一.產品介紹
美姑(gu)(gu)山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang),是由美姑(gu)(gu)縣巴普鎮(zhen)俄普村(cun)一(yi)帶駐地(di)彝民(min)族(zu)在特定的(de)生(sheng)態環境下和特殊的(de)生(sheng)產生(sheng)活方式(shi)下飼養(yang)(yang)的(de)山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)逐(zhu)(zhu)步(bu)培育形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)。據(ju)2000多年前形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)美姑(gu)(gu)彝族(zu)經典文獻(xian)《孜孜尼渣》中記載的(de)美姑(gu)(gu)彝族(zu)人民(min)在在祭祀(si)神靈、祈(qi)求平(ping)安(an)的(de)儀式(shi)中所使用的(de)動物“癡布(bu)樹尼”就是指黑色公山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang),在山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)飼養(yang)(yang)管理過(guo)程中,農(nong)戶只能將山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)關(guan)在圈(quan)里(li)同豬一(yi)起喂養(yang)(yang)或將山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)用繩索套牢牽(qian)至耕地(di)附(fu)近進行拴(shuan)牧(mu)和牽(qian)牧(mu),由此逐(zhu)(zhu)漸形(xing)成(cheng)了以圈(quan)養(yang)(yang)為主的(de)山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)生(sheng)產模式(shi)。由于放牧(mu)場地(di)有限,每(mei)(mei)家(jia)每(mei)(mei)戶飼養(yang)(yang)的(de)山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)數量也有限,少量的(de)飼養(yang)(yang)使農(nong)戶投入了更多的(de)精力,使當地(di)的(de)山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)得(de)(de)到(dao)了精心的(de)飼養(yang)(yang),生(sheng)產性能不斷得(de)(de)到(dao)提高。
二(er).自然生態環境和人文(wen)歷史因素
(1)土壤地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)貌情況(kuang):美姑縣位于涼山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)州(zhou)東北(bei)部,地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)處(chu)大涼山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)腹心地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)帶,距州(zhou)府西昌171公里。地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)處(chu)青藏高原東南部的橫斷山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)脈(mo)與四(si)川盆地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)西南邊(bian)緣交(jiao)匯(hui)處(chu),境內山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)巒起伏,河流縱橫,地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)勢由(you)東北(bei)向(xiang)西南傾斜(xie),平均海拔2000米,最高海拔在(zai)大風(feng)頂為(wei)4042米,最低(di)處(chu)640米。地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)形以(yi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu),丘陵和(he)平壩只占(zhan)(zhan)總(zong)(zong)(zong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的8%。土壤有17個土類(lei),以(yi)黃棕(zong)(zong)壤、暗(an)棕(zong)(zong)壤、紫(zi)(zi)色土、草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)甸土為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)。全(quan)縣天(tian)(tian)然(ran)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)193.35萬(wan)(wan)畝。草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)共有8類(lei):亞高山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)甸草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)44.53萬(wan)(wan)畝,占(zhan)(zhan)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)總(zong)(zong)(zong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的23.03%;高寒灌(guan)叢草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)10.79萬(wan)(wan)畝,占(zhan)(zhan)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)總(zong)(zong)(zong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的5.58%;高寒沼澤草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)0.27萬(wan)(wan)畝,占(zhan)(zhan)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)總(zong)(zong)(zong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的0.14%;山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)疏林草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)25.28萬(wan)(wan)畝,占(zhan)(zhan)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)總(zong)(zong)(zong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的13.07%;山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)灌(guan)叢草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)25.27萬(wan)(wan)畝,占(zhan)(zhan)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)總(zong)(zong)(zong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的13.07%;山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)叢草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)18.86萬(wan)(wan)畝,占(zhan)(zhan)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)總(zong)(zong)(zong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的9.75%;山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)甸草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)25.89萬(wan)(wan)畝,占(zhan)(zhan)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)總(zong)(zong)(zong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的13.34%;農隙地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)42.46萬(wan)(wan)畝,占(zhan)(zhan)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)總(zong)(zong)(zong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的21.96%。天(tian)(tian)然(ran)牧(mu)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)有禾本科(ke)、莎(sha)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)科(ke)、豆科(ke)、菊(ju)科(ke);人工牧(mu)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)種植白(bai)三葉、多年(nian)生 黑(hei)麥(mai)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)、光葉紫(zi)(zi)花苕(tiao)、紫(zi)(zi)花苜蓿、皇竹草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)等。
(2)水(shui)文情況: 美姑山(shan)羊產地(di)區域河(he)(he)流(liu)為內陸(lu)河(he)(he),全(quan)縣大小河(he)(he)流(liu)和溪溝159條,總長(chang)287公里。東北部的瓦侯河(he)(he)流(liu)入馬(ma)邊(bian)河(he)(he),屬岷江(jiang)水(shui)系,河(he)(he)流(liu)全(quan)長(chang)45公里;美姑河(he)(he)(含下游溜筒(tong)河(he)(he))由北向南(nan)出(chu)境流(liu)入金沙(sha)江(jiang),境內干流(liu)總長(chang)142.5公里。全(quan)縣河(he)(he)流(liu)年(nian)涇(jing)流(liu)量(liang)29億立方米,水(shui)資源豐富。
(3)氣候條件:境內(nei)山(shan)嶺連綿,異峰疊起,大(da)(da)部份為高(gao)山(shan)谷地,最(zui)高(gao)海拔(ba)(ba)的(de)大(da)(da)風頂為4042米,最(zui)低海拔(ba)(ba)640米,海拔(ba)(ba)高(gao)差(cha)(cha)懸殊很大(da)(da),立體(ti)氣候明(ming)顯,四季(ji)(ji)分(fen)明(ming),年均(jun)氣溫(wen)11.4℃,日(ri)溫(wen)差(cha)(cha)較(jiao)大(da)(da)。常(chang)年日(ri)照充足(zu),年日(ri)照1790.7小時,雨量充沛,年均(jun)降水量814.6毫米,但降水量北部多(duo)南部少(shao),分(fen)布不均(jun)。冬季(ji)(ji)長達135天(tian),年均(jun)霜期125天(tian)。得(de)天(tian)獨厚的(de)自然(ran)環境孕育(yu)(yu)出(chu)了(le)許許多(duo)多(duo)的(de)珍禽異獸(shou),其中最(zui)具代表的(de)美(mei)(mei)姑大(da)(da)熊(xiong)貓(mao)具有性(xing)情溫(wen)順、繁殖(zhi)率(lv)強(qiang)的(de)特點,1974年送往(wang)墨(mo)西(xi)哥(ge)的(de)雌性(xing)大(da)(da)熊(xiong)貓(mao)在墨(mo)西(xi)哥(ge)首產(chan)成(cheng)活幼仔(zi)(zi)而轟動世界(jie),1975年送往(wang)成(cheng)都動物園(yuan)的(de)大(da)(da)熊(xiong)貓(mao)“美(mei)(mei)美(mei)(mei)”連產(chan)7胎,成(cheng)為懷孕率(lv)、產(chan)仔(zi)(zi)率(lv)、產(chan)仔(zi)(zi)成(cheng)活率(lv)最(zui)高(gao)的(de)“英雄母親(qin)”,2008年送往(wang)臺灣的(de)“團團”、“園(yuan)園(yuan)”的(de)祖藉也(ye)是(shi)美(mei)(mei)姑縣大(da)(da)風頂自然(ran)保護區。同時也(ye)孕育(yu)(yu)出(chu)了(le)性(xing)情溫(wen)順、繁殖(zhi)率(lv)高(gao)、屠宰率(lv)高(gao)、膽固醇(chun)含量低、肉質好的(de)美(mei)(mei)姑山(shan)羊。
(4)人(ren)(ren)(ren)文歷(li)史(shi)情況:美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)是(shi)(shi)直(zhi)接從奴隸社(she)會(hui)跨入社(she)會(hui)主義社(she)會(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彝(yi)(yi)族(zu)聚居縣(xian)(xian)(xian),在(zai)(zai)(zai)長期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)是(shi)(shi)彝(yi)(yi)族(zu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)在(zai)(zai)(zai)婚(hun)喪嫁(jia)娶、畢摩(mo)法事、過(guo)年(nian)(nian)過(guo)節、走親訪友、招(zhao)待貴客(ke)時必需宰殺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)牲(sheng)畜(chu)(chu)(chu),它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)位(wei)僅次(ci)于(yu)(yu)(yu)牛(niu)。由于(yu)(yu)(yu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)兼(jian)具了(le)(le)(le)“偶蹄四(si)肢”和(he)皮毛(mao)可(ke)(ke)利(li)用、肉質(zhi)細嫩鮮美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)等(deng)食(shi)用貴重(zhong)動物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)征(zheng),且(qie)其(qi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)體適(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),價格較牛(niu)更(geng)容易讓(rang)廣(guang)大(da)彝(yi)(yi)族(zu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)能夠承受,因此(ci)(ci),使用范(fan)圍比牛(niu)廣(guang),在(zai)(zai)(zai)彝(yi)(yi)族(zu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)具有(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)替代的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用,所(suo)以(yi)(yi)彝(yi)(yi)族(zu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)家(jia)(jia)家(jia)(jia)戶(hu)(hu)戶(hu)(hu)歷(li)來都有(you)飼(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)習(xi)慣。美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)原(yuan)產地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)在(zai)(zai)(zai)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)。90年(nian)(nian)代初,美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)畜(chu)(chu)(chu)牧(mu)(mu)工(gong)作(zuo)者(zhe)在(zai)(zai)(zai)以(yi)(yi)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)境內巴(ba)(ba)普鎮俄普村(cun)(cun)為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)區域一(yi)(yi)帶的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)域范(fan)圍內發(fa)(fa)現了(le)(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)種高(gao)(gao)繁山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)類(lei)群(qun),暫定名為(wei)(wei)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),其(qi)形(xing)成(cheng)歷(li)史(shi)近30余年(nian)(nian)。據調查,美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)是(shi)(shi)從上世紀(ji)70年(nian)(nian)代以(yi)(yi)來,由美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)巴(ba)(ba)普鎮俄普村(cun)(cun)一(yi)(yi)帶駐地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)彝(yi)(yi)民(min)族(zu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)特(te)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)態環境下和(he)特(te)殊(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)方(fang)(fang)式下飼(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)逐步培育(yu)(yu)(yu)形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。由于(yu)(yu)(yu)當(dang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)交通不(bu)(bu)(bu)便(bian)、地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)域封閉、水草(cao)豐(feng)茂、土地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)肥沃、人(ren)(ren)(ren)丁興旺、人(ren)(ren)(ren)多(duo)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)少,除(chu) 耕(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)外基(ji)本(ben)上沒(mei)(mei)有(you)什么牲(sheng)畜(chu)(chu)(chu)放(fang)牧(mu)(mu)用地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),因此(ci)(ci),該村(cun)(cun)除(chu)極少經(jing)(jing)濟條(tiao)件較好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)戶(hu)(hu)能飼(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)1-2只(zhi)(zhi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)外幾乎沒(mei)(mei)有(you)飼(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)其(qi)它(ta)草(cao)食(shi)畜(chu)(chu)(chu)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飼(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)管理過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),農(nong)(nong)戶(hu)(hu)只(zhi)(zhi)能將(jiang)(jiang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)關(guan)在(zai)(zai)(zai)圈(quan)(quan)里(li)同(tong)豬一(yi)(yi)起喂養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)或將(jiang)(jiang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)用繩索(suo)套牢牽(qian)至耕(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)附近進(jin)行拴牧(mu)(mu)和(he)牽(qian)牧(mu)(mu),由此(ci)(ci)逐漸(jian)形(xing)成(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)以(yi)(yi)圈(quan)(quan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)為(wei)(wei)主的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)生(sheng)(sheng)產模式。由于(yu)(yu)(yu)放(fang)牧(mu)(mu)場(chang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)有(you)限(xian),每家(jia)(jia)每戶(hu)(hu)飼(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)數(shu)量也(ye)有(you)限(xian),少量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飼(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)使農(nong)(nong)戶(hu)(hu)投入了(le)(le)(le)更(geng)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精(jing)力,使當(dang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)得(de)到(dao)(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)(le)精(jing)心(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飼(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),生(sheng)(sheng)產性能不(bu)(bu)(bu)斷(duan)得(de)到(dao)(dao)(dao)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)產過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)偶爾(er)出現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)些一(yi)(yi)胎兩羔,甚至多(duo)羔的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)母(mu)體和(he)后代羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)斷(duan)被農(nong)(nong)戶(hu)(hu)長期(qi)留養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),如(ru)此(ci)(ci)經(jing)(jing)過(guo)長期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)然(ran)選(xuan)擇和(he)群(qun)眾自(zi)發(fa)(fa)選(xuan)育(yu)(yu)(yu),農(nong)(nong)戶(hu)(hu)自(zi)發(fa)(fa)將(jiang)(jiang)產雙羔以(yi)(yi)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公、母(mu)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)種羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)再進(jin)行選(xuan)育(yu)(yu)(yu)、培育(yu)(yu)(yu),逐漸(jian)形(xing)成(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)具有(you)繁殖率(lv)高(gao)(gao)、前期(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)長發(fa)(fa)育(yu)(yu)(yu)速(su)度快(kuai)、適(shi)應(ying)(ying)范(fan)圍廣(guang)、性情溫(wen)順(shun)宜(yi)圈(quan)(quan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)、飼(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)效益高(gao)(gao)等(deng)特(te)色,并深受當(dang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖農(nong)(nong)戶(hu)(hu)喜(xi)愛,生(sheng)(sheng)產性能穩(wen)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)優(you)良(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)類(lei)群(qun)—美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)。由于(yu)(yu)(yu)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飼(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)較為(wei)(wei)簡便(bian),沒(mei)(mei)有(you)什么特(te)殊(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)件限(xian)制,特(te)別是(shi)(shi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)黑色、光(guang)亮(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)被毛(mao)特(te)征(zheng)迅速(su)受到(dao)(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)(le)廣(guang)大(da)彝(yi)(yi)族(zu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歡(huan)迎。美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)很(hen)快(kuai)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)當(dang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)彝(yi)(yi)族(zu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)傳統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)年(nian)(nian)過(guo)節、迎親嫁(jia)娶等(deng)喜(xi)慶的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日子里(li)贈送親友的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)珍(zhen)貴畜(chu)(chu)(chu)種,收(shou)到(dao)(dao)(dao)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)貴重(zhong)禮(li)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)親友也(ye)倍加珍(zhen)惜和(he)愛護(hu)這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)畜(chu)(chu)(chu)種而予(yu)以(yi)(yi)精(jing)心(xin)喂養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),使得(de)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飼(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)范(fan)圍越(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)廣(guang),數(shu)量越(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)多(duo),規模越(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)大(da),在(zai)(zai)(zai)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)范(fan)圍內形(xing)成(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)特(te)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)類(lei)群(qun)。經(jing)(jing)過(guo)畜(chu)(chu)(chu)牧(mu)(mu)部門十多(duo)年(nian)(nian)有(you)計劃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)育(yu)(yu)(yu)和(he)推(tui)廣(guang),美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)已從1997年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)僅有(you)3個(ge)(ge)(ge)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)3個(ge)(ge)(ge)村(cun)(cun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)到(dao)(dao)(dao)100戶(hu)(hu)農(nong)(nong)戶(hu)(hu)飼(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)發(fa)(fa)展到(dao)(dao)(dao)現在(zai)(zai)(zai)(2008年(nian)(nian)統(tong)計)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)36個(ge)(ge)(ge)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(鎮)136個(ge)(ge)(ge)村(cun)(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)8000多(duo)戶(hu)(hu)農(nong)(nong)戶(hu)(hu)飼(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),存欄美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)從不(bu)(bu)(bu)到(dao)(dao)(dao)400只(zhi)(zhi)發(fa)(fa)展到(dao)(dao)(dao)現在(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)59150只(zhi)(zhi),核心(xin)群(qun)達9640只(zhi)(zhi),選(xuan)育(yu)(yu)(yu)群(qun)達12200只(zhi)(zhi)。主要分布在(zai)(zai)(zai)海(hai)拔700米到(dao)(dao)(dao)2800米之(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)巴(ba)(ba)普鎮、農(nong)(nong)作(zuo)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、巴(ba)(ba)古鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、佐戈依(yi)達鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、依(yi)洛拉達鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、牛(niu)牛(niu)壩(ba)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、九口鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、洛俄依(yi)甘(gan)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、井葉特(te)西鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)等(deng)全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)36個(ge)(ge)(ge)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(鎮)136個(ge)(ge)(ge)村(cun)(cun)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)境內海(hai)拔700米到(dao)(dao)(dao)2800米之(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)飼(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)都表(biao)現出了(le)(le)(le)良(liang)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)適(shi)應(ying)(ying)性和(he)高(gao)(gao)繁性能的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遺傳穩(wen)定性。同(tong)時美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飼(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)方(fang)(fang)式既(ji)可(ke)(ke)舍飼(si)(si)(si)(si)也(ye)可(ke)(ke)放(fang)牧(mu)(mu),不(bu)(bu)(bu)但適(shi)合于(yu)(yu)(yu)半農(nong)(nong)半牧(mu)(mu)區發(fa)(fa)展,也(ye)適(shi)合于(yu)(yu)(yu)農(nong)(nong)區和(he)牧(mu)(mu)區發(fa)(fa)展,不(bu)(bu)(bu)但適(shi)合于(yu)(yu)(yu)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)發(fa)(fa)展,也(ye)適(shi)合于(yu)(yu)(yu)涼山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、四(si)川大(da)部分地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區發(fa)(fa)展,周邊涼山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)州境內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雷波、昭覺(jue)、金陽、布拖、越(yue)(yue)西以(yi)(yi)及樂(le)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)峨邊、馬邊等(deng)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)均曾來我縣(xian)(xian)(xian)引進(jin)飼(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)。其(qi)發(fa)(fa)展前景非常(chang)廣(guang)闊。
三.地域范圍
美姑山羊地理標(biao)志畜產品(pin)產地范圍(wei)為(wei)四川省涼山州(zhou)美姑縣所轄的36個鄉鎮291個村。其地理坐(zuo)標(biao)為(wei)東(dong)經102°53′-103°29′,北緯28°02′-28°53′。
四.產品品質特性(xing)特征
(1)美姑山(shan)羊(yang)肉質感官特(te)征:宰(zai)殺后,肌肉豐滿緊密(mi)、有(you)堅實感、顏色鮮艷(yan)、光澤潤(run)滑、水嫩(nen)多汁、紅色均勻,用手(shou)觸摸(mo)濕(shi)潤(run)不(bu)粘手(shou)、肌纖維韌性(xing)強(qiang)、有(you)彈性(xing),胴體表面被(bei)覆(fu)一層薄薄的白(bai)色、均勻的脂肪分布(bu),有(you)輕微的膻(shan)味,無其(qi)(qi)他異味。煮沸后的羊(yang)肉湯(tang)澄清透明(ming),羊(yang)脂團浮聚于湯(tang)表面,香氣四溢,風味十(shi)足,具有(you)鮮、香、濃等特(te)色,品嘗過美姑山(shan)羊(yang)湯(tang)鍋的人都對其(qi)(qi)贊(zan)不(bu)絕口。
(2)美(mei)姑山羊肉(rou)(rou)(rou)內(nei)在(zai)品(pin)質(zhi)指標和風味特征(zheng):美(mei)姑山羊肉(rou)(rou)(rou)(后腿肌肉(rou)(rou)(rou))經農業部(bu)食品(pin)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)監督(du)檢(jian)驗測試中(zhong)心(成都)進(jin)行了測定和分(fen)析,結果表明:美(mei)姑山羊肉(rou)(rou)(rou)品(pin)質(zhi)好,營養豐富,水分(fen)含量(liang)(liang)為74.73%,肌肉(rou)(rou)(rou)中(zhong)粗蛋白含量(liang)(liang)達(da)22.3%,粗脂肪含量(liang)(liang)達(da)3.72%,灰(hui)分(fen)含量(liang)(liang)達(da)0.97%。膽固醇含量(liang)(liang)為41.7㎎/100g,明顯低(di)于(yu)84.62%的(de)其(qi)他山羊肉(rou)(rou)(rou)在(zai)成都檢(jian)測的(de)平均(jun)數;富含17種氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)基酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan),其(qi)中(zhong)天(tian)冬門(men)氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)2.26%、蘇氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)0.96%、絲氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)0.79%、谷氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)3.75%、甘(gan)氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)1.25%、丙(bing)氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)1.52%、胱氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)0.050%、纈氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)1.12%、蛋氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)0.56%、異亮氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)1.06%、亮氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)1.83%、酪氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)0.78%、苯丙(bing)氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)0.91%、賴(lai)氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)2.10%、組氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)0.58%、精(jing)氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)1.56%、脯氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)0.95%,氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)基酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)總量(liang)(liang)22.1%,氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)基酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)含量(liang)(liang)比其(qi)他山羊肉(rou)(rou)(rou)的(de)平均(jun)數21.63%略(lve)高(gao)。屠宰率高(gao)且鮮(xian)肉(rou)(rou)(rou)色澤純正,具有清香味;熟肉(rou)(rou)(rou)肉(rou)(rou)(rou)質(zhi)細(xi)嫩鮮(xian)美(mei);膻味小,肉(rou)(rou)(rou)湯香味濃郁(yu),風味獨特。