電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器是專門為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)自行車(che)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶配置的(de)一個充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)的(de)重(zhong)要的(de)部件,一(yi)旦充電(dian)器損壞，電(dian)動車將“舉步艱難(nan)”繼而“寸步難(nan)行”。電(dian)動車充電(dian)器可分為兩種：

負脈沖充電器

鉛酸電池已經有100多年的(de)歷史了，開(kai)始全球(qiu)普遍沿引老的(de)觀(guan)點(dian)和操作(zuo)規程(cheng)：充、放電率(lv)為0.1C，壽命較長。美國(guo)人麥斯1967年向全世界公布用大于(yu)1C率脈沖電(dian)流充電(dian)，充電(dian)間歇時(shi)對電(dian)池放(fang)電(dian)。放(fang)電(dian)有利于消(xiao)除極(ji)化(hua)、降低(di)電(dian)解液溫(wen)度、提高極(ji)板接(jie)受電(dian)荷的能力。

我國一些科技工作者(zhe)在1969年前(qian)后(hou)，根(gen)據麥(mai)斯先生(sheng)的(de)三定律制作成功(gong)了多種品牌的(de)快速充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)循(xun)環過程是(shi)：大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流脈(mo)沖充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)→切斷充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路(lu)→對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池短暫(zan)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)→停止放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)→接(jie)通(tong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路(lu)→大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流脈(mo)沖充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)……

2000年前后(hou)，有人將這(zhe)一(yi)原(yuan)理用(yong)到(dao)了電(dian)動車充(chong)(chong)電(dian)器中，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)過程(cheng)中，不(bu)切(qie)斷(duan)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)通(tong)路(lu)，用(yong)小(xiao)電(dian)阻將電(dian)池(chi)短路(lu)瞬間(jian)，進行放(fang)電(dian)。短路(lu)時由于不(bu)切(qie)斷(duan)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)通(tong)路(lu)，在充(chong)(chong)電(dian)通(tong)路(lu)中串連了電(dian)感。一(yi)般(ban)在1秒內短路3－5毫秒（1秒＝1000毫秒），由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感里的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流不(bu)能跳變，短路時間短促，可以保護充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源轉換部(bu)分。如果把(ba)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流方向(xiang)叫正，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)自然為負(fu)了，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)這就是所謂的(de)“負(fu)脈沖(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器”。

三段式充電器

近幾年，電動車普遍使用了所謂三段式充電器，第一個階段叫恒流階段，第二個階段叫恒壓階段，第三個階段叫涓流階段。從電子技術角度針對電池而言：第一個階段叫充電限流階段，第二個階段叫高恒壓階段，第三個階段叫低恒壓階段比較貼切。第二階段和第三階段轉換時，面板指示燈相應變換，大多數充電器第一、二階段是紅燈，第三階段變綠燈。第二階段和第三階段的相互轉換是由充電電流決定的，大于某電流進入第一第二階段，小于某電流進入第三階段。這個電流叫轉換電流，也叫轉折電流。【詳細>>】

如上面的(de)電動車充電器(qi)電路圖所(suo)示。220v交(jiao)流電經T0雙(shuang)向濾波抑制干擾，D1整流為脈動(dong)直流，再經C11濾波形成穩定(ding)的300V左右的(de)直流電。U1為TL3842脈(mo)寬調制集成電(dian)路。其5腳(jiao)為電源負極，7腳為電源(yuan)正極，6腳為脈沖輸出直接(jie)驅動場效應(ying)管Q1（K1358）3腳為最大電流限制(zhi)，調整R25（2.5歐姆）的(de)阻(zu)值可以調整(zheng)充電(dian)器(qi)的(de)最(zui)大電(dian)流。2腳為電(dian)壓反饋，可以調(diao)節充電(dian)器(qi)的(de)輸出(chu)電(dian)壓。4腳外接振蕩電阻R1，和振蕩電(dian)容C1。

T1為高頻脈(mo)沖(chong)變壓(ya)(ya)器，其作用有三(san)個。第一是(shi)(shi)把高壓(ya)(ya)脈(mo)沖(chong)將壓(ya)(ya)為低壓(ya)(ya)脈(mo)沖(chong)。第二(er)是(shi)(shi)起(qi)到隔(ge)離(li)高壓(ya)(ya)的(de)作用，以防(fang)觸電。第三(san)是(shi)(shi)為uc3842提供(gong)工(gong)作電(dian)源。D4為高頻整流管（16A60V）C10為低(di)壓濾波電容，D5為12V穩壓(ya)二極管(guan)，U3（TL431）為(wei)精密基準電壓源，配合U2（光(guang)耦合器(qi)4N35）起到自動(dong)調(diao)節充電(dian)器電(dian)壓(ya)的作(zuo)用。調(diao)整w2（微調電(dian)阻）可(ke)以細調充電(dian)器(qi)的電(dian)壓(ya)。D10是電源指示燈。D6為充(chong)電指(zhi)示燈。R27是電(dian)(dian)流取(qu)樣(yang)電(dian)(dian)阻（0.1歐姆，5w）改變W1的阻值可以(yi)調(diao)整充電(dian)器(qi)轉浮充的拐點電(dian)流（200－300 mA）。

通電開始時(shi)，C11上(shang)有300v左右電壓。此電壓一(yi)路經T1加載(zai)到Q1。第二(er)路經R5，C8，C3，達到U1的(de)第7腳。強迫U1啟動。U1的6腳輸出方波脈沖，Q1工作，電流經R25到地。同(tong)時(shi)T1副線(xian)圈產生感(gan)應(ying)電壓，經D3，R12給(gei)U1提供可靠(kao)電源。T1輸(shu)出線圈的(de)電壓經D4，C10整流濾波得(de)到穩定的電(dian)壓。此電(dian)壓一(yi)路經D7（D7起到防止電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流倒灌(guan)給(gei)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)作用）給(gei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。第二路經R14，D5，C9，為LM358（雙(shuang)運算放大器，1腳為(wei)電源(yuan)地(di)，8腳為電(dian)源正(zheng)）及其外圍電(dian)路(lu)提供(gong)12V工(gong)作(zuo)電源。D9為LM358提(ti)供基準電壓(ya)，經R26，R4分壓達(da)到LM358的第二腳和第5腳。正常充電時，R27上端有(you)0.15－0.18V左右電壓，此電壓經R17加到LM358第三腳(jiao)，從1腳送出高(gao)電壓。

此電壓一路經R18，強迫Q2導通，D6（紅(hong)燈）點(dian)亮，第(di)二路注入LM358的6腳(jiao)，7腳輸出低電壓，迫使Q3關斷(duan)，D10（綠燈(deng)）熄滅，充(chong)電(dian)器進入恒流充(chong)電(dian)階(jie)段。當電(dian)池電(dian)壓上升到44.2V左(zuo)右時，充(chong)電(dian)器進入恒壓(ya)充(chong)電(dian)階段，輸出電(dian)壓(ya)維持(chi)在44.2V左右，充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)進入恒壓充(chong)電(dian)階(jie)段，電(dian)流(liu)逐漸減小。當(dang)充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)減小到200mA—300mA時，R27上端的電壓下降，LM358的3腳(jiao)電壓低于2腳(jiao)，1腳輸出(chu)低電壓，Q2關斷，D6熄(xi)滅。同時7腳輸出(chu)高電壓，此電壓一路使Q3導通(tong)，D10點(dian)亮。另一路經D8，W1到達反饋電(dian)(dian)(dian)路，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓降低。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器進入(ru)涓(juan)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)階段。1－2小(xiao)時后(hou)充電結束。【詳細>>】

確定電池電壓或輸出電壓

即確(que)定電動車電池電壓(ya)V或者是原(yuan)(yuan)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器的輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。方法有兩(liang)種，一是看原(yuan)(yuan)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器判(pan)斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓：一般電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓是48V，對(dui)應的原充電器輸出電壓(ya)是59V左右(you)；60V的(de)(de)電(dian)池，對應的(de)(de)原(yuan)輸出(chu)電(dian)壓是73.5V。第二種方法是(shi)看電(dian)(dian)池判斷電(dian)(dian)壓：一般電(dian)(dian)池組里有好幾個電(dian)(dian)池組成。型號是(shi)6—DZM—12/20，說明每個電(dian)池是(shi)12V的。所以，看電(dian)動車有(you)幾個電(dian)池，4個電池(chi)就(jiu)是(shi)48V。對(dui)于(yu)8—DZM—12/20的電(dian)池，每個電(dian)池是(shi)16V，4個電池組成(cheng)的就(jiu)是64V。

確定電池容量或輸出電流

確(que)定(ding)電(dian)動車電(dian)池的電(dian)池容量AH、或者是原(yuan)充電(dian)器的輸出(chu)電(dian)流。一看原(yuan)充電(dian)器判斷容量：原(yuan)充電(dian)器輸出(chu)電(dian)流是1.8A的說明電池是(shi)12AH。第(di)二看(kan)電池(chi)判斷電壓：一般電池(chi)盒里面(mian)的電池(chi)都有寫型(xing)號，比如6—DZM—12，12說明是12AH的電(dian)池，6—DZM—20，20說明(ming)是20AH的電(dian)池(chi)。三是根據充電(dian)一(yi)次(ci)跑的里程判斷：一(yi)般來說，1年左右(you)的電池，充滿一次跑(pao)25-40公里(li)的，12AH的充電器比(bi)較(jiao)合適(shi)。跑45-60公(gong)里的，20AH的比較合適(shi)。

確定充電器正負極

確定適合電動車(che)充(chong)電器(qi)接口形狀(zhuang)正(zheng)負極。市(shi)場上較普(pu)遍的(de)接口為(wei)T型品字頭(tou)、三(san)豎品字頭(tou)、中橫品字頭(tou)、圓頭(tou)，有(you)的(de)(de)品字插頭(tou)可能(neng)正負(fu)極不(bu)一樣。可以(yi)拿萬用表(biao)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)動車電(dian)(dian)瓶充(chong)電(dian)(dian)接口(kou)(kou)，找出那(nei)正負(fu)極，購買的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)輸出與充(chong)電(dian)(dian)插口(kou)(kou)一致就行，搞反了充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)正極對充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)負(fu)極會損壞(huai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)和電(dian)(dian)瓶。

判斷充電器質量

好的電(dian)動車(che)充電(dian)器是(shi)采用(yong)正負脈沖技術，能有(you)效(xiao)地防止、抑制、消除蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的硫化、極化。可使(shi)新電(dian)池(chi)(chi)容(rong)量(liang)保持較長(chang)時(shi)間穩定；令已極化、容(rong)量(liang)下降的舊電(dian)池(chi)(chi)容(rong)量(liang)恢復，有(you)效(xiao)延(yan)長(chang)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)使(shi)用(yong)壽命(ming)2~3倍。具有智能定時(shi)保護(hu)功(gong)(gong)能、溫(wen)度自動補(bu)償功(gong)(gong)能、電網瞬間沖(chong)擊保護(hu)、超強防潮防腐蝕性(xing)等(deng)等(deng)功(gong)(gong)能。

選擇品牌

一般(ban)來說電池損壞有4種原因(yin)：失(shi)水(shui)、硫化、失(shi)衡、熱失(shi)控（充(chong)(chong)(chong)鼓）。一(yi)定(ding)要選擇品(pin)牌名氣大、口(kou)碑好的(de)(de)產品(pin)，市場上不(bu)少劣質的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)器(qi)非常(chang)容易產生過充(chong)(chong)(chong)、欠充(chong)(chong)(chong)、失(shi)水(shui)、硫化等(deng)現象，對消費(fei)者的(de)(de)人(ren)身(shen)和財產安(an)全是非常(chang)大的(de)(de)隱患。大品(pin)牌的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)器(qi)產品(pin)都(dou)設計了很多充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)保護功(gong)能(neng)，大大增加(jia)了充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)的(de)(de)安(an)全與效率。【詳細>>】

電瓶車充電時間多長？

正確的充電時間(jian)為(wei)綠燈亮了后再浮充1—2小時，然后切斷電源。電動車充電器都沒有過充保護功能，雖然綠燈亮了，但由于不能切斷電源，其實電瓶仍在繼續充電，繼續分解、蒸發電瓶內的水分。【詳細>>】

充電時間過長有什么危害？

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)主要應把握兩個原(yuan)則(ze)：一是(shi)要淺放(fang)勤充(chong)(chong)。二是(shi)不能(neng)過充(chong)(chong)。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間過長會過量消耗電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)內的水分，加速極板的硫化過程，使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)因缺水而(er)容量漸漸下(xia)降，直至把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)充(chong)(chong)鼓、報(bao)廢(fei)。

電動車充電器通用嗎？

電動車充電器理論上是不可以通用的，通用與否主要是看電壓和電流是否一致，很多用戶都覺得只要能插上能亮燈就是可以通用了，其實這樣子很容易充壞蓄電池。【詳細>>】

1、電源不啟動：插電源，大(da)電容(rong)有300V電(dian)壓、拔掉(diao)電(dian)源再次測量大電(dian)容2端還(huan)是300V電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓不下降。給電(dian)(dian)(dian)容放電(dian)(dian)(dian)后，將(jiang)啟(qi)動電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻換(huan)掉(diao)即(ji)可。啟(qi)動電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻在電(dian)(dian)(dian)源輸入部分，阻值150K，功(gong)率2W。

2、啟動困難：有(you)時候能起到有(you)時候不(bu)能啟動，補焊線路板，后(hou)試(shi)(shi)機，如(ru)果依舊請將(jiang)輸入(ru)部(bu)分小電容換(huan)新再次試(shi)(shi)機，50V47UF。

3、電(dian)(dian)動車充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)一直綠燈：有四種情況。充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的轉(zhuan)換(huan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)損壞，不(bu)能轉(zhuan)換(huan)和充電(dian)(dian)，更(geng)換(huan)充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)；電(dian)(dian)池開(kai)焊，用(yong)萬用(yong)表(biao)檢查；充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)保險燒壞，更(geng)換(huan)充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)；電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)線與(yu)電(dian)(dian)池插口處脫落、接(jie)觸不(bu)良(liang)，檢查更(geng)換(huan)。

4、電(dian)動車充(chong)電(dian)器一直紅燈(deng)：這(zhe)是(shi)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)極(ji)化和電(dian)池(chi)失水(shui)的(de)原(yuan)因。及時保養處理就(jiu)能恢復。方法是(shi)；蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)加(jia)補15ML純水(shui)，用4安(an)的電流(liu)充電，充到電流(liu)降至1安，停放2個(ge)小(xiao)時，測量(liang)每個(ge)電池的電壓是13.3，如果某個達不到再把這個電(dian)池充電(dian)，達到為止。然(ran)后把電(dian)池串起(qi)來(lai)，就好了。

5、輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓高：通電(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓高于70多(duo)V，充電(dian)(dian)不轉燈，先將電(dian)(dian)路板補焊一(yi)遍，再次(ci)(ci)試機(ji)，如果還(huan)是電(dian)(dian)壓高(gao)，請更(geng)換光電(dian)(dian)耦合器、再次(ci)(ci)試機(ji)、還(huan)是輸出高(gao)，更(geng)換431基準穩壓器(qi)，再次試機(ji)。

6、發熱量大且伴有異常響聲：故障原因是輸出級消振(zhen)阻容R31、C17損壞所致。另外，C12開(kai)路或虛焊(han)也會引起上述故障。

7、輸出電(dian)壓(ya)不穩定(ding)：先(xian)將(jiang)(jiang)電(dian)路板(ban)補(bu)焊一(yi)遍，后試機，然后將(jiang)(jiang)輸出端電(dian)容63V470UF電容換新試機即可。

8、充電(dian)不(bu)轉燈：用檢測(ce)儀測(ce)試(shi)各(ge)項(xiang)數據(ju)，然后(hou)將358或(huo)者324換新(xin)試機。

9、輸(shu)出電(dian)壓正常，但充電(dian)電(dian)流很小(xiao)：檢查R30、R11、R13是否接觸(chu)不良(liang)或損(sun)壞，如正常請更換IC1即可排除故障。

10、通(tong)電(dian)燒保險(xian)：先檢測功率管(guan)擊穿沒有，沒有的話將4個整流二極管(guan)全部換新(xin)，試(shi)機。

11、通電(dian)無(wu)輸(shu)出：通電(dian)試機，大電(dian)容(rong)2端有(you)300V電(dian)壓，且慢慢下降，首先檢測輸出端大二極管擊穿沒有，補焊，再次試機。

12、通電亮2個紅(hong)燈(deng)：通(tong)電試機，空載電壓是否正常，然后(hou)將358或324換新試機。

13、通電(dian)無(wu)輸出：能正常啟動，指示(shi)燈(deng)正常，先將輸出線(xian)換新，對于有繼(ji)電(dian)器(qi)的充電(dian)器(qi)直接短路繼(ji)電(dian)器(qi)試機(ji)。

14、通(tong)電閃(shan)燈：請補焊變壓(ya)器(qi)各(ge)引腳，然后(hou)試(shi)機，如果依舊，請檢查431、光電(dian)耦合器(qi)、輸出部分各(ge)二極管是否(fou)(fou)短(duan)路(lu)，變壓器(qi)磁芯是否(fou)(fou)松動，電(dian)源(yuan)輸入(ru)部分10歐小電阻是否開(kai)路。或代換3842再次試機。

15、充電不轉(zhuan)燈：先用測(ce)試儀檢測(ce)各項數據，一般充新電池電壓不高于59.5，充半年左右電(dian)池不(bu)高于58.8，為正常，高于此(ci)電壓可能不轉燈。

16、輸出電壓低：補(bu)焊(han)線(xian)路板。試機，然后將輸入輸出大(da)電容(rong)換新再次試機。

17、輸出(chu)低，發(fa)燙：如果輸出(chu)電壓(ya)低于40多V，且功率管，變(bian)壓(ya)器發燙，一般(ban)為變(bian)壓(ya)器有問題。

18、吱吱叫，發熱，充電(dian)(dian)不足：通電(dian)(dian)測量大電(dian)(dian)容(rong)電(dian)(dian)壓，只要低于300V，一般電容失(shi)效(xiao)，更換即可。【詳細>>】