廣(guang)(guang)濟(ji)(ji)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)始建于(yu)南宋乾道(dao)七年(1171年),是中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)多(duo)處地(di)方名為“廣(guang)(guang)濟(ji)(ji)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)”的橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)最為著(zhu)名的建筑。廣(guang)(guang)濟(ji)(ji)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)為古代閩(min)粵交通要道(dao),與(yu)趙州橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)、洛陽橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)、蘆溝橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)并稱“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)四大(da)古橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)”,為中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)乃至世界(jie)上(shang)第一(yi)座啟閉(bi)式(shi)浮橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao),是中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)古代橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)的建筑藝(yi)術,是世界(jie)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)史上(shang)的創舉,充(chong)分顯示了(le)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)古代漢族(zu)勞動人民的非(fei)凡智慧。廣(guang)(guang)濟(ji)(ji)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)墩用(yong)花崗石(shi)塊砌(qi)成(cheng),是中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)建筑中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的一(yi)份寶貴遺產。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)一(yi)段(duan)寬約百米用(yong)18艘梭船聯(lian)成(cheng)浮橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao),能(neng)開(kai)能(neng)合,當大(da)船、木排通過(guo)時(shi),可以將(jiang)浮橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的浮船解開(kai),讓船只、木排通過(guo),然后再將(jiang)浮船歸回(hui)原(yuan)處。這是中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)、也是世界(jie)上(shang)最早的一(yi)座開(kai)關活動式(shi)大(da)石(shi)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)。
橋(qiao)墩(dun)用韓山的(de)(de)大青麻條石(shi)砌成(cheng),大小不(bu)一,石(shi)條疊合很有(you)規律,石(shi)與石(shi)之間沒(mei)有(you)勾灰,全部卯(mao)榫。因為橋(qiao)墩(dun)先后(hou)損壞,修復時(shi)期不(bu)同,又(you)沒(mei)有(you)按照原來的(de)(de)規格(ge)修復,所以橋(qiao)墩(dun)的(de)(de)高(gao)度不(bu)同,形態(tai)各異。廣濟橋(qiao)的(de)(de)橋(qiao)墩(dun)有(you)二種造型,一種是六邊型的(de)(de)船型墩(dun),一種是五邊型的(de)(de)半船型墩(dun)。所有(you)的(de)(de)橋(qiao)墩(dun)上游都做成(cheng)尖型,有(you)效地分解徑流的(de)(de)沖擊力。
橋(qiao)亭(ting)(ting)都建在橋(qiao)墩上,全部為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)國傳統建筑風格,形(xing)(xing)態(tai)多種多樣(yang),空間大(da)小(xiao)不一。殿(dian)式(shi)(shi)閣(ge)為(wei)東西向(xiang),橫跨橋(qiao)面(mian),一閣(ge)獨(du)占一墩,屋(wu)頂以(yi)歇山(shan)、硬(ying)山(shan)和懸(xuan)山(shan)等形(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi)為(wei)主,規矩平穩威嚴,有如大(da)殿(dian),故(gu)稱殿(dian)式(shi)(shi)閣(ge)。雜(za)式(shi)(shi)亭(ting)(ting)臺(tai)二(er)(er)亭(ting)(ting)合占一墩,分立大(da)橋(qiao)中(zhong)(zhong)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)線(xian)南北(bei)二(er)(er)側。亭(ting)(ting)臺(tai)多依地勢而立,各(ge)具形(xing)(xing)態(tai),屋(wu)頂為(wei)雜(za)式(shi)(shi)攢尖,形(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi)多樣(yang),有圓形(xing)(xing)、三角形(xing)(xing)、四角形(xing)(xing)、扇面(mian)等等。橋(qiao)亭(ting)(ting)基本以(yi)一殿(dian)配(pei)二(er)(er)亭(ting)(ting)的形(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi),以(yi)大(da)橋(qiao)中(zhong)(zhong)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)線(xian)為(wei)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)縱(zong)向(xiang)排列。
浮橋(qiao)(qiao)由十八只木(mu)船橫向并排連接而(er)成,船長14米(mi)(mi)(mi)寬(kuan)(kuan)3.6米(mi)(mi)(mi),船中(zhong)央鋪設木(mu)板作為(wei)橋(qiao)(qiao)面(mian)。浮橋(qiao)(qiao)橋(qiao)(qiao)面(mian)寬(kuan)(kuan)5米(mi)(mi)(mi),橋(qiao)(qiao)面(mian)二(er)側各有一段(duan)長約5米(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)船體。浮橋(qiao)(qiao)二(er)端用鐵鏈(lian)固定在梁橋(qiao)(qiao)的(de)(de)磯(ji)頭墩,隨(sui)水位漲落而(er)高低變(bian)化。磯(ji)頭墩各有一段(duan)石階(jie)梯(ti)供(gong)行人上下浮橋(qiao)(qiao)。浮橋(qiao)(qiao)可啟(qi)(qi)可閉,閉合(he)可連接二(er)邊梁橋(qiao)(qiao),開啟(qi)(qi)能通行大型船舶和快速排洪。
廣濟橋的(de)欄(lan)(lan)桿造型簡單,梁(liang)橋部分(fen)是(shi)常見的(de)橫(heng)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)式(shi)石(shi)欄(lan)(lan)桿,豎(shu)向立(li)柱(zhu)加上橫(heng)向的(de)扶手條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)。浮(fu)橋部分(fen)為木質欄(lan)(lan)桿,分(fen)段獨立(li)再用(yong)鐵(tie)鏈連接(jie),每段都是(shi)六根(gen)豎(shu)向立(li)柱(zhu)加二根(gen)橫(heng)向扶手條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)。欄(lan)(lan)桿處在兩舟之間(jian),在防護的(de)同時也起連接(jie)二船作用(yong)。石(shi)欄(lan)(lan)桿四根(gen)橫(heng)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)都是(shi)正(zheng)方(fang)形(xing)的(de)小石(shi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao),其中第(di)一(yi)、二和第(di)四條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)正(zheng)面擺放,第(di)三條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)改為側(ce)面擺放,變(bian)成一(yi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)棱(leng)形(xing)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)。
大橋裝飾(shi)(shi)以簡樸(pu)為主(zhu),重在吉祥寓(yu)意(yi)。雕(diao)(diao)刻內容都是(shi)傳統吉祥圖(tu)案,卷草紋、如意(yi)紋、祥云、蓮花(hua),梅蘭菊竹等等。石雕(diao)(diao)裝飾(shi)(shi)主(zhu)要(yao)在梁(liang)橋欄桿望柱(zhu)(zhu),柱(zhu)(zhu)頭雕(diao)(diao)成花(hua)瓶狀,寓(yu)意(yi)平安吉祥。木雕(diao)(diao)裝飾(shi)(shi)集中在橋亭的木構(gou)屋(wu)頂和(he)門窗上,梁(liang)架、柱(zhu)(zhu)頭、藻井、檐(yan)角、雀替、拱托,屋(wu)檐(yan)下的匾額(e)、門窗的槅(ge)扇都是(shi)木雕(diao)(diao)裝飾(shi)(shi)的主(zhu)要(yao)部位(wei)。雕(diao)(diao)刻的工藝(yi)有(you)圓(yuan)雕(diao)(diao)、通(tong)雕(diao)(diao)、淺浮雕(diao)(diao)、深浮雕(diao)(diao)和(he)線(xian)刻等多(duo)種。
廣濟橋上殿式閣匾(bian)分布在(zai)大(da)橋中(zhong)軸線上,黑(hei)底(di)金字(zi);亭(ting)臺(tai)匾(bian),黛字(zi)黑(hei)底(di)。匾(bian)懸掛在(zai)亭(ting)閣的正面正中(zhong),楹聯直(zhi)接刻在(zai)白色花崗(gang)石柱(zhu)上。
廣濟橋(qiao)上原來有二頭鉎牛(niu),分立(li)東西(xi)梁橋(qiao)礬頭墩,后一只被(bei)洪水(shui)沖走,下落不明。現今(jin)剩一只獨立(li)西(xi)橋(qiao)第八墩。廣濟橋(qiao)鉎牛(niu)是(shi)廣濟橋(qiao)重要的(de)組成部分,韓江水(shui)患頻(pin)繁,大橋(qiao)屢屢受損,人們期望鉎牛(niu)鎮(zhen)水(shui)減少水(shui)患。
1、乘(cheng)坐1路,在城南小學(xue)站(zhan)下車。
2、乘3路,在竹木門站(zhan)下車(che)。
新(xin)風(feng)路(lu)(lu)→潮(chao)楓路(lu)(lu)→永護(hu)路(lu)(lu)→新(xin)橋路(lu)(lu)→開(kai)元路(lu)(lu)→義安路(lu)(lu)→西馬路(lu)(lu)→湯平(ping)路(lu)(lu)→東平(ping)路(lu)(lu)→東門街→廣濟橋