一、純電動汽車是什么意思
純電動汽車是(shi)(shi)指由電(dian)(dian)(dian)機驅動(dong),且驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能來源于車(che)(che)載(zai)可充電(dian)(dian)(dian)能量儲存系統(tong)(REESS)的(de)汽車(che)(che)。純(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)是(shi)(shi)指以車(che)(che)載(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源為(wei)動(dong)力,用電(dian)(dian)(dian)機驅動(dong)車(che)(che)輪行(xing)駛,符合道路(lu)交通、安全(quan)法規各項要求的(de)車(che)(che)輛。由于對環境影響相對傳統(tong)汽車(che)(che)較(jiao)小,其(qi)前(qian)景被廣泛看(kan)好,但當前(qian)技術尚(shang)不成熟。
純電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)(Battery Electric Vehicle,簡稱BEV),它是(shi)完全(quan)由可充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)池(如(ru)鉛酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)池、鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)池、鎳氫電(dian)(dian)池或鋰離(li)子電(dian)(dian)池)提供動力源的(de)汽(qi)車(che)。雖然它已(yi)有186年(nian)的(de)悠久歷史,但一直僅限于某些(xie)特定范圍內(nei)應用,市場較小。主要原因是(shi)由于各種類(lei)別的(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)池普遍(bian)存在價格(ge)高、壽命短、外形尺寸(cun)和重量大、充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時間長等不足。
二、純電動汽車的基本結構和原理
純電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)由車(che)(che)(che)載(zai)電(dian)源,電(dian)池管理(li)系統,電(dian)源輔(fu)助設施,電(dian)動(dong)機,控制器,底(di)盤,車(che)(che)(che)身七部分組成(cheng),按照(zhao)傳統汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)的(de)結構劃分,也可以將純電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)分為(wei)電(dian)動(dong)機,底(di)盤,車(che)(che)(che)身和(he)電(dian)氣四部分。
1、電動機
電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)是電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車的動(dong)力(li)裝置,電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車的心臟,它是依據電(dian)(dian)磁感應原理實(shi)現(xian)電(dian)(dian)能轉換一種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)磁裝置,它的主要(yao)作(zuo)用(yong)是產生旋轉遠動(dong),作(zuo)為用(yong)電(dian)(dian)設備或各種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)的動(dong)力(li)源(yuan)。
2、發電機
發電機的(de)(de)主要作(zuo)用是(shi)將機械能(neng)轉化(hua)為電能(neng),在電動汽車上(shang)起能(neng)量(liang)回收的(de)(de)作(zuo)用。
3、冷卻系統
冷(leng)(leng)卻系統通常由散(san)熱器(qi),水泵,風扇(shan),節溫(wen)器(qi),冷(leng)(leng)卻液溫(wen)度表等(deng)組成,電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車電(dian)動(dong)機采用兩種方式散(san)熱,空氣冷(leng)(leng)卻和(he)水冷(leng)(leng)卻,通常的電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車多采用水冷(leng)(leng)。
4、傳動系統
因為電(dian)動汽車具有良好的牽引(yin)特性,所以(yi)不需要離合器和變速(su)箱,車速(su)控(kong)制(zhi)由控(kong)制(zhi)器通(tong)過(guo)調速(su)系統改變電(dian)動機(ji)的轉(zhuan)速(su)就可以(yi)實現(xian)。
5、行駛系統
也就是(shi)(shi)底(di)盤(pan),和(he)燃油車(che)(che)(che)相似,主(zhu)要包(bao)括車(che)(che)(che)架,車(che)(che)(che)橋,車(che)(che)(che)輪,和(he)懸架等,電動(dong)汽車(che)(che)(che)行駛系統的(de)(de)作(zuo)用是(shi)(shi)接(jie)收電動(dong)機經(jing)傳動(dong)系統傳來的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)矩,并通過驅動(dong)輪和(he)路面間的(de)(de)附著作(zuo)用,產生路面對(dui)汽車(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)牽引力,以確保(bao)正常行駛。
6、蓄電池
蓄電池池的作用就是給電動機提供用電,為了滿足電動汽車對(dui)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)(de)需求,通常(chang)由多個12V或24V的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)串,并聯(lian)形成的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組作(zuo)為(wei)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)源,動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源組的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)是(shi)155V~400V,以周(zhou)期性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)來補充電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng),動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組是(shi)純電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵裝備,它儲(chu)存(cun)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)及(ji)其自身的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)量(liang)和體積對(dui)純電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車的(de)(de)(de)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)起決定性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用。