一.產品介紹
簡介
西(xi)峽香菇,河南省南陽市西(xi)峽縣特(te)產,中國國家(jia)地理標志(zhi)產品(pin)。西(xi)峽香菇品(pin)質優(you),味道好,花菇率高,深受消費者歡迎,遠銷廣州(zhou)、深圳、福建(jian)、浙江、日本、韓國、新(xin)加(jia)坡、臺灣(wan)、香港等(deng)地。
種植環境
西峽是一(yi)個深山縣(xian),自然(ran)狀況為(wei)“八山一(yi)水(shui)零點七(qi)分田”,既具有(you)北亞熱帶向暖溫帶過渡的(de)氣候(hou)特點,又有(you)冬季偏(pian)暖地區的(de)氣候(hou)差異。海拔181米至2212米,年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣溫15.1℃,相(xiang)對濕度69%,年(nian)均(jun)(jun)降水(shui)量881.6毫米。年(nian)均(jun)(jun)日照2019小時(shi),無霜期(qi)236天(tian),森林覆(fu)蓋率76.8%,生態環境優越,適宜多種類農作物生長,是香菇生產的(de)黃金地帶。
生產情況
2010年,西峽(xia)縣(xian)從(cong)事香(xiang)(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)種植的(de)(de)(de)農戶(hu)達3萬(wan)余(yu)戶(hu),超(chao)過(guo)農戶(hu)總數的(de)(de)(de)1/3,年種植規模(mo)保持在1億袋左(zuo)右(you),年產量(liang)(干(gan)品(pin))3.5萬(wan)噸左(zuo)右(you),占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)總產量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)1/10,成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“南菇(gu)(gu)北(bei)移”后(hou)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)最大的(de)(de)(de)香(xiang)(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)生(sheng)產地(di)(di)。形成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)香(xiang)(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)市場年交易(yi)額(e)穩定(ding)在10億元(yuan)左(zuo)右(you),成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)最大的(de)(de)(de)香(xiang)(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)集散地(di)(di)、加工(gong)地(di)(di),每年從(cong)這里運出的(de)(de)(de)香(xiang)(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)出口(kou)干(gan)香(xiang)(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)70%以上、占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)香(xiang)(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)總產量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)近1/5,由此奠定(ding)了全(quan)(quan)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)干(gan)香(xiang)(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)價格(ge)形成(cheng)中(zhong)心和出口(kou)貨源集散中(zhong)心地(di)(di)位。西峽(xia)先后(hou)被國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)農業部等部委確定(ding)為(wei)(wei)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)園藝產品(pin)出口(kou)示范(fan)區,被全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)食(shi)用(yong)(yong)菌協會(hui)評為(wei)(wei)十佳商品(pin)基地(di)(di)縣(xian)、全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)食(shi)用(yong)(yong)菌標準化示范(fan)縣(xian)、全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)食(shi)用(yong)(yong)菌優(you)秀基地(di)(di)縣(xian);通(tong)過(guo)了國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)原產地(di)(di)地(di)(di)理保護認證。2009年,中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)食(shi)用(yong)(yong)菌協會(hui)授予(yu)“中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)香(xiang)(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)之鄉”稱號。2010年,河南西峽(xia)縣(xian)出口(kou)香(xiang)(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)7422噸,出口(kou)額(e)11874萬(wan)美元(yuan)。
產地范圍
西峽(xia)(xia)香菇地(di)理(li)標志(zhi)產品保護范(fan)圍為河南省(sheng)西峽(xia)(xia)縣丹水鎮(zhen)(zhen)、田關鄉(xiang)、陽(yang)城鄉(xiang)、回車(che)鎮(zhen)(zhen)、五里(li)橋鎮(zhen)(zhen)、丁河鎮(zhen)(zhen)、重陽(yang)鄉(xiang)、西坪(ping)鎮(zhen)(zhen)、寨根鄉(xiang)、桑(sang)坪(ping)鎮(zhen)(zhen)、石界河鄉(xiang)、米坪(ping)鎮(zhen)(zhen)、軍馬河鎮(zhen)(zhen)、雙龍鎮(zhen)(zhen)、二(er)狼坪(ping)鄉(xiang)等15個鄉(xiang)鎮(zhen)(zhen)現轄行政區域。
專用標志使用
西峽香菇(gu)地(di)理(li)標(biao)志(zhi)產(chan)品保護范圍內的生產(chan)者,可向(xiang)南陽出入境檢驗檢疫局(ju)提出使用“地(di)理(li)標(biao)志(zhi)產(chan)品專(zhuan)用標(biao)志(zhi)”的申請,由(you)國(guo)家質檢總(zong)局(ju)公告批準。
技術要求
(一)菌種。
9608等優質香菇菌種的(de)1、2、3級菌種。
(二)立體條(tiao)件。
保(bao)護區范圍內海拔200m至(zhi)800m。
(三)原料要求。
1、主料:為(wei)殼斗(dou)科的(de)麻櫟(li)屬(shu)、青岡屬(shu)和樺科的(de)樺木屬(shu)的(de)木屑。木屑直徑3mm至8mm,鮮木屑含(han)水(shui)量(liang)40%以下、干木屑含(han)水(shui)量(liang)13%以下,無霉爛、腐朽、污染。
2、輔料:
(1)麥麩:無霉(mei)變、結塊、污染(ran),含水量13%以下。
(2)白砂(sha)糖:食用(yong)菌糖。
(3)石膏:生、熟均可,色白,無(wu)雜(za)質。
(四)栽培(pei)管理。
1、拌(ban)料、裝袋:
(1)栽培期:2至4月(yue)生產栽培。
(2)配方:木屑78%至80%、麥麩18%至20%、糖0.8%至1%、石膏1%的比(bi)例,把料拌(ban)勻,兌水(shui)至含水(shui)量58%至60%。pH值5至7。
(3)裝袋:松緊適中(zhong)、每袋干料(liao)1.3kg至1.5kg,栽培袋濕重3至3.3kg。
2、常(chang)壓滅菌:料溫整體達(da)到100℃后,保持18個小(xiao)時(shi)以上(shang)。
3、接種(zhong):料溫下(xia)降(jiang)到28℃以(yi)下(xia)時,在無菌條(tiao)件下(xia)接種(zhong)。
4、發(fa)(fa)菌(jun):發(fa)(fa)菌(jun)需45d至50d,保持發(fa)(fa)菌(jun)室干凈、干燥、暗光(guang)、通風,溫度維持在20℃至25℃,適當刺(ci)孔增氧,注意散堆降溫。
5、越夏(xia)管(guan)理:越夏(xia)場地通風向陽(yang)、地勢高燥、水源潔凈、周邊(bian)環(huan)境干凈、整潔、無污染。
6、棚(peng)架環境要(yao)求及進棚(peng)管(guan)理:外棚(peng)四(si)周(zhou)要(yao)比內架寬出2米,遮陰網不少于二層,層間(jian)有35cm至(zhi)40cm間(jian)距。遮陰度(du)(du)60%至(zhi)70%,溫度(du)(du)在28℃以(yi)下,濕度(du)(du)75%至(zhi)80%,通風(feng)良好。自然(ran)轉色,自然(ran)養菌,不隨意(yi)翻動。150天(tian)至(zhi)180天(tian)。
7、出(chu)菇管理:氣(qi)溫穩定在(zai)20℃以下(xia)(xia),10月中下(xia)(xia)旬以后催菇。菌袋含水量在(zai)原(yuan)袋重的80%至85%,濕度60%至85%,溫度8℃至18℃,溫差(cha)8℃至10℃。適當通風,保(bao)持(chi)空(kong)氣(qi)新鮮。初冬(dong)出(chu)菇,保(bao)持(chi)半(ban)陰半(ban)陽;冬(dong)季出(chu)菇,全光照。
(五(wu))采收與加工。
1、采(cai)(cai)收:10月(yue)中旬(xun)至翌年4月(yue)采(cai)(cai)收,采(cai)(cai)收標準為子實(shi)體7至8成熟。
2、加工(gong):烘干脫水(shui)加工(gong),含水(shui)量≤13%。
西峽香菇的醫用價值
中國不少古籍中記(ji)載香(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)“益氣不饑,治風破血和益胃助食”。民(min)間(jian)用(yong)來助痘瘡、麻疹的(de)(de)(de)誘發(fa),治頭(tou)痛、頭(tou)暈。現代研(yan)究(jiu)證明,香(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)多糖(tang)可(ke)調節人體內(nei)有免(mian)疫功能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)T細(xi)(xi)胞活性(xing),可(ke)降低(di)甲基(ji)膽(dan)蒽誘發(fa)腫瘤的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)力(li)。香(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)對(dui)癌細(xi)(xi)胞有強烈(lie)的(de)(de)(de)抑(yi)制作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong),對(dui)小白鼠肉瘤180的(de)(de)(de)抑(yi)制率為97.5%,對(dui)艾(ai)氏(shi)癌的(de)(de)(de)抑(yi)制率為80%。香(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)含(han)有雙鏈核糖(tang)核酸(suan),能(neng)誘導產生干擾(rao)素,具有抗病毒能(neng)力(li)。西峽香(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)還對(dui)糖(tang)尿病、肺結核、傳(chuan)染性(xing)肝炎(yan)、神經炎(yan)等(deng)起治療(liao)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong),又可(ke)用(yong)于消(xiao)化(hua)不良、便秘、減肥等(deng)。
1. 提(ti)高(gao)機體免(mian)疫功能:香菇多糖可提(ti)高(gao)巨噬細(xi)胞的(de)吞噬功能,還可促進T淋(lin)巴細(xi)胞的(de)產(chan)生,并提(ti)高(gao)T淋(lin)巴細(xi)胞的(de)殺(sha)傷活性,從而增強人體體液免(mian)疫功能。
2. 西峽(xia)香菇(gu)還對糖(tang)尿病、肺結核、傳染性肝炎、神經炎等起治療作用,又可用于消化(hua)不良、便秘等。
3. 延緩衰老:香(xiang)菇的(de)水(shui)提取物對過氧(yang)化(hua)氫(qing)有(you)清除作用,對體(ti)內的(de)過氧(yang)化(hua)氫(qing)有(you)一定的(de)消(xiao)除作用;
4. 降(jiang)血(xue)壓、降(jiang)血(xue)脂、降(jiang)膽固(gu)醇:香菇中(zhong)含(han)有嘌呤(ling)、膽堿、酪(lao)氨(an)酸(suan)(suan)、氧化(hua)酶以及某些核酸(suan)(suan)物質,能起到降(jiang)血(xue)壓、降(jiang)膽固(gu)醇、降(jiang)血(xue)脂的作用,又可(ke)預防動脈硬(ying)化(hua)、肝硬(ying)化(hua)等疾病。
5. 防癌抗癌:香菇菌蓋部分含有雙鏈結構的核糖(tang)核酸,進(jin)入人體(ti)后,會產(chan)生(sheng)具有抗癌作用的干擾素。
二.自然生態環境和人文歷史因素
2.1土(tu)壤(rang)地(di)(di)貌(mao)情況 西(xi)(xi)峽(xia)地(di)(di)處秦嶺東支脈伏牛山(shan)南麓,海拔(ba)高度從181米(mi)到(dao)2212.5米(mi)。縣(xian)境(jing)自西(xi)(xi)北(bei)向東南依次為(wei)深山(shan)區(qu)、淺(qian)山(shan)區(qu)、山(shan)谷(gu)盆地(di)(di)和丘(qiu)陵(ling)區(qu)4種類(lei)(lei)型。西(xi)(xi)峽(xia)縣(xian)土(tu)壤(rang)系(xi)第四紀堆積(ji)、洪積(ji)型骨架土(tu)。其中黃棕壤(rang)類(lei)(lei)占總(zong)(zong)面積(ji)的(de)82%、為(wei)總(zong)(zong)耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)的(de)60.7%;紫色土(tu)類(lei)(lei)占總(zong)(zong)面積(ji)的(de)10%、為(wei)總(zong)(zong)耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)的(de)35.1%;棕壤(rang)土(tu)類(lei)(lei)占總(zong)(zong)面積(ji)的(de)7.7%;潮(chao)土(tu)類(lei)(lei)占總(zong)(zong)耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)的(de)3%;河(he)灘地(di)(di)僅占耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)的(de)1.2%,獨特的(de)山(shan)區(qu)小氣(qi)候,適宜香菇(gu)的(de)生產(chan)。 2.2 水(shui)(shui)(shui)文(wen)情況 境(jing)內溪(xi)流密(mi)布,共有大小河(he)流520余(yu)條,其中有灌(guan)河(he)、淇河(he)兩條過境(jing)河(he)。全縣(xian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)資源總(zong)(zong)量(liang)(liang)為(wei)18.54億(yi)立(li)方(fang)(fang)米(mi),其中年(nian)地(di)(di)表水(shui)(shui)(shui)總(zong)(zong)量(liang)(liang)為(wei)14.06億(yi)立(li)方(fang)(fang)米(mi),地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)總(zong)(zong)量(liang)(liang)為(wei)4.48億(yi)立(li)方(fang)(fang)米(mi)。地(di)(di)表水(shui)(shui)(shui)可開發(fa)量(liang)(liang)為(wei)11.6億(yi)立(li)方(fang)(fang)米(mi),地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)可開發(fa)量(liang)(liang)為(wei)2.6億(yi)立(li)方(fang)(fang)米(mi)。伏牛山(shan)生態(tai)環境(jing)良好(hao),地(di)(di)表水(shui)(shui)(shui)基本無污染。 2.3 氣(qi)候情況 西(xi)(xi)峽(xia)處于亞熱(re)(re)帶(dai)向暖(nuan)濕帶(dai)過度地(di)(di)帶(dai),屬(shu)北(bei)亞熱(re)(re)帶(dai)季風區(qu)大陸性(xing)氣(qi)候,氣(qi)候溫(wen)和,雨量(liang)(liang)適中,光(guang)照(zhao)充足,年(nian)均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)15.0攝氏度,年(nian)均(jun)(jun)降雨量(liang)(liang)878.1毫米(mi)左右(you),年(nian)均(jun)(jun)無霜期236.2天,年(nian)均(jun)(jun)日照(zhao)時(shi)數(shu)1924.9小時(shi),年(nian)均(jun)(jun)相對濕度69%,季風平均(jun)(jun)風速2.1米(mi)每秒。由于境(jing)內多山(shan),地(di)(di)勢復雜,有明顯的(de)山(shan)區(qu)立(li)方(fang)(fang)體氣(qi)候特點,四季分(fen)明。充足的(de)光(guang)照(zhao),適中的(de)雨量(liang)(liang),溫(wen)和的(de)氣(qi)候給(gei)西(xi)(xi)峽(xia)食用菌(jun)產(chan)業帶(dai)來了良好(hao)的(de)發(fa)展條件(jian)。
三.地域范圍
西峽香菇農產(chan)品地(di)(di)(di)理(li)標志登記地(di)(di)(di)域保(bao)護,覆蓋西峽境內全域除城區外16個鄉鎮(zhen):丹水、田(tian)關、陽城、回車、丁河、重(zhong)陽、西坪(ping)(ping)、桑坪(ping)(ping)、米坪(ping)(ping)、石(shi)界河、軍馬河、二郎坪(ping)(ping)、五里(li)橋、雙龍、太(tai)平(ping)鎮(zhen)、寨根。涉及242個行政(zheng)村,其保(bao)護范圍地(di)(di)(di)理(li)坐標為北緯33°05′—33°48′東經111°01′—111°46′,地(di)(di)(di)處河南省西南部、南陽市西部、伏牛山腹地(di)(di)(di)、豫(yu)鄂陜三(san)省交匯(hui)地(di)(di)(di)帶(dai),,總面(mian)積3454平(ping)方公里(li),香菇生產(chan)面(mian)積約1000公頃(qing),年均總產(chan)量穩定在15萬噸(dun)左右(you)。
四.產品品質特性特征
4.1外在感(gan)(gan)官特征(zheng) 4.1.1 菇形 朵形圓整,中(zhong)大葉型,菇質密,菇肉(rou)(rou)厚。 4.1.2 菌蓋色(se)澤 鮮菇菌蓋淺(qian)褐色(se)—褐色(se)。 4.1.3 菌柄 菌柄中(zhong)長型,3—5厘米,中(zhong)等粗。 4.1.4 菌褶(zhe) 整齊,中(zhong)等密度(du),淺(qian)白色(se)。 4.1.5 口感(gan)(gan) 脆嫩,爽滑,肉(rou)(rou)質無海綿感(gan)(gan)。
五.特定生產方式
3.1場(chang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)選(xuan)擇(ze) 3.1.1 無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)公(gong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)香(xiang)(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)(gu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)場(chang)地(di)(di)(di)(di) 應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)選(xuan)擇(ze)不(bu)(bu)(bu)受污(wu)(wu)染(ran)源影(ying)響,或(huo)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)物(wu)(wu)含(han)量(liang)(liang)限制(zhi)在(zai)(zai)允(yun)(yun)許(xu)范(fan)圍之內,生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)境良(liang)好(hao),具(ju)體(ti)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu):周(zhou)圍100米(mi)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)工業三廢、垃圾(糞便)場(chang)、各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)及(ji)(ji)(ji)其(qi)(qi)它污(wu)(wu)染(ran)源(如大(da)(da)量(liang)(liang)揚灰的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)廠、窯灰廠等),并且(qie)遠離醫院、學校和(he)(he)公(gong)共場(chang)所(suo);對(dui)(dui)(dui)農戶獨立生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)點(dian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)30米(mi)以(yi)內無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)畜禽圈舍和(he)(he)家(jia)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)廁(ce)所(suo)(衛(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)間(jian));土(tu)壤(rang)、空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(312國(guo)(guo)道(dao)兩側(ce)50米(mi)以(yi)內)中(zhong)(zhong)重(zhong)金屬(shu)背景值(zhi)偏(pian)高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu),與(yu)土(tu)壤(rang)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源環(huan)境有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)病高(gao)(gao)發(fa)區(qu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)作為(wei)(wei)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)公(gong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)香(xiang)(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)(gu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)場(chang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)。 3.1.2空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)環(huan)境要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu) 產(chan)(chan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)周(zhou)圍不(bu)(bu)(bu)得有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)大(da)(da)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)淅,不(bu)(bu)(bu)得有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)害(hai)(hai)(hai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)排放(fang)(fang),生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)燃煤鍋(guo)爐(lu)需要(yao)(yao)防(fang)塵除(chu)硫裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置。環(huan)境空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)指標(biao)(biao)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)符(fu)(fu)(fu)合附表(biao)1標(biao)(biao)準。 3.1.3水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu) 應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)選(xuan)擇(ze)在(zai)(zai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)表(biao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、地(di)(di)(di)(di)下水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)清潔(jie)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(包括重(zhong)金屬(shu)、放(fang)(fang)射性(xing)元素及(ji)(ji)(ji)其(qi)(qi)它有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)毒(du)(du)(du)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)害(hai)(hai)(hai)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)超(chao)標(biao)(biao))的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu);水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)域或(huo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源上游沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)對(dui)(dui)(dui)產(chan)(chan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)構成威脅(xie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)井水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)指標(biao)(biao)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)符(fu)(fu)(fu)合附表(biao)2標(biao)(biao)準。 3.1.4其(qi)(qi)它要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu) 場(chang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)通(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)向陽(yang),地(di)(di)(di)(di)勢(shi)高(gao)(gao)燥(zao)(zao),水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源較近,交通(tong)(tong)(tong)方(fang)便,并相對(dui)(dui)(dui)集中(zhong)(zhong)連(lian)片(pian)。 3.2栽(zai)(zai)培季節(jie) 依據(ju)所(suo)選(xuan)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)型、菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)齡(ling)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)、當地(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)海(hai)拔高(gao)(gao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)、氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候條件及(ji)(ji)(ji)適(shi)(shi)(shi)宜(yi)(yi)(yi)出(chu)菇(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi),因地(di)(di)(di)(di)制(zhi)宜(yi)(yi)(yi),靈活推算(suan)確(que)定(ding)最佳(jia)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian),使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)春(chun)栽(zai)(zai) 模式點(dian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)(ban)在(zai)(zai)2-4月(yue)(yue)份(fen)進行。 3.3品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)選(xuan)擇(ze) 所(suo)選(xuan)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),須(xu)(xu)經(jing)正(zheng)規食(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)科(ke)(ke)研(yan)(yan)部門試驗(yan)示范(fan)后(hou)(hou)確(que)定(ding)該品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)對(dui)(dui)(dui)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)、濕度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)、溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)差、光(guang)照(zhao)(zhao)、海(hai)拔高(gao)(gao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)和(he)(he)栽(zai)(zai)培措施與(yu)本地(di)(di)(di)(di)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候條件相適(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)。同(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),還必(bi)須(xu)(xu)具(ju)備(bei)(bei)抗性(xing)好(hao)、優質(zhi)(zhi)豐(feng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特性(xing)。我縣(xian)春(chun)栽(zai)(zai)袋(dai)(dai)(dai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)香(xiang)(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)當家(jia)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)西(xi)峽(xia)縣(xian)食(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)科(ke)(ke)研(yan)(yan)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“9608”品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。 3.4菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)標(biao)(biao)準 3.4.1標(biao)(biao)名 菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)瓶(袋(dai)(dai)(dai))上有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)注冊(ce)商標(biao)(biao)標(biao)(biao)示、溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)型、接種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)日期(qi)、檢驗(yan)合格(ge)證(zheng)等。 3.4.2純(chun)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du) 外(wai)(wai)觀看瓶(袋(dai)(dai)(dai))無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)破損(sun),無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)雜(za)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)和(he)(he)病蟲侵染(ran),菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)絲(si)(si)粗壯整(zheng)(zheng)齊,分(fen)枝濃(nong)密,色澤潔(jie)白呈(cheng)現(xian)絨(rong)毛狀,鏡檢菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)絲(si)(si)透明(ming)(ming),呈(cheng)分(fen)枝狀,有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)橫隔、鎖狀聯合明(ming)(ming)顯,具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)香(xiang)(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)固(gu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特征(zheng)。 3.4.3香(xiang)(xiang)味(wei) 優質(zhi)(zhi)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)獨特的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)香(xiang)(xiang)味(wei)而(er)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)異雜(za)味(wei)。 3.4.4長勢(shi) 菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)絲(si)(si)形(xing)態(tai)正(zheng)常,生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長旺盛而(er)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)抑制(zhi)線,無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)吐水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)畏縮現(xian)象(xiang),菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)絲(si)(si)形(xing)態(tai)呈(cheng)絨(rong)毛狀濃(nong)密,粗壯均(jun)勻齊整(zheng)(zheng),生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長速度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)快(kuai)。 3.4.5活力(li) 從菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)瓶(袋(dai)(dai)(dai))中(zhong)(zhong)隨(sui)機(ji)挖取一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)塊菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),感(gan)覺有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)韌性(xing),不(bu)(bu)(bu)松(song)(song)散(san),培養(yang)(yang)料(liao)(liao)(liao)呈(cheng)淡(dan)黃色,在(zai)(zai)29℃下培養(yang)(yang)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)塊四周(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)絲(si)(si)萌發(fa)快(kuai),向四周(zhou)擴展(zhan)快(kuai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)則說明(ming)(ming)吃料(liao)(liao)(liao)能(neng)力(li)強。 3.5培養(yang)(yang)基(ji)配(pei)方(fang) 培養(yang)(yang)基(ji)配(pei)方(fang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)若(ruo)干種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)案,西(xi)峽(xia)縣(xian)春(chun)栽(zai)(zai)袋(dai)(dai)(dai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)配(pei)方(fang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)(ban)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong):木(mu)(mu)屑(xie)(xie)84%、麩(fu)(fu)皮15%、石(shi)(shi)(shi)膏1%。 3.6培養(yang)(yang)基(ji)備(bei)(bei)制(zhi) 3.6.1木(mu)(mu)屑(xie)(xie) 樹種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong):在(zai)(zai)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)源影(ying)響,重(zhong)金屬(shu)、放(fang)(fang)射性(xing)元素及(ji)(ji)(ji)其(qi)(qi)它有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)毒(du)(du)(du)、有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)害(hai)(hai)(hai)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)超(chao)標(biao)(biao)區(qu)域內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)闊葉硬雜(za)木(mu)(mu)均(jun)可使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(不(bu)(bu)(bu)含(han)松(song)(song)、柏、樟、杉樹種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)),其(qi)(qi)砍伐(fa)季節(jie)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)在(zai)(zai)冬季休眠期(qi)砍伐(fa)為(wei)(wei)好(hao);木(mu)(mu)屑(xie)(xie)加工要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu):用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)專(zhuan)(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)粉(fen)料(liao)(liao)(liao)機(ji)粉(fen)碎(sui),顆粒(li)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)均(jun)勻無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)尖刺(ci)(ci),細度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)和(he)(he)大(da)(da)片(pian)麥麩(fu)(fu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)樣(yang),粉(fen)碎(sui)后(hou)(hou)可曬(shai)(shai)干備(bei)(bei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。 3.6.2麥麩(fu)(fu) 麩(fu)(fu)皮要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)大(da)(da)片(pian)、無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)霉(mei)變(bian)、無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)雜(za)質(zhi)(zhi)、干燥(zao)(zao)松(song)(song)散(san)、無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)農藥污(wu)(wu)染(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)鮮(xian)(xian)麩(fu)(fu)皮。 3.6.3石(shi)(shi)(shi)膏 生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)熟均(jun)可,需經(jing)檢驗(yan)合格(ge),潔(jie)白、無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)雜(za)質(zhi)(zhi),無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)毒(du)(du)(du)害(hai)(hai)(hai)。 3.8拌料(liao)(liao)(liao) 按照(zhao)(zhao)木(mu)(mu)屑(xie)(xie)84%、麩(fu)(fu)皮15%、石(shi)(shi)(shi)膏1%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)配(pei)方(fang)比例,含(han)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)維持(chi)在(zai)(zai)55%-58%之間(jian),把各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)培養(yang)(yang)料(liao)(liao)(liao)及(ji)(ji)(ji)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)混(hun)合攪拌均(jun)勻。 3.9裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)袋(dai)(dai)(dai) 一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)(ban)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)對(dui)(dui)(dui)折17-18公(gong)分(fen)寬,55公(gong)分(fen)長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)塑料(liao)(liao)(liao)袋(dai)(dai)(dai),松(song)(song)緊適(shi)(shi)(shi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du),口(kou)要(yao)(yao)扎緊,輕拿輕放(fang)(fang),防(fang)破損(sun)、防(fang)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)。 3.10滅菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun) 料(liao)(liao)(liao)袋(dai)(dai)(dai)進入(ru)滅菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)爐(lu)后(hou)(hou),2-3小時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內料(liao)(liao)(liao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)達(da)到(dao)100℃以(yi)上,保(bao)(bao)持(chi)100℃不(bu)(bu)(bu)下降(jiang)連(lian)續(xu)(xu)維持(chi)18個(ge)小時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)上。如袋(dai)(dai)(dai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)較多,可酌(zhuo)情(qing)適(shi)(shi)(shi)當延(yan)長滅菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)。 3.11冷(leng)(leng)卻 滅菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)達(da)到(dao)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)后(hou)(hou),停止加熱,任其(qi)(qi)自(zi)然冷(leng)(leng)卻到(dao)70℃以(yi)下,可出(chu)鍋(guo)放(fang)(fang)入(ru)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)培養(yang)(yang)室(shi)(shi),繼續(xu)(xu)冷(leng)(leng)卻到(dao)料(liao)(liao)(liao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)達(da)28℃以(yi)下時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),才(cai)能(neng)接種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。 3.12接種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong) 使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)接種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)箱(xiang)接種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),接種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)箱(xiang)必(bi)須(xu)(xu)提前進行消(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)(du)(du)處理(li),并檢查(cha)接菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)箱(xiang)嚴(yan)密不(bu)(bu)(bu)漏氣(qi)(qi)(qi)后(hou)(hou)可裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)入(ru)袋(dai)(dai)(dai)料(liao)(liao)(liao),再(zai)(zai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)霧消(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)(du)(du)劑按1-2g/m3點(dian)燃消(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)(du)(du)30分(fen)鐘(zhong)后(hou)(hou)才(cai)能(neng)接種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),點(dian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu):快(kuai)、凈(jing)(jing)(jing)、滿、實。 3.13培養(yang)(yang) 接菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)后(hou)(hou),需及(ji)(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)搬入(ru)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)石(shi)(shi)(shi)灰水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)(he)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)霧消(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)(du)(du)劑消(xiao)(xiao)過(guo)毒(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培養(yang)(yang)室(shi)(shi)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)(ban)單(dan)層(ceng)單(dan)行擺放(fang)(fang),高(gao)(gao)1米(mi)左右(you),溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)在(zai)(zai)20℃-25℃為(wei)(wei)好(hao),同(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),致一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)死適(shi)(shi)(shi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)通(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)換氣(qi)(qi)(qi),要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)培養(yang)(yang)室(shi)(shi)干燥(zao)(zao)、暗光(guang)、無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)雜(za)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、易(yi)于通(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)、溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)適(shi)(shi)(shi)宜(yi)(yi)(yi)。 3.14刺(ci)(ci)孔(kong)(kong)增氧 為(wei)(wei)滿足菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)絲(si)(si)對(dui)(dui)(dui)氧氣(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需要(yao)(yao),養(yang)(yang)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)期(qi)間(jian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)刺(ci)(ci)孔(kong)(kong)2-3次,刺(ci)(ci)孔(kong)(kong)多少(shao)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)與(yu)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)袋(dai)(dai)(dai)大(da)(da)小、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)份(fen)多少(shao)成正(zheng)比例,一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)(ban)每袋(dai)(dai)(dai)刺(ci)(ci)孔(kong)(kong)總數(shu)50-80個(ge)為(wei)(wei)宜(yi)(yi)(yi)。刺(ci)(ci)孔(kong)(kong)后(hou)(hou)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)特別注意,嚴(yan)防(fang)超(chao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)燒堆(dui),應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)注意通(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)降(jiang)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。 3.15轉色 養(yang)(yang)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)結束后(hou)(hou),應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)靈活調控(kong)(kong)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)、濕度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)、光(guang)照(zhao)(zhao)、通(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)促使菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)袋(dai)(dai)(dai)自(zi)然轉色,要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)皮厚薄適(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong),茶(cha)褐(he)色、有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)彈性(xing)、有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)光(guang)澤為(wei)(wei)好(hao)。 3.16越夏(xia) 越夏(xia)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)任務是(shi)(shi)防(fang)高(gao)(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、防(fang)暴曬(shai)(shai),一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)(ban)情(qing)況(kuang)下必(bi)須(xu)(xu)在(zai)(zai)5月(yue)(yue)上旬將菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)袋(dai)(dai)(dai)移到(dao)室(shi)(shi)外(wai)(wai),在(zai)(zai)室(shi)(shi)外(wai)(wai)陰棚(peng)內越夏(xia),遮陰棚(peng)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)搭高(gao)(gao)、塔寬、搭厚,陰棚(peng)凈(jing)(jing)(jing)高(gao)(gao)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)在(zai)(zai)3.5米(mi)以(yi)上,蔭棚(peng)四周(zhou)距離內架2米(mi)以(yi)上,厚度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)隔熱隔光(guang),伏天(tian)棚(peng)內溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)最高(gao)(gao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)超(chao)過(guo)30℃為(wei)(wei)好(hao)。 3.17催(cui)菇(gu)(gu)(gu) 時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)(ban)在(zai)(zai)10月(yue)(yue)下旬,利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)白天(tian)蓋膜、夜(ye)晚揭膜,拉大(da)(da)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)差達(da)10℃ 3.18疏蕾養(yang)(yang)蕾,培育花菇(gu)(gu)(gu) 菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)袋(dai)(dai)(dai)現(xian)蕾后(hou)(hou),應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)及(ji)(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)割口(kou)選(xuan)蕾,一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)(ban)留10個(ge)左右(you),嚴(yan)格(ge)調控(kong)(kong)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)為(wei)(wei)15—18℃,濕度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)70%~80%,并注意通(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)換氣(qi)(qi)(qi),調節(jie)光(guang)照(zhao)(zhao);如果生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)花菇(gu)(gu)(gu)須(xu)(xu)保(bao)(bao)持(chi)低溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)13℃~15℃,干燥(zao)(zao),濕度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)在(zai)(zai)60%~70%,還須(xu)(xu)適(shi)(shi)(shi)當增加光(guang)照(zhao)(zhao),拉大(da)(da)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)差。 3.19采收(shou)、加工與(yu)貯(zhu)運 3.19.1 采收(shou) 可根據(ju)客(ke)商要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu),適(shi)(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)采摘(zhai),采摘(zhai)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)分(fen)級放(fang)(fang)入(ru)干凈(jing)(jing)(jing)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)竹(zhu)筐(kuang)內,嚴(yan)禁(jin)落入(ru)泥(ni)土(tu)、木(mu)(mu)屑(xie)(xie)或(huo)其(qi)(qi)它雜(za)物(wu)(wu),確(que)保(bao)(bao)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)衛(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。 3.19.2 加工 一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)保(bao)(bao)鮮(xian)(xian)。可利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)專(zhuan)(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)保(bao)(bao)鮮(xian)(xian)庫(ku)低溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(2~3℃)保(bao)(bao)鮮(xian)(xian),按客(ke)商要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)進行挑(tiao)揀分(fen)級、包裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang),再(zai)(zai)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)冷(leng)(leng)藏車及(ji)(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)運銷。二是(shi)(shi)烘(hong)干。采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)專(zhuan)(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)烘(hong)干機(ji)烘(hong)干,重(zhong)點(dian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)掌握起始(shi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)不(bu)(bu)(bu)低于35℃,一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)(ban)每小時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上升(sheng)1~2℃,逐步升(sheng)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)慢慢把菇(gu)(gu)(gu)體(ti)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)份(fen)蒸發(fa)掉,最后(hou)(hou)階段溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)最高(gao)(gao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)超(chao)過(guo)65℃,這(zhe)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)可關(guan)閉進風(feng)口(kou)和(he)(he)出(chu)風(feng)口(kou),利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)熱循環(huan)并維持(chi)2小時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)左右(you),能(neng)增加香(xiang)(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)香(xiang)(xiang)味(wei),當達(da)到(dao)烘(hong)干要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)后(hou)(hou),要(yao)(yao)及(ji)(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)密封包裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)出(chu)售。 3.19.3 貯(zhu)存(cun)和(he)(he)運輸 香(xiang)(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)(gu)貯(zhu)存(cun)、運輸應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)保(bao)(bao)持(chi)低溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、干燥(zao)(zao)、衛(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、通(tong)(tong)(tong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)避風(feng),防(fang)鼠、防(fang)曬(shai)(shai)、防(fang)震(zhen)、防(fang)雨(yu)淋、防(fang)塵不(bu)(bu)(bu)得與(yu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)毒(du)(du)(du)、有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)害(hai)(hai)(hai)物(wu)(wu)品(pin)混(hun)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)混(hun)運。 3.19.4 注意事項 3.19.4.1 在(zai)(zai)加工過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)允(yun)(yun)許(xu)為(wei)(wei)了達(da)到(dao)防(fang)腐、保(bao)(bao)鮮(xian)(xian)或(huo)漂(piao)白等目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)對(dui)(dui)(dui)人體(ti)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)良(liang)影(ying)響的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥劑對(dui)(dui)(dui)香(xiang)(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)(gu)進行處理(li)。 3.19.4.2 不(bu)(bu)(bu)允(yun)(yun)許(xu)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)過(guo)農藥、化肥及(ji)(ji)(ji)其(qi)(qi)它有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)毒(du)(du)(du)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)害(hai)(hai)(hai)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)容器(qi)包裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)香(xiang)(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)(gu)。 3.19.4.3 包裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)材料(liao)(liao)(liao)須(xu)(xu)符(fu)(fu)(fu)合國(guo)(guo)家(jia)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)關(guan)衛(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu),包裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)過(guo)程(cheng)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)確(que)保(bao)(bao)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)霉(mei)變(bian),無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)雜(za)質(zhi)(zhi),并符(fu)(fu)(fu)合國(guo)(guo)家(jia)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)關(guan)食(shi)品(pin)衛(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)。
六.包裝標識相關規定
包(bao)裝(zhuang)主要采用袋式(shi)或箱(xiang)式(shi)包(bao)裝(zhuang),包(bao)裝(zhuang)材(cai)料必須符合國(guo)家強制性技術規范要求。產(chan)(chan)品(pin)有明確標(biao)簽,內容包(bao)括: 產(chan)(chan)品(pin)名稱、商標(biao)、產(chan)(chan)品(pin)執行(xing)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)、生產(chan)(chan)者及詳細(xi)地址、凈含量及包(bao)裝(zhuang)日期,要求字跡清晰、完整、準(zhun)(zhun)確。