產品簡介
石(shi)柱(zhu)黃(huang)(huang)連,重慶市石(shi)柱(zhu)土家(jia)族自治縣特產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan),中國(guo)國(guo)家(jia)地(di)理標志產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(原(yuan)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)地(di)域產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品)。因(yin)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)于該(gai)縣黃(huang)(huang)水森林(lin)公園,也稱“黃(huang)(huang)水黃(huang)(huang)蓮”。為毛(mao)茛科黃(huang)(huang)連屬植(zhi)物黃(huang)(huang)連Coptis chinensis Franch.,藥(yao)材商品為“味連”,系(xi)常用(yong)名(ming)貴中藥(yao),石(shi)柱(zhu)縣是黃(huang)(huang)蓮的原(yuan)始產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)區(qu)、中國(guo)黃(huang)(huang)蓮之鄉,所產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)因(yin)品質優良,被確定為“國(guo)藥(yao)”“地(di)道黃(huang)(huang)蓮”。
石(shi)柱“神農牌”黃(huang)連(lian)(lian)具有枝肥、肉厚、條長、色艷和(he)有效成份含(han)(han)量(liang)高等(deng)特點,其小檗(bo)堿(jian)(jian)(Berberine)(又稱黃(huang)連(lian)(lian)素(su))含(han)(han)量(liang)達5.20-7.69%(《中國藥典》2000年版規(gui)定不得小于3.6%);黃(huang)連(lian)(lian)生物堿(jian)(jian)(黃(huang)連(lian)(lian)堿(jian)(jian)(Coptise)、甲基黃(huang)連(lian)(lian)堿(jian)(jian)(Worenine)、巴馬亭(Palmatine)、藥根堿(jian)(jian)(Jatrorrhizine)等(deng))含(han)(han)量(liang)在0.5%以下。此外(wai),尚含(han)(han)木(mu)蘭花堿(jian)(jian)(Magnoforine)和(he)一種(zhong)青熒光酸(suan)(Lumicaruleicacid),即(ji)阿魏酸(suan)(Ferulic acid)。
石柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)黃(huang)蓮主要生產在石柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)縣(xian)(xian)黃(huang)水鎮(zhen)黃(huang)水國(guo)家森(sen)(sen)林(lin)公園(yuan)大(da)風堡(bao)原始森(sen)(sen)林(lin)區,該(gai)(gai)地(di)區獨(du)特的氣候、水質和土(tu)壤條件是(shi)石柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)黃(huang)蓮的最(zui)佳生長區,1991年,國(guo)家農(nong)業部投資在黃(huang)水鎮(zhen)建立(li)國(guo)家黃(huang)連(lian)(lian)GAP示范基地(di),該(gai)(gai)鎮(zhen)還建立(li)了中國(guo)最(zui)大(da)的黃(huang)連(lian)(lian)交(jiao)易市場。2009年,“石柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)黃(huang)連(lian)(lian)”地(di)理商標申(shen)報成功(gong)后,該(gai)(gai)縣(xian)(xian)黃(huang)連(lian)(lian)價格節(jie)節(jie)攀升,石柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)土(tu)家族(zu)自治縣(xian)(xian)發展到(dao)7000余(yu)人種(zhong)連(lian)(lian)。2010年在地(di)黃(huang)連(lian)(lian)達5萬余(yu)畝,每(mei)年可(ke)采收黃(huang)連(lian)(lian)約30萬公斤,產值突破3000萬元。
發展歷程
石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)柱(zhu)土家(jia)族(zu)自治縣(xian)(xian)盛(sheng)產(chan)(chan)名(ming)貴中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)黃(huang)(huang)連(lian),有中(zhong)(zhong)國黃(huang)(huang)連(lian)之(zhi)(zhi)鄉的美譽。據史料(liao)記(ji)載,742年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(唐天寶元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)柱(zhu)“上貢(gong)黃(huang)(huang)連(lian)十(shi)斤,木藥(yao)(yao)子(zi)百粒”。公元10-13世紀(ji)(北宋)地(di)理總志(zhi)《太平寰(huan)宇記(ji)》載:“忠(zhong)州(zhou)領五縣(xian)(xian):臨江(jiang)、豐都、墊(dian)江(jiang)、南(nan)賓、桂溪,土產(chan)(chan)苦藥(yao)(yao)子(zi)、黃(huang)(huang)連(lian)……”。時州(zhou)領五縣(xian)(xian),唯南(nan)賓(今石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)柱(zhu))縣(xian)(xian)產(chan)(chan)黃(huang)(huang)連(lian)。約1360年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(元末明(ming)初(chu))開始(shi)人工(gong)栽(zai)培始(shi)[2] 。1775年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(清乾(qian)隆(long)四十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))《石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)柱(zhu)廳志(zhi)》記(ji):“藥(yao)(yao)味(wei)廣產(chan)(chan),黃(huang)(huang)連(lian)尤(you)多,賈(jia)客往來,絡繹不(bu)絕”。20世紀(ji)初(chu)的民國時期,石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)柱(zhu)黃(huang)(huang)連(lian)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)量即達(da)4000擔(dan)。1934年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(民國二十(shi)三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))中(zhong)(zhong)國銀行所(suo)編《四川省之(zhi)(zhi)藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)》記(ji):“味(wei)連(lian),只有家(jia)種,專產(chan)(chan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)柱(zhu)”。1959年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)《四川醫學院學報(bao)》之(zhi)(zhi)《黃(huang)(huang)連(lian)史》曰:“峨(e)眉、洪雅(ya)野生品(pin)種馳名(ming)天下,石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)柱(zhu)栽(zai)培品(pin)種品(pin)質(zhi)優(you)良,產(chan)(chan)量甲全國”。1989年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)在(zai)首屆(jie)中(zhong)(zhong)國道地(di)藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)學術研討會上,石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)柱(zhu)黃(huang)(huang)連(lian)被確認為道地(di)黃(huang)(huang)連(lian)。
石柱黃連為(wei)毛(mao)茛科(ke)黃連屬植物黃連Coptis chinensis Franch.的干燥(zao)根(gen)莖(味連),采(cai)(cai)用搭(da)棚(peng)蔭蔽栽(zai)培,立夏(xia)采(cai)(cai)種,秋季播種(苗期兩年(nian)),春季移栽(zai),五年(nian)后秋季采(cai)(cai)挖,抖(dou)掉泥沙,剪除(chu)須(xu)根(gen)、莖葉,土炕柴火干燥(zao),竹籠脫毛(mao),撞去殘(can)留須(xu)根(gen)及泥沙,除(chu)去雜質即為(wei)成品。
產品特征
產品多集(ji)聚(ju)成簇,常彎曲(qu),形如(ru)雞爪(zhua),故俗(su)稱(cheng)“雞爪(zhua)連(lian)”,藥材商品為“味(wei)連(lian)”。表面(mian)(mian)灰黃色(se)或黃褐色(se),粗(cu)糙(cao),有不(bu)規則細節(jie)狀隆起、須(xu)根(gen)及須(xu)根(gen)殘(can)基,有的(de)節(jie)間表面(mian)(mian)平滑如(ru)莖(jing)干。上部多殘(can)留(liu)褐色(se)鱗片(pian),頂部常有殘(can)余的(de)莖(jing)或葉柄。質硬(ying),斷(duan)面(mian)(mian)不(bu)整齊,皮部橙(cheng)紅色(se)或暗棕色(se),木(mu)部鮮(xian)黃色(se)或橙(cheng)黃色(se),呈放射狀排列,髓部有的(de)中空。氣微,味(wei)極苦。
產品主含小(xiao)檗(bo)堿(黃連(lian)素(su)),另含黃連(lian)堿,甲(jia)基黃連(lian)堿、掌葉防己堿、非(fei)洲(zhou)防己堿、棕櫚堿、巴馬亭堿等(deng)多(duo)種(zhong)生物堿,尚含黃柏(bo)酮、黃柏(bo)內酯。性(xing)寒,味苦。入心、肝、膽(dan)、脾、胃、大腸六(liu)經(jing)。
食用功效
瀉火解毒、清熱燥(zao)濕(shi)(shi),有(you)抑菌、抗病(bing)毒、降壓(ya)、利(li)膽(dan)、利(li)尿、鎮靜、鎮痛和(he)增強白(bai)血(xue)球吞噬等(deng)作用,臨床(chuang)常用于(yu)(yu)煩熱神昏、心(xin)煩失眠、濕(shi)(shi)熱痞滿、腹(fu)痛瀉痢、目赤(chi)腫(zhong)痛、口舌(she)生瘡(chuang)、耳道流濃、牙痛、消(xiao)渴(ke)、濕(shi)(shi)疹(zhen)、濕(shi)(shi)瘡(chuang)、燙傷、吐(tu)血(xue)、衄血(xue)、癰腫(zhong)疔瘡(chuang)及婦人陰中(zhong)腫(zhong)痛等(deng)癥。酒黃(huang)(huang)連善(shan)清上焦之熱,用于(yu)(yu)目赤(chi)、口瘡(chuang)、牙痛、耳濃、喉腫(zhong)等(deng)五官(guan)疾(ji)患;姜(jiang)黃(huang)(huang)連清胃和(he)胃止嘔(ou),用于(yu)(yu)寒熱互結,痞滿嘔(ou)吐(tu);萸黃(huang)(huang)連舒(shu)肝(gan)和(he)胃止嘔(ou),用于(yu)(yu)肝(gan)胃不和(he),嘔(ou)吐(tu)吞酸(suan)。以黃(huang)(huang)連磨人乳(ru)治療(liao)(liao)眼(yan)疾(ji)效果甚佳。藥(yao)理(li)研究(jiu)證明(ming),黃(huang)(huang)連還具(ju)有(you)抗微生物及抗原蟲(chong)、抗癌(ai)、抗輻射、促進細胞(bao)代謝,改善(shan)循環系統,松弛平(ping)滑肌等(deng)作用。另有(you)研究(jiu)發現,黃(huang)(huang)連具(ju)有(you)降血(xue)脂、血(xue)糖、血(xue)壓(ya)功能,對治療(liao)(liao)糖尿病(bing)、心(xin)腦血(xue)管疾(ji)病(bing)、皮膚病(bing)和(he)某些腫(zhong)瘤有(you)一(yi)定療(liao)(liao)效。
地理位置
根(gen)據(ju)《中華人(ren)民共和國產(chan)(chan)品(pin)質量法》和《原(yuan)(yuan)產(chan)(chan)地(di)域(yu)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)保(bao)(bao)護規(gui)定》,國家(jia)質檢(jian)總局通過了對石柱(zhu)黃連(lian)原(yuan)(yuan)產(chan)(chan)地(di)域(yu)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)保(bao)(bao)護申請的審查,批準自2004年(nian)10月(yue)10日對石柱(zhu)黃連(lian)實施原(yuan)(yuan)產(chan)(chan)地(di)域(yu)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)保(bao)(bao)護(2004年(nian)第144號)。
石(shi)(shi)柱(zhu)黃(huang)(huang)連原產(chan)地域范(fan)圍以重(zhong)慶市石(shi)(shi)柱(zhu)土家族自治(zhi)縣(xian)人民政(zheng)府《關于(yu)石(shi)(shi)柱(zhu)黃(huang)(huang)連原產(chan)地域產(chan)品保護范(fan)圍的報(bao)告(gao)》(石(shi)(shi)柱(zhu)府文[2004]88號)提出(chu)的地域范(fan)圍為(wei)準,即重(zhong)慶市石(shi)(shi)柱(zhu)土家族自治(zhi)縣(xian)的黃(huang)(huang)水鎮(zhen)、楓木鄉(xiang)(xiang)、冷水鄉(xiang)(xiang)、悅崍鎮(zhen)、石(shi)(shi)家鄉(xiang)(xiang)、沙(sha)子鎮(zhen)、臨溪鎮(zhen)、王(wang)家鄉(xiang)(xiang)、三(san)(san)益(yi)鄉(xiang)(xiang)、橋頭(tou)鄉(xiang)(xiang)、中益(yi)鄉(xiang)(xiang)、龍潭鄉(xiang)(xiang)、洗新鄉(xiang)(xiang)、金(jin)竹(zhu)鄉(xiang)(xiang)、金(jin)玲鄉(xiang)(xiang)、六塘(tang)鄉(xiang)(xiang)、三(san)(san)星鄉(xiang)(xiang)、魚池鎮(zhen)、龍沙(sha)鎮(zhen)、大歇(xie)鄉(xiang)(xiang)、黃(huang)(huang)鶴(he)鄉(xiang)(xiang)、馬武(wu)鎮(zhen)、新樂鄉(xiang)(xiang)、下路鎮(zhen)、三(san)(san)河鄉(xiang)(xiang)、南賓鎮(zhen)等26個鄉(xiang)(xiang)鎮(zhen)所轄行政(zheng)區域。