一.產品介紹
涼山彝族(zu)自治州(zhou)(zhou)是(shi)(shi)全(quan)國(guo)(guo)彝族(zu)聚居最(zui)多的(de)(de)(de)地區,綿羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)是(shi)(shi)彝族(zu)人民在(zai)婚喪嫁娶、過年(nian)(nian)過節、走親訪友、招待(dai)貴客時(shi)必須宰殺的(de)(de)(de)牲(sheng)畜,它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)地位(wei)僅次于牛(niu)。涼山半(ban)細(xi)毛(mao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)是(shi)(shi)彝族(zu)人民傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產和(he)(he)生(sheng)活資料,價格適(shi)中(zhong),因此,在(zai)彝族(zu)人民的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)活中(zhong)具有不(bu)可(ke)替代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)作用。 涼山半(ban)細(xi)毛(mao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)培(pei)育(yu)(yu)起(qi)始(shi)于20世紀50年(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)后期,至70年(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)初為(wei)細(xi)毛(mao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)改(gai)(gai)良(liang)(liang)(liang)階段:引進(jin)(jin)新疆細(xi)毛(mao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)雜交改(gai)(gai)良(liang)(liang)(liang)試驗,并(bing)(bing)(bing)在(zai)全(quan)州(zhou)(zhou)推(tui)廣,到1974年(nian)(nian)改(gai)(gai)良(liang)(liang)(liang)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)5.8萬只,并(bing)(bing)(bing)逐步(bu)建立了(le)多個州(zhou)(zhou)屬和(he)(he)縣屬種(zhong)(zhong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)場。但是(shi)(shi),由(you)于細(xi)毛(mao)改(gai)(gai)良(liang)(liang)(liang)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)對當地雨季(ji)潮濕(shi)、炎熱氣候適(shi)應(ying)較差,不(bu)宜(yi)于制作披氈、察(cha)爾瓦等(deng),群(qun)眾對細(xi)毛(mao)改(gai)(gai)良(liang)(liang)(liang)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)積極性不(bu)高,致使改(gai)(gai)良(liang)(liang)(liang)步(bu)伐緩慢。1966年(nian)(nian)開始(shi)從國(guo)(guo)外(wai)引入(ru)邊區萊(lai)斯特以及羅(luo)姆尼等(deng)半(ban)細(xi)毛(mao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)與細(xi)毛(mao)改(gai)(gai)良(liang)(liang)(liang)后代(dai)(dai)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)雜交組(zu)合(he)試驗,至1986年(nian)(nian)全(quan)州(zhou)(zhou)半(ban)細(xi)毛(mao)改(gai)(gai)良(liang)(liang)(liang)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)達(da)11.85萬只。1986年(nian)(nian)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)科(ke)委、農(nong)業部將培(pei)育(yu)(yu)48—50支粗(cu)檔半(ban)細(xi)毛(mao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)新品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)連(lian)續納入(ru)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)“七五(wu)(wu)”、“八五(wu)(wu)”、“九五(wu)(wu)”重點(dian)科(ke)技攻關計劃,由(you)涼山州(zhou)(zhou)畜牧(mu)(mu)局主持,組(zu)織四川農(nong)業大學、四川省畜牧(mu)(mu)獸醫研(yan)究所、涼山州(zhou)(zhou)畜牧(mu)(mu)獸醫科(ke)學研(yan)究所等(deng)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)聯合(he)攻關。到1995年(nian)(nian),成(cheng)功育(yu)(yu)成(cheng)了(le)涼山半(ban)細(xi)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)新品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong),存(cun)欄11萬余只,其中(zhong)特一(yi)(yi)級公母羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)達(da)到5190只,等(deng)級羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)達(da)到35237只,基礎母羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)達(da)到45958只。2007年(nian)(nian)存(cun)欄22.31萬只,其中(zhong)特、一(yi)(yi)級羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)14.5萬只,并(bing)(bing)(bing)在(zai)州(zhou)(zhou)內外(wai)廣泛推(tui)廣,其適(shi)應(ying)性和(he)(he)雜交改(gai)(gai)良(liang)(liang)(liang)效果(guo)良(liang)(liang)(liang)好。 2009年(nian)(nian)10月通(tong)過國(guo)(guo)家(jia)畜禽遺傳(chuan)資源(yuan)委員會審定并(bing)(bing)(bing)正(zheng)式(shi)命名,是(shi)(shi)我國(guo)(guo)培(pei)育(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)第一(yi)(yi)個半(ban)細(xi)毛(mao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)新品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(證書編號(hao):農(nong)03新品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)證字(zi)第6號(hao)),填(tian)補了(le)我國(guo)(guo)養羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)業中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)空白。
二.自然生(sheng)態環境(jing)和人文(wen)歷史因素
(1)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)理(li)特征(zheng):涼(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)彝族自(zi)治州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)位于四川(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)省(sheng)西(xi)(xi)(xi)南(nan)部(bu)(bu),北(bei)起(qi)(qi)大渡河(he),接川(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)北(bei)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)原和山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),靠(kao)雅安、甘孜兩市(shi)(shi)(州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)),南(nan)至金沙(sha)江(jiang)河(he)谷,接攀枝花市(shi)(shi),東臨金沙(sha)江(jiang)與云南(nan)省(sheng)隔江(jiang)相(xiang)望,東北(bei)低與樂(le)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、宜賓兩地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)接壤。地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)理(li)處于青(qing)藏(zang)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)原、云貴高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)原向四川(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)盆地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過度(du)帶(dai),西(xi)(xi)(xi)跨橫斷(duan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)系,地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)貌輪(lun)廓較為(wei)復雜多樣,其(qi)(qi)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)特征(zheng)是(shi):第(di)一(yi),北(bei)部(bu)(bu)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao),西(xi)(xi)(xi)部(bu)(bu)低,地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)勢由西(xi)(xi)(xi)北(bei)向東南(nan)傾斜。第(di)二,地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)勢起(qi)(qi)伏大,高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)差(cha)懸殊。川(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)內海(hai)拔最高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)處為(wei)西(xi)(xi)(xi)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)木里(li)縣境(jing)內5958米(mi),海(hai)拔最低處為(wei)雷波(bo)縣境(jing)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大巖洞金沙(sha)江(jiang)谷底(di),僅有(you)(you)325米(mi),相(xiang)對(dui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)度(du)達(da)到(dao)5633米(mi)。第(di)三,山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)川(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)相(xiang)間排列(lie),切(qie)割強烈,谷深坡陡。第(di)四,峰(feng)巒(luan)重(zhong)迭,而且多樣類(lei)(lei)型。如(ru)黃茅埂以(yi)(yi)(yi)東,稱(cheng)小涼(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)切(qie)割破碎(sui),山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)坡陡;黃茅埂以(yi)(yi)(yi)西(xi)(xi)(xi)稱(cheng)大涼(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)切(qie)割微弱(ruo),主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)貌類(lei)(lei)型為(wei)中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)或中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)原,超(chao)過4000米(mi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)很少,它又是(shi)云貴高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)原向北(bei)伸廷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)角。涼(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)脈主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)屬于橫斷(duan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)脈,分(fen)(fen)屬沙(sha)魯里(li)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、大雪山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、小相(xiang)嶺—魯南(nan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、大小涼(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)等(deng)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)系。州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)脈大都(dou)(dou)呈(cheng)南(nan)北(bei)走(zou)向,從西(xi)(xi)(xi)北(bei)到(dao)東南(nan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)布是(shi):柏林山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、魯南(nan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、錦屏山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、牦牛山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、螺(luo)吉山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、小相(xiang)嶺、大涼(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、小涼(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)。涼(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)由于山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)多,水深水急,地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)形地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)貌相(xiang)嵌成一(yi)個(ge)雄偉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)峽(xia)谷,富饒美(mei)麗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)川(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)南(nan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)。州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)內以(yi)(yi)(yi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu),海(hai)拔高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)于1000米(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)、山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)原、高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)原面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)共(gong)有(you)(you)565.18萬(wan)(wan)公頃,占(zhan)全(quan)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)幅(fu)員(yuan)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)93.6%,其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)屬低中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、極高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)為(wei)535.05萬(wan)(wan)畝,占(zhan)全(quan)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)幅(fu)員(yuan)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)88.5%。涼(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)半細毛羊主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)分(fen)(fen)布在海(hai)拔1500—4000米(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)幅(fu)員(yuan)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)500.96萬(wan)(wan)公頃。全(quan)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)天然草(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)241.16萬(wan)(wan)公頃,是(shi)耕地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)7.48倍(bei),可利用面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)198.71萬(wan)(wan)公頃。草(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)規模既有(you)(you)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)成片草(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),也(ye)有(you)(you)村莊附近的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)零(ling)星草(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),全(quan)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)共(gong)有(you)(you)成片草(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)3504塊(kuai),面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)215.51萬(wan)(wan)公頃,占(zhan)草(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)89.36%,草(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)共(gong)有(you)(you)13類(lei)(lei),33個(ge)組,93個(ge)型,天然草(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)植物多達(da)155科(ke),782屬,2106種,其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)草(cao)(cao)(cao)本(ben)植物有(you)(you)1909種,占(zhan)草(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)植物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)90.6%,飼(si)用植物約占(zhan)75%左右。飼(si)用植物中(zhong)既有(you)(you)大量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優(you)質禾(he)本(ben)科(ke)牧草(cao)(cao)(cao),也(ye)有(you)(you)品質優(you)良的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)豆科(ke)牧草(cao)(cao)(cao),各類(lei)(lei)草(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)中(zhong)優(you)、良、中(zhong)三等(deng)以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)牧草(cao)(cao)(cao)占(zhan)絕對(dui)重(zhong)量優(you)勢,一(yi)般都(dou)(dou)在60%以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)。天然草(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)單位面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)測定鮮草(cao)(cao)(cao)產量為(wei)每(mei)公頃2348.3—17142公斤(jin),全(quan)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)平(ping)均為(wei)5942.5公斤(jin)。人工牧草(cao)(cao)(cao)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)種植白三葉、多年生黑麥草(cao)(cao)(cao)、光葉紫(zi)花苕、紫(zi)花苜蓿(xu)等(deng)。
(2)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系:涼(liang)山州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)內(nei)(nei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源豐富。主要江河(he)(he)有金(jin)沙江、雅礱江、大(da)渡(du)河(he)(he)三大(da)干流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu),金(jin)沙江水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)經(jing)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)內(nei)(nei)會理、會東(dong)、寧南、布拖、金(jin)陽和(he)雷波等6個縣,州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)內(nei)(nei)全(quan)(quan)長598.7公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li),流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)面(mian)積2.489萬平(ping)(ping)方(fang)公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)。主要支流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)有塵河(he)(he),鲹(shen)魚河(he)(he)、黑水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)河(he)(he)、西溪河(he)(he)、溜筒河(he)(he)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)洛河(he)(he)。雅礱江水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)經(jing)木里(li)(li)、鹽(yan)源、冕寧、西昌和(he)德昌,州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)內(nei)(nei)全(quan)(quan)長448公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li),流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)面(mian)積2.29萬平(ping)(ping)方(fang)公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li),主要支流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)有安寧河(he)(he)、理塘河(he)(he)、臥落河(he)(he)、孫水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)河(he)(he)。大(da)渡(du)河(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)內(nei)(nei)全(quan)(quan)長35公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li),流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)面(mian)積4526平(ping)(ping)方(fang)公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li),主要支流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)有泥日河(he)(he)匯入。涼(liang)山州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)境內(nei)(nei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系縱橫交錯,流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)500—1000平(ping)(ping)方(fang)公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)的(de)河(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)有22條,100—500平(ping)(ping)方(fang)公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)的(de)河(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)達160條。境內(nei)(nei)各河(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)大(da)部分(fen)靠降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)補充,在地(di)(di)域(yu)上(shang)的(de)變(bian)化(hua)很大(da),時空(kong)分(fen)布也不均(jun)勻(yun),但總體上(shang)屬于(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量豐富,高于(yu)全(quan)(quan)省、全(quan)(quan)國平(ping)(ping)均(jun)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)平(ping)(ping)。州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)內(nei)(nei)洪枯季(ji)節(jie)變(bian)化(hua)明(ming)顯,一(yi)(yi)般5—10月洪汛期(qi),11月到次年(nian)(nian)4月為(wei)枯水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)期(qi),汛期(qi)降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量一(yi)(yi)般占年(nian)(nian)降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量85%以上(shang),汛期(qi)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)徑流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)量占年(nian)(nian)徑流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)量的(de)67.5%—88.6%,而枯水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)期(qi)徑流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)量僅占年(nian)(nian)徑流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)總量的(de)11.4%—32.5%。由于(yu)降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量的(de)嚴重(zhong)失(shi)衡,加之(zhi)草(cao)地(di)(di)、林地(di)(di)的(de)生態保護滯(zhi)后,導致我州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)自然災害較為(wei)頻繁。每年(nian)(nian)汛期(qi)來臨(lin)時,水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)土流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)失(shi)嚴重(zhong),泥石(shi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)損(sun)毀草(cao)地(di)(di)草(cao)場、畜(chu)圈和(he)牲(sheng)(sheng)畜(chu)傷亡(wang)。而枯水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)期(qi)干旱少雨,牧草(cao)生長發育(yu)遲緩,草(cao)料供給不足,牲(sheng)(sheng)畜(chu)飲水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)困難(nan),制約(yue)著草(cao)食(shi)畜(chu)的(de)快速健康發展(zhan)。
(3)氣候(hou)(hou)(hou)條件:涼山(shan)(shan)州屬亞(ya)熱(re)帶(dai)(dai)季(ji)風(feng)氣候(hou)(hou)(hou)區(qu),年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)氣溫(wen)(wen)10.1—19.3℃,≥10.0℃的有效年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)積溫(wen)(wen)2380—6352℃,年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)日(ri)照(zhao)時(shi)數(shu)1227—2603小時(shi),太陽輻射量(liang)(liang)91.8—145.5千卡(ka)/平(ping)方厘米,無霜期201—321天,年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)降(jiang)(jiang)雨(yu)(yu)量(liang)(liang)796—1164毫米。由于受地形(xing)地貌等多(duo)種因素(su)的影響,州內(nei)氣候(hou)(hou)(hou)類型多(duo)種多(duo)樣(yang),獨具特點(dian)。一是垂(chui)直變(bian)化大,水(shui)平(ping)區(qu)間有明顯差(cha)異(yi),素(su)有“一山(shan)(shan)有四(si)季(ji),十里不同天”之說。以小相嶺和黃(huang)茅埂(geng)為(wei)(wei)界,具有南(nan)(nan)干北濕、東潤西(xi)(xi)燥、低(di)熱(re)高(gao)涼的特征。西(xi)(xi)部(bu)(bu)氣候(hou)(hou)(hou)溫(wen)(wen)和、干燥,年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)氣溫(wen)(wen)11.5—12.4℃,年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)降(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)量(liang)(liang)793—828毫米,年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)日(ri)照(zhao)長(chang)達2600小時(shi);南(nan)(nan)部(bu)(bu)和東部(bu)(bu)海拔1200米以下的干熱(re)河(he)谷(gu),是典型的南(nan)(nan)亞(ya)熱(re)帶(dai)(dai)氣候(hou)(hou)(hou),素(su)有“熱(re)帶(dai)(dai)非(fei)地”之稱,被譽為(wei)(wei)“不是海南(nan)(nan),勝似海南(nan)(nan)”,是全省熱(re)量(liang)(liang)資源(yuan)最(zui)(zui)好(hao)的地段。西(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)及(ji)中(zhong)部(bu)(bu)地區(qu),光熱(re)資源(yuan)充足,年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)均(jun)(jun)(jun)溫(wen)(wen)12.0—17.0℃,年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)日(ri)照(zhao)1700—2600小時(shi),年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)降(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)量(liang)(liang)1000—1400毫米;北部(bu)(bu)山(shan)(shan)地年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)日(ri)照(zhao)時(shi)數(shu)1600-1800小時(shi),年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)均(jun)(jun)(jun)溫(wen)(wen)13.0-16.0℃,年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)降(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)量(liang)(liang)1000毫米左右。二是降(jiang)(jiang)雨(yu)(yu)量(liang)(liang)集中(zhong),干濕季(ji)節分明,夏半(ban)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)云雨(yu)(yu)較多(duo),氣候(hou)(hou)(hou)涼爽,冬半(ban)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)日(ri)照(zhao)充足,少雨(yu)(yu)干暖(nuan)。一般5—10月(yue)份(fen)為(wei)(wei)雨(yu)(yu)季(ji),降(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)量(liang)(liang)占全年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)降(jiang)(jiang)量(liang)(liang)的90%以上。三(san)是年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)溫(wen)(wen)差(cha)小,日(ri)溫(wen)(wen)差(cha)大,冬暖(nuan)夏涼,四(si)季(ji)如春。最(zui)(zui)熱(re)月(yue)為(wei)(wei)七月(yue)份(fen),各縣(xian)月(yue)均(jun)(jun)(jun)溫(wen)(wen)在(zai)17.0—24.4℃之間,最(zui)(zui)冷月(yue)為(wei)(wei)一月(yue)份(fen),月(yue)均(jun)(jun)(jun)溫(wen)(wen)在(zai)1.6—10.8℃之間。
三.地域范圍
涼(liang)山半細毛羊(yang)地(di)理(li)標(biao)志(zhi)畜產(chan)品產(chan)地(di)范圍為(wei)四(si)川省涼(liang)山彝族自(zi)治州(zhou)所轄的(de)會東(dong)、寧(ning)(ning)南、普格(ge)、布拖、昭覺(jue)、金陽(yang)、美姑、雷波、越西(xi)、甘洛(luo)、喜德(de)、冕寧(ning)(ning)、鹽源(yuan)13個縣472個鄉鎮(zhen)2949個行政(zheng)村5512個村民小組,幅(fu)員面積37710平(ping)方(fang)公(gong)里(li),其地(di)理(li)坐標(biao)為(wei)東(dong)經108°04'—103°52',北緯26°03'—29°18'。其中保護面積2694平(ping)方(fang)公(gong)里(li),生產(chan)面積1536平(ping)方(fang)公(gong)里(li),年存欄(lan)187萬(wan)只,年產(chan)量154萬(wan)只。
四.產品品質(zhi)特性(xing)特征
(1)涼山半細毛(mao)羊(yang)(yang)肉(rou)(rou)質(zhi)感官特征(zheng):宰殺后(hou),肌(ji)肉(rou)(rou)豐滿緊(jin)密(mi)、有堅(jian)實(shi)感、顏色鮮(xian)艷、光澤潤(run)滑、水嫩多汁、紅色均勻,用手觸摸濕(shi)潤(run)不粘手、肌(ji)纖維韌性強、有彈(dan)性,胴體表(biao)面被覆一層(ceng)薄(bo)薄(bo)的白色、均勻的脂肪分布(bu),無膻味(wei)(wei)。煮(zhu)沸(fei)后(hou)的羊(yang)(yang)肉(rou)(rou)湯澄清透(tou)明,羊(yang)(yang)脂團浮聚于湯表(biao)面,香氣四溢,風味(wei)(wei)十足,具有鮮(xian)、香、濃等特色。
(2)涼(liang)山半(ban)細(xi)毛羊(yang)肉(rou)內在(zai)品質指標(biao)和風味(wei)特征:涼(liang)山半(ban)細(xi)毛羊(yang)羊(yang)肉(rou)經測(ce)定(ding):水份含(han)量(liang)(liang)為(wei)70.90%,蛋白質含(han)量(liang)(liang)23.31%,脂(zhi)肪含(han)量(liang)(liang)7.34%,灰分含(han)量(liang)(liang)0.85%。肌肉(rou)中(zhong)富含(han)多種氨(an)(an)基酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan),其中(zhong)賴氨(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)4.93%、組(zu)氨(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)1.85%、氨(an)(an)精酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)3.89%、蘇氨(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)2.64%、纈氨(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)2.75%、蛋氨(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)1.24%、異亮(liang)氨(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)2.69%、亮(liang)氨(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)4.77%、苯丙(bing)氨(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)2.37%。屠宰率高且鮮肉(rou)色澤純正(zheng),具有清香味(wei),熟肉(rou)肉(rou)質細(xi)嫩鮮美,肉(rou)湯香味(wei)濃郁,風味(wei)獨特。
(3)安全生產(chan)和產(chan)品質量控制:產(chan)地環(huan)境(jing)、飼(si)料環(huan)境(jing)、飼(si)養管理(li)、飲用水、獸藥的使用、疫病防治均符合地理(li)標志保護相(xiang)關規定。