廣(guang)濟(ji)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)始建(jian)(jian)于(yu)南宋乾(qian)道七年(nian)(1171年(nian)),是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國多處地方(fang)名(ming)為(wei)(wei)“廣(guang)濟(ji)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)”的(de)(de)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)最(zui)為(wei)(wei)著名(ming)的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)筑。廣(guang)濟(ji)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)為(wei)(wei)古代閩粵交通(tong)要道,與趙州(zhou)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)、洛陽橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)、蘆溝橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)并(bing)稱(cheng)“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國四大古橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)”,為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國乃至世界(jie)上(shang)第一(yi)(yi)座啟(qi)閉式(shi)(shi)浮橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao),是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國古代橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)筑藝術(shu),是(shi)世界(jie)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)史上(shang)的(de)(de)創舉,充分顯示了(le)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國古代漢(han)族勞動(dong)(dong)人民的(de)(de)非凡智慧。廣(guang)濟(ji)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)墩(dun)用花崗(gang)石塊砌成,是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)建(jian)(jian)筑中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)份(fen)寶貴(gui)遺(yi)產。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間一(yi)(yi)段(duan)寬約百米(mi)用18艘(sou)梭船聯成浮橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao),能開(kai)(kai)能合,當大船、木排通(tong)過(guo)時,可(ke)以將浮橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)浮船解開(kai)(kai),讓船只、木排通(tong)過(guo),然(ran)后(hou)再(zai)將浮船歸回(hui)原處。這是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國、也是(shi)世界(jie)上(shang)最(zui)早的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)座開(kai)(kai)關活動(dong)(dong)式(shi)(shi)大石橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)。
橋墩(dun)用韓山(shan)的(de)(de)大青(qing)麻條(tiao)石(shi)砌成,大小(xiao)不(bu)一,石(shi)條(tiao)疊合(he)很有(you)(you)規(gui)律,石(shi)與石(shi)之間沒(mei)有(you)(you)勾灰,全(quan)部(bu)卯榫(sun)。因為橋墩(dun)先后損壞,修(xiu)復時期(qi)不(bu)同,又(you)沒(mei)有(you)(you)按照(zhao)原來的(de)(de)規(gui)格修(xiu)復,所(suo)以橋墩(dun)的(de)(de)高度不(bu)同,形態各異。廣濟橋的(de)(de)橋墩(dun)有(you)(you)二種(zhong)造(zao)型(xing),一種(zhong)是(shi)六(liu)邊(bian)型(xing)的(de)(de)船型(xing)墩(dun),一種(zhong)是(shi)五(wu)邊(bian)型(xing)的(de)(de)半(ban)船型(xing)墩(dun)。所(suo)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)橋墩(dun)上(shang)游(you)都做成尖型(xing),有(you)(you)效地分解徑流的(de)(de)沖擊力。
橋(qiao)(qiao)亭都建在橋(qiao)(qiao)墩(dun)上(shang),全部為(wei)中國(guo)傳統(tong)建筑風格(ge),形(xing)(xing)(xing)態(tai)(tai)多種多樣(yang),空間大(da)小不一(yi)。殿式(shi)閣為(wei)東(dong)西向(xiang)(xiang),橫(heng)跨橋(qiao)(qiao)面,一(yi)閣獨占一(yi)墩(dun),屋頂以歇山(shan)、硬山(shan)和(he)懸(xuan)山(shan)等形(xing)(xing)(xing)式(shi)為(wei)主,規(gui)矩平穩威嚴,有(you)如大(da)殿,故稱殿式(shi)閣。雜式(shi)亭臺二(er)亭合占一(yi)墩(dun),分立(li)大(da)橋(qiao)(qiao)中軸線南北二(er)側。亭臺多依地勢而立(li),各具(ju)形(xing)(xing)(xing)態(tai)(tai),屋頂為(wei)雜式(shi)攢尖,形(xing)(xing)(xing)式(shi)多樣(yang),有(you)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)、三角形(xing)(xing)(xing)、四(si)角形(xing)(xing)(xing)、扇面等等。橋(qiao)(qiao)亭基(ji)本(ben)以一(yi)殿配(pei)二(er)亭的形(xing)(xing)(xing)式(shi),以大(da)橋(qiao)(qiao)中軸線為(wei)軸縱向(xiang)(xiang)排列。
浮(fu)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)由十八(ba)只木船(chuan)(chuan)橫(heng)向并排連(lian)接而成,船(chuan)(chuan)長(chang)14米寬3.6米,船(chuan)(chuan)中央鋪設木板作為橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)面(mian)(mian)。浮(fu)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)面(mian)(mian)寬5米,橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)面(mian)(mian)二側(ce)各有一段長(chang)約5米的船(chuan)(chuan)體。浮(fu)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)二端用鐵鏈固定(ding)在(zai)梁橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)的磯頭墩,隨水位漲落而高低變化(hua)。磯頭墩各有一段石階梯供行(xing)人上(shang)下浮(fu)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)。浮(fu)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)可啟可閉,閉合可連(lian)接二邊梁橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao),開啟能通行(xing)大型船(chuan)(chuan)舶和(he)快速排洪。
廣濟橋(qiao)(qiao)的(de)欄桿(gan)造型簡(jian)單,梁橋(qiao)(qiao)部分(fen)(fen)是常見的(de)橫條(tiao)式石(shi)欄桿(gan),豎(shu)向立柱加上橫向的(de)扶手條(tiao)。浮橋(qiao)(qiao)部分(fen)(fen)為木質欄桿(gan),分(fen)(fen)段獨立再用(yong)鐵鏈(lian)連(lian)接,每段都(dou)是六根(gen)豎(shu)向立柱加二(er)根(gen)橫向扶手條(tiao)。欄桿(gan)處在(zai)兩舟之(zhi)間(jian),在(zai)防護的(de)同時也起(qi)連(lian)接二(er)船作用(yong)。石(shi)欄桿(gan)四(si)根(gen)橫條(tiao)都(dou)是正方形的(de)小石(shi)條(tiao),其中第(di)一、二(er)和第(di)四(si)條(tiao)正面擺放,第(di)三條(tiao)改為側面擺放,變成一條(tiao)棱形條(tiao)。
大橋(qiao)裝飾(shi)以簡樸為主,重在(zai)吉(ji)祥(xiang)(xiang)寓(yu)意(yi)。雕(diao)(diao)(diao)刻(ke)內容都是傳統吉(ji)祥(xiang)(xiang)圖(tu)案(an),卷(juan)草紋(wen)、如意(yi)紋(wen)、祥(xiang)(xiang)云、蓮花,梅蘭菊竹等等。石雕(diao)(diao)(diao)裝飾(shi)主要在(zai)梁橋(qiao)欄(lan)桿望柱,柱頭雕(diao)(diao)(diao)成花瓶(ping)狀,寓(yu)意(yi)平安吉(ji)祥(xiang)(xiang)。木雕(diao)(diao)(diao)裝飾(shi)集中在(zai)橋(qiao)亭(ting)的木構屋頂和門窗上,梁架、柱頭、藻井、檐角(jiao)、雀(que)替、拱托,屋檐下的匾(bian)額、門窗的槅扇都是木雕(diao)(diao)(diao)裝飾(shi)的主要部位。雕(diao)(diao)(diao)刻(ke)的工藝有圓雕(diao)(diao)(diao)、通雕(diao)(diao)(diao)、淺(qian)浮雕(diao)(diao)(diao)、深浮雕(diao)(diao)(diao)和線刻(ke)等多種。
廣濟橋(qiao)上殿式閣(ge)匾分布(bu)在大(da)橋(qiao)中軸線(xian)上,黑底金字;亭臺匾,黛字黑底。匾懸(xuan)掛在亭閣(ge)的正面正中,楹聯直(zhi)接刻(ke)在白色花崗石柱上。
廣濟(ji)(ji)橋(qiao)(qiao)上(shang)原(yuan)來有二頭鉎牛,分立東西梁橋(qiao)(qiao)礬頭墩,后一(yi)只被洪(hong)水沖走(zou),下落(luo)不明(ming)。現今剩(sheng)一(yi)只獨立西橋(qiao)(qiao)第(di)八(ba)墩。廣濟(ji)(ji)橋(qiao)(qiao)鉎牛是廣濟(ji)(ji)橋(qiao)(qiao)重要的組(zu)成部(bu)分,韓江水患頻繁,大橋(qiao)(qiao)屢(lv)屢(lv)受損(sun),人(ren)們期望鉎牛鎮(zhen)水減(jian)少水患。
1、乘坐1路(lu),在(zai)城南小學站下(xia)車。
2、乘3路(lu),在竹木門站下車。
新(xin)(xin)風路(lu)(lu)→潮楓路(lu)(lu)→永護路(lu)(lu)→新(xin)(xin)橋路(lu)(lu)→開(kai)元路(lu)(lu)→義(yi)安路(lu)(lu)→西馬(ma)路(lu)(lu)→湯平路(lu)(lu)→東(dong)平路(lu)(lu)→東(dong)門街→廣濟橋