新能源車電池種類

新能源汽車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)可(ke)以分為兩大類，即(ji)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)和燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)適用于(yu)純新能源汽(qi)車，可(ke)以歸類為鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)、鎳基電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)（鎳一氫及鎳一金(jin)屬氫化(hua)物電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)、鎳一福及鎳一鋅電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)）、鈉?電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)（鈉一硫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)和鈉一氯化(hua)鎳電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)）、二次鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)、空(kong)氣(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)等(deng)類型。而燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)專用于(yu)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)新能源汽(qi)車，可(ke)以分為堿性燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(AFC)、磷酸燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(PAFC)、熔融碳(tan)酸鹽燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(MCFC)、固(gu)體氧化(hua)物燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(SOFC)、質子交換膜燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(PEMFC)、直接(jie)甲醇燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(DMFC)等(deng)類型。

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新能源車電池壽命

電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)壽(shou)命(ming)(ming)有“干貯存壽(shou)命(ming)(ming)“和”濕貯存壽(shou)命(ming)(ming)“。這(zhe)兩個概念僅是(shi)針對電(dian)池(chi)(chi)自放(fang)電(dian)大小而言的(de)(de)，并非(fei)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)實際使用期限。電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)真正壽(shou)命(ming)(ming)是(shi)指電(dian)池(chi)(chi)實際使用的(de)(de)時(shi)間長短。對一次電(dian)池(chi)(chi)而言，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)壽(shou)命(ming)(ming)是(shi)表征給出額定容量的(de)(de)工(gong)作時(shi)間（與放(fang)電(dian)倍率大小有關）。

對(dui)二次(ci)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)而言(yan)，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)分充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)循環壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)和(he)濕擱置使用(yong)壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)兩(liang)種(zhong)。充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)循環壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)，是衡量(liang)二次(ci)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)性(xing)能的一(yi)個(ge)重要參數(shu)。經受一(yi)次(ci)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)和(he)放電(dian)(dian)，稱為一(yi)次(ci)循環（或一(yi)個(ge)周期）。在一(yi)定(ding)的充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)制度下，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)容量(liang)降至某一(yi)規定(ding)值之(zhi)前，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)能耐受的充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)次(ci)數(shu)，稱為二次(ci)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)循環壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)。

充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)循環壽命(ming)越長，電(dian)(dian)池的性能越好。在目前常用的二次(ci)(ci)(ci)電(dian)(dian)池中(zhong)，鎘鎳電(dian)(dian)池的充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)循環壽命(ming)500~800次(ci)(ci)(ci)，鉛酸電(dian)(dian)池200~500次(ci)(ci)(ci)，鋰離子電(dian)(dian)池600~1000次(ci)(ci)(ci)，鋅銀電(dian)(dian)池很(hen)短，約100次(ci)(ci)(ci)左右。

二(er)次(ci)電(dian)(dian)池的充(chong)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)循(xun)環壽命(ming)與放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)深度、溫度、充(chong)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)制式等條件(jian)有(you)關。所謂”放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)深度“是指電(dian)(dian)池放(fang)(fang)(fang)出的容量(liang)(liang)占額(e)定容量(liang)(liang)的百分數。減少放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)深度（即“淺(qian)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)”），二(er)次(ci)電(dian)(dian)池的充(chong)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)循(xun)環壽命(ming)可(ke)以大(da)大(da)延長(chang)。

濕擱(ge)(ge)置使用壽(shou)命(ming)，也是(shi)衡量二次電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)性能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)重要參(can)數(shu)之(zhi)一。它是(shi)指電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)加入了電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液后開始進行(xing)充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)循環直至充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)循環壽(shou)命(ming)終(zhong)止的(de)(de)(de)時間（包括充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)循環過程(cheng)中電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)處于放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)態濕擱(ge)(ge)置的(de)(de)(de)時間）。濕擱(ge)(ge)置使用壽(shou)命(ming)越(yue)長，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)性能(neng)越(yue)好。在目前常(chang)用的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)中，鎘鎳(nie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)濕擱(ge)(ge)置使用壽(shou)命(ming)2~3年(nian)，鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)3~5年(nian)，鋰離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)5~8年(nian)，鋅銀(yin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)最短，只有1年(nian)左右。

新能源車充電方式

1、便攜充電

便攜充(chong)電(dian)是(shi)指使(shi)用隨車(che)附帶的便攜充(chong)電(dian)線連接普通家用插(cha)座充(chong)電(dian)。這是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)非常方便的充(chong)電(dian)方式，只要能找到插(cha)座，就可以充(chong)電(dian)。但(dan)是(shi)其充(chong)電(dian)速度就不敢恭維(wei)了。一(yi)般來(lai)說，普通家用插(cha)座的電(dian)壓為220V，電(dian)流(liu)為10A，理(li)論上功(gong)率為2.2kW，而在實(shi)際使(shi)用中，充(chong)電(dian)功(gong)率一(yi)般來(lai)說只有1.5kW。奇瑞eQ電(dian)動汽車(che)上配備(bei)的便攜充(chong)電(dian)裝置。

也就是說(shuo)，使(shi)用便(bian)攜充電裝置，為一輛(liang)北汽新能(neng)源EV200純電動汽車(續(xu)航(hang)里(li)程200km，電池容量30.4kWh)充滿電需要20小時，為一輛(liang)比(bi)亞迪e6純電動汽車(續(xu)航(hang)300km，電池容量57kWh)充滿電需要近40小時。這種速度簡直(zhi)讓人無(wu)法忍受，只能(neng)是作為其他充電方(fang)(fang)式的一種補充，方(fang)(fang)便(bian)用戶隨時補電。

2、家用充電

家(jia)(jia)用(yong)充電(dian)樁(zhuang)是(shi)(shi)最常(chang)見的(de)(de)一(yi)種充電(dian)樁(zhuang)。一(yi)般私人(ren)用(yong)戶購買電(dian)動汽(qi)車都(dou)(dou)會附(fu)贈一(yi)個家(jia)(jia)用(yong)充電(dian)樁(zhuang)。當然，光有(you)樁(zhuang)是(shi)(shi)不夠的(de)(de)，還需(xu)要(yao)有(you)車位并(bing)且(qie)物業(ye)同意安裝。寶(bao)馬i3所(suo)配備(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)i Wallbox Pro充電(dian)墻(qiang)盒，功率(lv)為(wei)7.4kWh。在(zai)充電(dian)速度方(fang)面，由于每個廠商提供的(de)(de)充電(dian)樁(zhuang)規格(ge)都(dou)(dou)不一(yi)樣，所(suo)以充電(dian)速度也不盡相同。寶(bao)馬i3所(suo)配備(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)i Wallbox Pro充電(dian)墻(qiang)盒功率(lv)為(wei)7.4kW。啟辰晨風有(you)2種家(jia)(jia)用(yong)充電(dian)樁(zhuang)，低配版(ban)的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)3.6kW，高(gao)配版(ban)的(de)(de)則是(shi)(shi)6.6kW。騰勢同樣提供2種家(jia)(jia)用(yong)充電(dian)柜可(ke)供使用(yong)，功率(lv)分別為(wei)10kW和20kW。

3、公共充電

家用(yong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)雖(sui)(sui)然(ran)不(bu)錯，但(dan)還(huan)有(you)(you)很多(duo)用(yong)戶由(you)于沒有(you)(you)固定車位(wei)或是物(wu)業(ye)不(bu)配合，無法(fa)安裝(zhuang)家用(yong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)。對他們來說，公共充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)就(jiu)成(cheng)了唯(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)選擇。如果家里(li)不(bu)能建充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)，就(jiu)只能到(dao)公共充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)了。公共充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般由(you)國(guo)家電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)、南方電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)這(zhe)(zhe)類電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力企業(ye)建設(she)并維(wei)護(hu)經(jing)營。在(zai)今(jin)后(hou)，隨著(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車產業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)熟，也(ye)會有(you)(you)不(bu)少(shao)民(min)營資(zi)本(ben)進入這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)領域。公共充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般分為快(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)和(he)慢(man)(man)(man)(man)充(chong)(chong)(chong)，前者使用(yong)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，后(hou)者使用(yong)交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。直流(liu)(liu)快(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)：以(yi)常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)家電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)快(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)為例，其(qi)輸(shu)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為380V，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)可(ke)以(yi)達到(dao)50A，輸(shu)出功率可(ke)達19kW。不(bu)過，為了保護(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)容(rong)量(liang)達到(dao)80%以(yi)后(hou)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)就(jiu)會慢(man)(man)(man)(man)慢(man)(man)(man)(man)下降到(dao)10A左右。所(suo)以(yi)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)般用(yong)快(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)到(dao)80%以(yi)后(hou)，應該(gai)換到(dao)慢(man)(man)(man)(man)充(chong)(chong)(chong)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)滿，這(zhe)(zhe)樣效率更(geng)高一(yi)(yi)(yi)些。交流(liu)(liu)慢(man)(man)(man)(man)充(chong)(chong)(chong)：由(you)于成(cheng)本(ben)等方面有(you)(you)優勢(shi)，交流(liu)(liu)慢(man)(man)(man)(man)充(chong)(chong)(chong)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)數量(liang)較多(duo)。雖(sui)(sui)然(ran)直流(liu)(liu)快(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速度更(geng)快(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)，但(dan)是受用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)荷(he)和(he)建樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)成(cheng)本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)限(xian)制，在(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)里(li)，直流(liu)(liu)快(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)數量(liang)肯(ken)定是占少(shao)數的(de)(de)(de)(de)。為了利用(yong)有(you)(you)限(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)資(zi)源為更(geng)多(duo)人提供充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)服(fu)務，必須補充(chong)(chong)(chong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)些交流(liu)(liu)慢(man)(man)(man)(man)充(chong)(chong)(chong)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)。

如何快速找到充電樁

電動汽車車主可以通過網上城市服務內“汽車充電站”，通過地圖篩查和關鍵字查詢迅速找到最近的充電站，在手機里實時查(cha)看(kan)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)槍的(de)使用狀態。以(yi)后(hou)，車主不會再(zai)發生趕到充(chong)(chong)電(dian)站才發現充(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)已(yi)經(jing)被占用，需要等至少一兩個小時的(de)窘境。而且，通過汽車充(chong)(chong)電(dian)站可以(yi)直接操作啟動或(huo)停止(zhi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)，并在充(chong)(chong)電(dian)結(jie)束(shu)后(hou)一站式完成支付。

目前,“汽車充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)站”充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)網路已覆蓋119個城市。這意(yi)味著(zhu)(zhu)這119個城市內(nei)近80萬電(dian)(dian)動汽車車主可以享受上述(shu)查(cha)找、支(zhi)付等服務(wu)。電(dian)(dian)動汽車充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)一直面(mian)臨著(zhu)(zhu)找充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)難的(de)(de)問題，制(zhi)約(yue)了行(xing)業的(de)(de)發展(zhan)。此前，市面(mian)上各(ge)類充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)都是由不同的(de)(de)運營商(shang)各(ge)自(zi)為(wei)政，使用獨立的(de)(de)APP。車主的(de)(de)手(shou)機必須裝十(shi)幾(ji)個甚至二十(shi)幾(ji)個APP才能(neng)保證能(neng)在就近不同運營商(shang)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)站充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)。

如今，網(wang)上(shang)推出“汽(qi)車(che)充(chong)電(dian)站”之后，車(che)主只需要用一個APP便(bian)可以完成。只要你(ni)(ni)打開網(wang)上(shang)汽(qi)車(che)充(chong)電(dian)站，便(bian)會(hui)顯示附近的(de)充(chong)電(dian)樁，你(ni)(ni)需要點擊距離你(ni)(ni)最近的(de)一個充(chong)電(dian)樁，頁面(mian)便(bian)會(hui)顯示其地(di)址，那么你(ni)(ni)可以直接導航過去，非常便(bian)利(li)。

新能源車充電注意事項

1、充電時間

正確掌握充電時間(jian)一般(ban)情況(kuang)蓄電池充電時間(jian)在十小時左右，要(yao)避免過度充電。準(zhun)備出行時要(yao)提前安排好途中(zhong)充電，避免行駛中(zhong)電量不足。

2、充電頻率

建議(yi)每天(tian)(tian)都(dou)充電(dian)就算平時(shi)行駛(shi)路程不多，還是(shi)建議(yi)每天(tian)(tian)都(dou)充電(dian)，這(zhe)樣使電(dian)池(chi)處于(yu)淺循環狀態，電(dian)池(chi)的壽(shou)命(ming)會延長。原理就像手機電(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)一(yi)樣，隨(sui)時(shi)都(dou)可(ke)以充。

3、存放

嚴(yan)禁存放時(shi)虧電(dian)(dian)(dian)在(zai)虧電(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態(tai)下(xia)存放電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，很容易出(chu)(chu)現硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鹽化，硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛結晶物附著在(zai)極板(ban)上，會堵塞電(dian)(dian)(dian)離(li)子通道，造成充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)足，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池容量下(xia)降(jiang)。虧電(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態(tai)閑置時(shi)間越長，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池損壞越重。因此，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池閑置不(bu)用時(shi)，應每月(yue)補充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)一次，這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)能較(jiao)好地保持電(dian)(dian)(dian)池健(jian)康狀態(tai)。所以，平(ping)時(shi)若(ruo)不(bu)經常用車，也必(bi)須要(yao)打著車。這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)才不(bu)會造成車輛不(bu)必(bi)要(yao)的(de)問題(ti)出(chu)(chu)現。