的到來，資訊產業蓬勃發展，在邁入電子、資訊、通訊的“3C”時代后，電子產品朝著“短、小、輕、薄”的趨勢發展，作為電子產品不可或缺的電池，其重要性也越來越顯著。