一.產品介紹
美姑山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),是(shi)由美姑縣巴普鎮俄(e)普村一帶駐地彝民族(zu)在(zai)特定的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態環境下(xia)和(he)特殊的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活方式(shi)(shi)下(xia)飼(si)(si)養的(de)山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)逐(zhu)步培育形(xing)成的(de)。據2000多年前形(xing)成的(de)美姑彝族(zu)經典(dian)文獻《孜(zi)(zi)孜(zi)(zi)尼(ni)渣》中(zhong)(zhong)記載的(de)美姑彝族(zu)人民在(zai)在(zai)祭祀神(shen)靈(ling)、祈求平安的(de)儀(yi)式(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)所使(shi)用的(de)動物“癡(chi)布樹尼(ni)”就是(shi)指黑色公山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),在(zai)山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)飼(si)(si)養管(guan)理過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong),農(nong)戶只能將山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)關在(zai)圈(quan)里(li)同豬一起(qi)喂養或將山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)用繩索(suo)套牢牽(qian)至耕地附(fu)近進行(xing)拴(shuan)牧和(he)牽(qian)牧,由此(ci)逐(zhu)漸形(xing)成了以圈(quan)養為主的(de)山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)模式(shi)(shi)。由于放牧場(chang)地有限(xian),每家每戶飼(si)(si)養的(de)山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)數量(liang)也有限(xian),少量(liang)的(de)飼(si)(si)養使(shi)農(nong)戶投入了更多的(de)精力,使(shi)當地的(de)山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)得(de)到了精心的(de)飼(si)(si)養,生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)性能不斷得(de)到提(ti)高(gao)。
二.自然(ran)生態環境和人文歷史因素(su)
(1)土(tu)壤地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)貌情況:美姑縣位(wei)于涼(liang)山(shan)州(zhou)東北(bei)部(bu)(bu),地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)處大涼(liang)山(shan)腹心地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)帶,距州(zhou)府(fu)西(xi)昌171公里。地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)處青藏高(gao)(gao)原東南部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)橫斷山(shan)脈與四川盆地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)西(xi)南邊緣交(jiao)匯處,境內山(shan)巒起伏,河流縱橫,地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)勢由東北(bei)向西(xi)南傾斜,平均海拔2000米,最(zui)高(gao)(gao)海拔在大風頂為(wei)(wei)4042米,最(zui)低處640米。地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)形以山(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)為(wei)(wei)主,丘陵和(he)平壩(ba)只占(zhan)(zhan)總面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)8%。土(tu)壤有(you)17個土(tu)類,以黃棕壤、暗棕壤、紫(zi)(zi)色土(tu)、草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)甸(dian)土(tu)為(wei)(wei)主。全縣天然(ran)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)193.35萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu)(mu)。草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)共(gong)有(you)8類:亞高(gao)(gao)山(shan)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)甸(dian)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)44.53萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu)(mu),占(zhan)(zhan)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)總面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)23.03%;高(gao)(gao)寒(han)灌叢草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)10.79萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu)(mu),占(zhan)(zhan)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)總面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)5.58%;高(gao)(gao)寒(han)沼澤草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)0.27萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu)(mu),占(zhan)(zhan)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)總面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)0.14%;山(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)疏林草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)25.28萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu)(mu),占(zhan)(zhan)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)總面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)13.07%;山(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)灌叢草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)25.27萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu)(mu),占(zhan)(zhan)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)總面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)13.07%;山(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)叢草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)18.86萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu)(mu),占(zhan)(zhan)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)總面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)9.75%;山(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)甸(dian)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)25.89萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu)(mu),占(zhan)(zhan)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)總面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)13.34%;農隙地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)42.46萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu)(mu),占(zhan)(zhan)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)總面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)21.96%。天然(ran)牧(mu)(mu)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)主要有(you)禾本(ben)科、莎草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)科、豆科、菊科;人工牧(mu)(mu)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)主要種植白三葉、多(duo)年生 黑(hei)麥草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)、光葉紫(zi)(zi)花(hua)苕、紫(zi)(zi)花(hua)苜蓿、皇竹(zhu)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)等。
(2)水文情況: 美(mei)(mei)姑(gu)山羊產地區域河(he)(he)(he)流為內陸河(he)(he)(he),全(quan)縣大(da)小河(he)(he)(he)流和溪溝159條,總(zong)長(chang)287公里。東北部的(de)瓦(wa)侯河(he)(he)(he)流入馬邊河(he)(he)(he),屬岷江(jiang)水系,河(he)(he)(he)流全(quan)長(chang)45公里;美(mei)(mei)姑(gu)河(he)(he)(he)(含(han)下游(you)溜筒河(he)(he)(he))由(you)北向南(nan)出境流入金沙江(jiang),境內干流總(zong)長(chang)142.5公里。全(quan)縣河(he)(he)(he)流年涇流量29億立方(fang)米,水資源豐富。
(3)氣(qi)候條件:境內山嶺連綿,異(yi)峰疊起,大(da)部份為高(gao)(gao)山谷地,最高(gao)(gao)海(hai)拔的(de)大(da)風(feng)頂為4042米,最低海(hai)拔640米,海(hai)拔高(gao)(gao)差懸(xuan)殊很大(da),立(li)體氣(qi)候明(ming)顯,四季分(fen)明(ming),年均氣(qi)溫(wen)11.4℃,日溫(wen)差較大(da)。常(chang)年日照充足,年日照1790.7小時(shi),雨量(liang)(liang)充沛,年均降(jiang)水量(liang)(liang)814.6毫米,但降(jiang)水量(liang)(liang)北(bei)部多南(nan)部少,分(fen)布(bu)不均。冬季長達135天,年均霜期(qi)125天。得天獨厚的(de)自然環境孕(yun)育出了許許多多的(de)珍(zhen)禽異(yi)獸,其中最具代表的(de)美(mei)姑(gu)(gu)大(da)熊(xiong)貓(mao)具有性(xing)情溫(wen)順、繁殖率(lv)(lv)(lv)強的(de)特點,1974年送往墨(mo)西(xi)哥(ge)的(de)雌性(xing)大(da)熊(xiong)貓(mao)在墨(mo)西(xi)哥(ge)首產成活幼仔而轟(hong)動(dong)世界,1975年送往成都動(dong)物園(yuan)的(de)大(da)熊(xiong)貓(mao)“美(mei)美(mei)”連產7胎,成為懷孕(yun)率(lv)(lv)(lv)、產仔率(lv)(lv)(lv)、產仔成活率(lv)(lv)(lv)最高(gao)(gao)的(de)“英雄(xiong)母(mu)親”,2008年送往臺灣的(de)“團團”、“園(yuan)園(yuan)”的(de)祖(zu)藉也是美(mei)姑(gu)(gu)縣大(da)風(feng)頂自然保護區。同時(shi)也孕(yun)育出了性(xing)情溫(wen)順、繁殖率(lv)(lv)(lv)高(gao)(gao)、屠宰率(lv)(lv)(lv)高(gao)(gao)、膽固醇(chun)含量(liang)(liang)低、肉質好(hao)的(de)美(mei)姑(gu)(gu)山羊。
(4)人(ren)(ren)(ren)文歷(li)(li)史情況:美(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)縣(xian)(xian)是(shi)直接從奴隸社(she)會跨入社(she)會主義(yi)社(she)會的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彝(yi)族(zu)聚居縣(xian)(xian),在(zai)(zai)長(chang)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)中(zhong),山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)是(shi)彝(yi)族(zu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)在(zai)(zai)婚喪嫁(jia)娶、畢摩法(fa)事、過年過節(jie)、走親訪友(you)、招待貴(gui)客時必(bi)需宰(zai)殺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)牲畜(chu)(chu),它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)位僅次于(yu)(yu)牛。由(you)于(yu)(yu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)兼具(ju)了“偶蹄四肢(zhi)”和(he)(he)(he)皮(pi)毛可利用(yong)、肉質細嫩鮮美(mei)(mei)(mei)等食用(yong)貴(gui)重動物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特征(zheng),且其(qi)個(ge)體(ti)適中(zhong),價格較牛更(geng)容易讓廣(guang)大彝(yi)族(zu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)能(neng)(neng)夠承受(shou),因(yin)此(ci)(ci),使(shi)用(yong)范(fan)圍比牛廣(guang),在(zai)(zai)彝(yi)族(zu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)中(zhong)具(ju)有(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)可替代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong),所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)彝(yi)族(zu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)家(jia)家(jia)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)歷(li)(li)來都有(you)(you)飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)習(xi)慣。美(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)原產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)在(zai)(zai)美(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)縣(xian)(xian)。90年代(dai)初,美(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)縣(xian)(xian)畜(chu)(chu)牧(mu)工作(zuo)(zuo)者在(zai)(zai)以(yi)(yi)(yi)縣(xian)(xian)境(jing)內(nei)巴(ba)(ba)普(pu)鎮(zhen)(zhen)俄(e)普(pu)村(cun)為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)心區(qu)域(yu)一帶的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)域(yu)范(fan)圍內(nei)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)了一種(zhong)高(gao)(gao)繁山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)類群(qun),暫定名為(wei)(wei)美(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),其(qi)形成歷(li)(li)史近(jin)30余(yu)年。據調查,美(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)是(shi)從上世(shi)紀70年代(dai)以(yi)(yi)(yi)來,由(you)美(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)縣(xian)(xian)巴(ba)(ba)普(pu)鎮(zhen)(zhen)俄(e)普(pu)村(cun)一帶駐地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)彝(yi)民(min)族(zu)在(zai)(zai)特定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環境(jing)下和(he)(he)(he)特殊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)方(fang)式下飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)逐步培(pei)育(yu)(yu)形成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。由(you)于(yu)(yu)當地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)交(jiao)通不(bu)(bu)便、地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)域(yu)封閉(bi)、水草(cao)豐(feng)茂、土地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)肥沃、人(ren)(ren)(ren)丁興旺、人(ren)(ren)(ren)多(duo)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)少,除(chu) 耕地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)外基本上沒有(you)(you)什么牲畜(chu)(chu)放牧(mu)用(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),因(yin)此(ci)(ci),該村(cun)除(chu)極少經(jing)濟(ji)條(tiao)(tiao)件較好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)能(neng)(neng)飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)1-2只山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)外幾(ji)乎沒有(you)(you)飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)其(qi)它草(cao)食畜(chu)(chu)。在(zai)(zai)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)管理過程中(zhong),農(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)只能(neng)(neng)將山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)關在(zai)(zai)圈里(li)同(tong)豬一起喂養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)或將山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)用(yong)繩索(suo)套牢牽至耕地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)附近(jin)進行拴(shuan)牧(mu)和(he)(he)(he)牽牧(mu),由(you)此(ci)(ci)逐漸(jian)形成了以(yi)(yi)(yi)圈養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)為(wei)(wei)主的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)模式。由(you)于(yu)(yu)放牧(mu)場地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)有(you)(you)限(xian),每家(jia)每戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)數量(liang)也(ye)有(you)(you)限(xian),少量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)使(shi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)投(tou)入了更(geng)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精力,使(shi)當地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)得到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)了精心的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)不(bu)(bu)斷得到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)提高(gao)(gao)。在(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)過程中(zhong)偶爾(er)出現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一些一胎兩羔(gao),甚至多(duo)羔(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)母體(ti)和(he)(he)(he)后代(dai)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)不(bu)(bu)斷被(bei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)長(chang)期(qi)留(liu)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),如此(ci)(ci)經(jing)過長(chang)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)然選擇和(he)(he)(he)群(qun)眾自(zi)(zi)發(fa)(fa)選育(yu)(yu),農(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)自(zi)(zi)發(fa)(fa)將產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)雙羔(gao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公、母羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)種(zhong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)再進行選育(yu)(yu)、培(pei)育(yu)(yu),逐漸(jian)形成了具(ju)有(you)(you)繁殖率高(gao)(gao)、前期(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)發(fa)(fa)育(yu)(yu)速度快、適應(ying)(ying)范(fan)圍廣(guang)、性(xing)情溫順(shun)宜(yi)圈養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)、飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)效益高(gao)(gao)等特色,并深受(shou)當地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖農(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)喜愛,生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)穩定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)優良(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)類群(qun)—美(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)。由(you)于(yu)(yu)美(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)較為(wei)(wei)簡(jian)便,沒有(you)(you)什么特殊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)(tiao)件限(xian)制,特別(bie)是(shi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)黑色、光亮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)被(bei)毛特征(zheng)迅速受(shou)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)了廣(guang)大彝(yi)族(zu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歡迎(ying)。美(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)很快成為(wei)(wei)當地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)彝(yi)族(zu)在(zai)(zai)傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過年過節(jie)、迎(ying)親嫁(jia)娶等喜慶的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日子里(li)贈送(song)親友(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)珍貴(gui)畜(chu)(chu)種(zhong),收(shou)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)美(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)這(zhe)一貴(gui)重禮物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)親友(you)也(ye)倍加珍惜和(he)(he)(he)愛護這(zhe)一畜(chu)(chu)種(zhong)而予(yu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)精心喂養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),使(shi)得美(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)范(fan)圍越來越廣(guang),數量(liang)越來越多(duo),規模越來越大,在(zai)(zai)美(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)范(fan)圍內(nei)形成了特有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)類群(qun)。經(jing)過畜(chu)(chu)牧(mu)部門十多(duo)年有(you)(you)計劃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選育(yu)(yu)和(he)(he)(he)推(tui)廣(guang),美(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)已(yi)從1997年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)僅有(you)(you)3個(ge)鄉(xiang)3個(ge)村(cun)中(zhong)不(bu)(bu)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)100戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)發(fa)(fa)展到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)現(xian)在(zai)(zai)(2008年統計)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)36個(ge)鄉(xiang)(鎮(zhen)(zhen))136個(ge)村(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)8000多(duo)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),存欄美(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)從不(bu)(bu)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)400只發(fa)(fa)展到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)現(xian)在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)59150只,核心群(qun)達(da)(da)9640只,選育(yu)(yu)群(qun)達(da)(da)12200只。主要分布在(zai)(zai)海(hai)拔700米到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)2800米之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)巴(ba)(ba)普(pu)鎮(zhen)(zhen)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)作(zuo)(zuo)鄉(xiang)、巴(ba)(ba)古(gu)鄉(xiang)、佐(zuo)戈依(yi)達(da)(da)鄉(xiang)、依(yi)洛拉達(da)(da)鄉(xiang)、牛牛壩鄉(xiang)、九口鄉(xiang)、洛俄(e)依(yi)甘(gan)鄉(xiang)、井(jing)葉特西鄉(xiang)等全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)36個(ge)鄉(xiang)(鎮(zhen)(zhen))136個(ge)村(cun)。在(zai)(zai)美(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)境(jing)內(nei)海(hai)拔700米到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)2800米之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)都表現(xian)出了良(liang)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)適應(ying)(ying)性(xing)和(he)(he)(he)高(gao)(gao)繁性(xing)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遺傳穩定性(xing)。同(tong)時美(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)方(fang)式既可舍飼(si)(si)也(ye)可放牧(mu),不(bu)(bu)但(dan)適合(he)于(yu)(yu)半農(nong)(nong)(nong)半牧(mu)區(qu)發(fa)(fa)展,也(ye)適合(he)于(yu)(yu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)區(qu)和(he)(he)(he)牧(mu)區(qu)發(fa)(fa)展,不(bu)(bu)但(dan)適合(he)于(yu)(yu)美(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)發(fa)(fa)展,也(ye)適合(he)于(yu)(yu)涼山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、四川大部分地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)發(fa)(fa)展,周邊涼山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)州境(jing)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雷波、昭覺、金(jin)陽(yang)、布拖、越西以(yi)(yi)(yi)及樂山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)峨(e)邊、馬邊等縣(xian)(xian)均曾來我縣(xian)(xian)引進飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)。其(qi)發(fa)(fa)展前景非常廣(guang)闊。
三.地域范圍
美姑山羊地(di)(di)理標(biao)志畜產品產地(di)(di)范(fan)圍(wei)為四(si)川省涼山州美姑縣所轄的36個鄉鎮291個村。其地(di)(di)理坐標(biao)為東經102°53′-103°29′,北緯(wei)28°02′-28°53′。
四(si).產品品質特性特征
(1)美(mei)姑山羊(yang)肉質感官特(te)征:宰(zai)殺后(hou),肌(ji)肉豐(feng)滿緊密、有(you)堅(jian)實感、顏色鮮艷(yan)、光澤潤滑、水嫩(nen)多(duo)汁(zhi)、紅色均勻,用手(shou)觸(chu)摸濕(shi)潤不粘手(shou)、肌(ji)纖(xian)維韌性(xing)強、有(you)彈性(xing),胴體(ti)表面被覆一層薄薄的白(bai)色、均勻的脂(zhi)肪分(fen)布,有(you)輕(qing)微的膻味(wei),無(wu)其他(ta)異味(wei)。煮沸后(hou)的羊(yang)肉湯(tang)澄清透明,羊(yang)脂(zhi)團(tuan)浮聚于(yu)湯(tang)表面,香氣四溢,風味(wei)十(shi)足,具有(you)鮮、香、濃等(deng)特(te)色,品嘗過(guo)美(mei)姑山羊(yang)湯(tang)鍋的人都對其贊不絕口。
(2)美(mei)姑(gu)山羊(yang)(yang)(yang)肉(rou)(rou)(rou)內在(zai)品(pin)質指標和風味(wei)特(te)征(zheng):美(mei)姑(gu)山羊(yang)(yang)(yang)肉(rou)(rou)(rou)(后腿(tui)肌肉(rou)(rou)(rou))經農業部食品(pin)質量監督檢驗測(ce)試中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(成都)進行了測(ce)定和分析,結果表(biao)明(ming):美(mei)姑(gu)山羊(yang)(yang)(yang)肉(rou)(rou)(rou)品(pin)質好,營(ying)養豐富,水分含(han)(han)(han)量為74.73%,肌肉(rou)(rou)(rou)中(zhong)(zhong)粗蛋白含(han)(han)(han)量達(da)(da)22.3%,粗脂肪含(han)(han)(han)量達(da)(da)3.72%,灰分含(han)(han)(han)量達(da)(da)0.97%。膽固醇含(han)(han)(han)量為41.7㎎/100g,明(ming)顯低于84.62%的其他(ta)山羊(yang)(yang)(yang)肉(rou)(rou)(rou)在(zai)成都檢測(ce)的平均數;富含(han)(han)(han)17種氨(an)(an)(an)基(ji)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan),其中(zhong)(zhong)天冬門(men)氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)2.26%、蘇(su)氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)0.96%、絲氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)0.79%、谷氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)3.75%、甘氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)1.25%、丙氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)1.52%、胱(guang)氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)0.050%、纈氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)1.12%、蛋氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)0.56%、異亮氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)1.06%、亮氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)1.83%、酪氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)0.78%、苯丙氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)0.91%、賴(lai)氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)2.10%、組(zu)氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)0.58%、精氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)1.56%、脯氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)0.95%,氨(an)(an)(an)基(ji)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)總(zong)量22.1%,氨(an)(an)(an)基(ji)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)含(han)(han)(han)量比其他(ta)山羊(yang)(yang)(yang)肉(rou)(rou)(rou)的平均數21.63%略高。屠宰率(lv)高且鮮肉(rou)(rou)(rou)色澤純正(zheng),具有清(qing)香(xiang)(xiang)味(wei);熟肉(rou)(rou)(rou)肉(rou)(rou)(rou)質細(xi)嫩(nen)鮮美(mei);膻味(wei)小,肉(rou)(rou)(rou)湯(tang)香(xiang)(xiang)味(wei)濃郁,風味(wei)獨特(te)。