什么是充電電池

充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，是(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)次(ci)數有(you)限的(de)可充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，配合充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器使(shi)用。市場上一般賣5號(hao)、7號(hao)，但是(shi)也有(you)1號(hao)。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)好(hao)處是(shi)經濟、環保(bao)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)足、適合大功率、長時(shi)間(jian)使(shi)用的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(如隨(sui)身聽、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)玩具等)。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓比型號(hao)相(xiang)同的(de)一次(ci)性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)低，AA電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(5號(hao)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian))是(shi)1.2伏，9V充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)實際上是(shi) 8.4伏。現在一般充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)次(ci)數能在1000次(ci)左右(you)。目前只有(you)五(wu)種：鎳(nie)鎘、鎳(nie)氫、鋰(li)離子、鉛蓄、鐵鋰(li)。

種類

鎳鎘電池（Ni-Cd）

電(dian)壓：1.2V 充電(dian)電(dian)池 使用壽命為：500次(ci) 放(fang)電(dian)溫度(du)(du)為：-20度(du)(du)～60度(du)(du) 充電(dian)溫度(du)(du)為：0度(du)(du)～45度(du)(du)

鎳氫電池（Ni-MH）

電壓：1.2V 使(shi)用壽命為：1000次 放(fang)電溫(wen)度為：-10度～45度 充(chong)電溫(wen)度為：10度～45度

備(bei)注(zhu)：目前國產5號電池最高容量是2500mAh左右。

鋰離子電池（Li-lon）

電壓：3.6V 使用壽命為(wei)：500次(ci) 放電溫度(du)(du)為(wei)：-20度(du)(du)～60度(du)(du) 充(chong)電溫度(du)(du)為(wei)：0度(du)(du)～45度(du)(du)

備(bei)注：重(zhong)量比鎳(nie)氫(qing)電(dian)池(chi)輕30%～40%，容量高(gao)出鎳(nie)氫(qing)電(dian)池(chi)60%以上。但是不耐過充(chong)，如果(guo)過充(chong)會造成(cheng)溫度過高(gao)而破壞結(jie)構(gou)=>爆炸(zha)。

鋰聚合物電池（Li-polymer）

電(dian)壓：3.7V 使用壽命為(wei)：500次 充電(dian)電(dian)池 放電(dian)溫(wen)度(du)為(wei)：-20度(du)～60度(du) 充電(dian)溫(wen)度(du)為(wei)：0度(du)～45度(du)

備(bei)注：鋰(li)電的改良(liang)型，沒(mei)有電池(chi)液，而(er)改用聚合(he)物(wu)電解質，可以做成(cheng)各種形狀，比鋰(li)電池(chi)穩定。

鉛酸電池（Sealed）

電壓：2V 使用壽命為(wei)：200～300次 放電溫度(du)為(wei)：0度(du)～45度(du) 充電溫度(du)為(wei)：0度(du)～45度(du)

備注：就是(shi)一(yi)般車用(yong)(yong)電(dian)瓶（它是(shi)以(yi)6個2V串聯成12V的(de)），免加水的(de)電(dian)池使用(yong)(yong)壽(shou)命(ming)長達10年，但體積和容量(liang)是(shi)最大的(de)。

特征

鎳(nie)鎘： 有記憶效應 容量小

鎳氫(qing)： 記憶(yi)效應小 容量大

鋰(li)離子： 無(wu)記憶效應 身(shen)薄(bo) 容量大(da)，因電(dian)極材(cai)料不同，電(dian)動勢為3.6V、3.7V兩種。鋰(li)電(dian)池的性能是現有各類(lei)電(dian)池中(zhong)最好的一種，體積小、重量輕、容量大(da)。廣泛用于數碼相機、筆記本電(dian)腦、移動電(dian)話等電(dian)子產品中(zhong)。

鉛蓄(xu)：電(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢約為(wei)2V，鉛蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池可以反復充(chong)電(dian)(dian)使用(yong)(yong)，電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液是硫酸溶液，內阻很小，廣泛用(yong)(yong)于汽車(che)、摩(mo)托車(che)中。

鐵鋰：電(dian)力(li)更足，更安全，也更輕，未(wei)來電(dian)動車的主要發(fa)展方向。一(yi)般,同種(zhong)類(lei)型的充電(dian)電(dian)池,容(rong)量越大(da)(da)(da)，體積越大(da)(da)(da)，重量也較大(da)(da)(da)。

名詞解釋

充電率(C-rate)

C是Capacity的(de)第一個字母，用(yong)來(lai)表(biao)示電(dian)(dian)池充放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)時電(dian)(dian)流的(de)大小數(shu)值(zhi)。例如(ru)：充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)額定(ding)容量為1100mAh時，即表(biao)示以1100mAh（1C）放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)時間(jian)可(ke)(ke)持續1小時，如(ru)以200mA（0.2C）放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)時間(jian)可(ke)(ke)持續5小時，充電(dian)(dian)也可(ke)(ke)按此對照計算(suan)。

終止電壓（Cut-off discharge voltage）

指電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)下降到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池不(bu)(bu)宜再繼續(xu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的最低工作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)值。根(gen)據不(bu)(bu)同的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池類(lei)型及不(bu)(bu)同的放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)條件，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的終止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)也不(bu)(bu)相同。規定(ding)終止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)放(fang)(fang)(fang)一般(ban)都要(yao)隨放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的增大而(er)減少。以1.2V、800mah鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池為例，采取40ma（20小時(shi)率(lv)）的放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)它(ta)的放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)一般(ban)設定(ding)在1.15v；采取80ma（10小時(shi)率(lv)）的放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)則(ze)它(ta)的放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)就要(yao)設定(ding)在1.10v了。

開路電壓(ya)（Open circuit voltage OCV）

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)不放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)兩極(ji)之間(jian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位差被稱(cheng)為開路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)開路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，會依電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)正、負(fu)極(ji)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液的(de)材(cai)料(liao)而異，如果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)正、負(fu)極(ji)的(de)材(cai)料(liao)完(wan)全(quan)一樣，那么不管電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)體(ti)積有(you)多大(da)，幾何結構(gou)如何變化，起(qi)開路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓都一樣的(de)。

放電深度（Depth of discharge DOD）

在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)使用過(guo)程中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放(fang)出的(de)容量占其(qi)額定容量的(de)百(bai)分(fen)比，稱為放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)深(shen)度(du)。放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)深(shen)度(du)的(de)高(gao)低和二(er)次電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壽命有(you)很深(shen)的(de)關系(xi)，當二(er)次電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)深(shen)度(du)越深(shen)，其(qi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壽命就越短，因此在(zai)使用時應盡量避免深(shen)度(du)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

過放電（Over discharge）

電(dian)(dian)池(chi)若(ruo)是在放(fang)電(dian)(dian)過程中，超過電(dian)(dian)池(chi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)的(de)終(zhong)止電(dian)(dian)壓值，還繼續放(fang)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)就可能(neng)會(hui)造成電(dian)(dian)池(chi)內壓升(sheng)高(gao)，正、負極活性物質的(de)可逆性遭到(dao)損(sun)壞，使電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)容量產生明顯減少。

過度充電 （Over charge）

在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓會(hui)隨著儲(chu)存(cun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量的(de)增加(jia)而逐漸上(shang)升(sheng),當電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)儲(chu)存(cun)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量達到(dao)飽和電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)材料(liao)無法(fa)繼(ji)續(xu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi),若繼(ji)續(xu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)則電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液會(hui)起電(dian)(dian)(dian)解,并且在陽極(ji)(ji)產生(sheng)氧(yang)氣(qi),在陰極(ji)(ji)產生(sheng)氫氣(qi),如此會(hui)在密封的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內(nei)部造成內(nei)部壓力上(shang)升(sheng),會(hui)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內(nei)部結(jie)構(gou)造成破壞.像這種現象稱之為過度充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian).

為了避(bi)免過(guo)度(du)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)遭(zao)毀損,通常將(jiang)陰極(ji)之容量(liang)制作得比(bi)陽(yang)極(ji)容量(liang)大,如此(ci)當過(guo)度(du)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時陽(yang)極(ji)會(hui)(hui)先達到(dao)飽(bao)和(he)并產(chan)生氧(yang)氣(qi)(qi),而(er)陰極(ji)卻(que)未飽(bao)和(he)而(er)不會(hui)(hui)產(chan)生氫氣(qi)(qi),陽(yang)極(ji)產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)氣(qi)(qi)擴(kuo)散(san)到(dao)陰極(ji)之后會(hui)(hui)與(yu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)金屬(shu)(shu)鎘起化(hua)學反(fan)應吸(xi)收掉氧(yang)氣(qi)(qi),且此(ci)反(fan)應的(de)(de)(de)速度(du)與(yu)金屬(shu)(shu)鎘產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)速度(du)平(ping)衡,因(yin)此(ci)可以(yi)有效地避(bi)免電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)壓力(li)上升.但是(shi)若充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)過(guo)大(使(shi)用快充(chong)(chong)時)就(jiu)會(hui)(hui)失(shi)去平(ping)衡,電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)內壓過(guo)大會(hui)(hui)將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)安(an)全閥(fa)推開,氫氣(qi)(qi)和(he)氧(yang)氣(qi)(qi)會(hui)(hui)泄漏到(dao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)外部,直到(dao)壓力(li)降低安(an)全閥(fa)關閉電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)才又再密封(feng)起來.但是(shi)氣(qi)(qi)體的(de)(de)(de)泄漏已(yi)使(shi)得內部化(hua)學材料減(jian)少(shao),造(zao)成電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)壽命的(de)(de)(de)縮短。

能量密(mi)度（Energy density）

電池(chi)的(de)平(ping)均單位體積(ji)或質量所釋放出的(de)電能。一般在相(xiang)同(tong)體積(ji)下，鋰離(li)(li)子電池(chi)的(de)能量密度(du)是鎳(nie)鎘(ge)電池(chi)的(de)2.5倍，是鎳(nie)氫電池(chi)的(de)1.8倍，因此在電池(chi)容量相(xiang)等(deng)的(de)情(qing)況下，鋰離(li)(li)子電池(chi)就會比(bi)鎳(nie)鎘(ge)、鎳(nie)氫電池(chi)的(de)體積(ji)更(geng)小，重量更(geng)輕。

自我放電（Self discharge）

電(dian)池不管(guan)在有(you)無被使(shi)用(yong)的狀態下，由于各種原因(yin)，都(dou)會引(yin)起其電(dian)量損失的現象(xiang)。若(ruo)是以一個月為單位來計算(suan)的話，鋰(li)離子(zi)電(dian)池自(zi)我放電(dian)約是1%-2%、鎳氫電(dian)池自(zi)我放電(dian)約3%-5%。

充電循環(huan)壽命(ming)（Cycle life）

充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)池在(zai)反復充放電(dian)(dian)使用(yong)下(xia)，電(dian)(dian)池容量回(hui)逐漸(jian)下(xia)降到初期容量的(de)60%-80%。

記憶(yi)效(xiao)應（Memory effect）

在電池(chi)充(chong)放電過程中(zhong)，會(hui)在電池(chi)極板上產生(sheng)許(xu)多(duo)小氣泡(pao)，時(shi)間一久，這些氣泡(pao)會(hui)減少電池(chi)極板的(de)(de)面積，也間接影響(xiang)電池(chi)的(de)(de)容(rong)量。

中國電池發展前景

中國(guo)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)出口有大(da)(da)幅(fu)增長(chang)，但(dan)同時歐盟綠色壁壘、中國(guo)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)出口退稅制度取消、原材料上漲、國(guo)外(wai)企(qi)業壟斷(duan)高(gao)端市場等問題制約著中國(guo)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)行業發(fa)展(zhan)。中國(guo)已成為全球(qiu)最(zui)大(da)(da)的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)生產(chan)國(guo)和(he)最(zui)大(da)(da)的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)消耗國(guo)，但(dan)產(chan)品(pin)更新(xin)換代不及時，生產(chan)自動化、機(ji)械化程度不高(gao)，為了(le)適(shi)應世(shi)界電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)業發(fa)展(zhan)的趨勢，中國(guo)必須致力于(yu)太陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)和(he)燃料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)等新(xin)型電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的研發(fa)，大(da)(da)力發(fa)展(zhan)高(gao)新(xin)技(ji)術(shu)的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)產(chan)品(pin)。

電池業是中國的重點產業之一，有著良好發展前景。二十一世紀的電池具有大容量、高功率、長壽命、無污染、安全可靠輕便的特點，是高科技、高產出、高利潤、高創匯產品。隨著信息時代的到來，資訊產業蓬勃發展，在邁入電子、資訊、通訊的“3C”時代后，電子產品朝著“短、小、輕、薄”的趨勢發展，作為電子產品不可或缺的電池，其重要性也越來越顯著。