簡介
中國農科院果樹研究
所(suo)在全(quan)國蘋(pin)(pin)果(guo)區(qu)劃意見(jian)中,把(ba)昭(zhao)(zhao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)定(ding)為(wei)全(quan)國蘋(pin)(pin)果(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)最適(shi)(shi)宜區(qu)。與(yu)北(bei)方蘋(pin)(pin)果(guo)產(chan)區(qu)相(xiang)比,昭(zhao)(zhao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)蘋(pin)(pin)果(guo)具有四(si)(si)大優(you)(you)勢(shi)(shi)(shi):一是(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態優(you)(you)勢(shi)(shi)(shi)。從氣(qi)候條件上(shang)(shang)看(kan)冬無嚴(yan)寒、夏無酷暑、年較差(cha)小、日較差(cha)大,光照充足(zu),雨(yu)量適(shi)(shi)中,光、熱、水資(zi)源(yuan)豐富,是(shi)蘋(pin)(pin)果(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)最適(shi)(shi)宜區(qu)。由(you)于地(di)處云貴(gui)高原,紫外(wai)(wai)線強烈,晝(zhou)夜溫差(cha)大,有機質(zhi)積累較快,大大利(li)于蘋(pin)(pin)果(guo)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)條件上(shang)(shang)看(kan)昭(zhao)(zhao)、魯兩(liang)縣(xian)區(qu)屬于農業大縣(xian),大氣(qi)環境(jing)(jing)清潔,無工(gong)業污(wu)染,發展無公害蘋(pin)(pin)果(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)具有得天獨厚的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)然條件。二(er)是(shi)品(pin)質(zhi)優(you)(you)勢(shi)(shi)(shi)。由(you)于得天獨厚的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)然環境(jing)(jing),所(suo)產(chan)蘋(pin)(pin)果(guo)色澤鮮艷(yan),肉質(zhi)細脆、甜酸適(shi)(shi)度,汁液豐富,風味濃郁(yu),多次獲省優(you)(you)質(zhi)水果(guo)稱號及(ji)全(quan)國第二(er)屆農業博(bo)覽(lan)會銀(yin)獎,昭(zhao)(zhao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)蘋(pin)(pin)果(guo)在西(xi)(xi)南(nan)三(san)省、兩(liang)廣(guang)、東南(nan)亞聞(wen)名(ming)遐邇。三(san)是(shi)早熟優(you)(you)勢(shi)(shi)(shi),昭(zhao)(zhao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)蘋(pin)(pin)果(guo)具有較北(bei)方產(chan)區(qu)早熟一個月的(de)(de)(de)特點,在北(bei)方蘋(pin)(pin)果(guo)尚未成(cheng)熟時,昭(zhao)(zhao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)蘋(pin)(pin)果(guo)即成(cheng)熟上(shang)(shang)市,其早熟種在7月上(shang)(shang)中旬即成(cheng)熟,晚熟品(pin)種9月中旬成(cheng)熟,銷(xiao)(xiao)售(shou)時間較北(bei)方具有較大的(de)(de)(de)市場(chang)空間和(he)市場(chang)競(jing)爭(zheng)優(you)(you)勢(shi)(shi)(shi)。四(si)(si)是(shi)區(qu)位(wei)(wei)優(you)(you)勢(shi)(shi)(shi),市場(chang)廣(guang)闊。昭(zhao)(zhao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)市地(di)處云、貴(gui)、川三(san)省結合(he)部。這些省市由(you)于氣(qi)候因素,基(ji)本不產(chan)蘋(pin)(pin)果(guo)。昭(zhao)(zhao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)與(yu)國內(nei)蘋(pin)(pin)果(guo)產(chan)區(qu)山東、陜西(xi)(xi)等產(chan)區(qu)相(xiang)比,具有地(di)理位(wei)(wei)置上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)優(you)(you)勢(shi)(shi)(shi)以及(ji)在多年的(de)(de)(de)銷(xiao)(xiao)售(shou)中已形成(cheng)了(le)固定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)消費市場(chang),所(suo)產(chan)蘋(pin)(pin)果(guo)可(ke)北(bei)上(shang)(shang)四(si)(si)川、重(zhong)慶(qing),東進貴(gui)州、湖(hu)南(nan)、湖(hu)北(bei),南(nan)下廣(guang)東、廣(guang)西(xi)(xi)。除(chu)此之外(wai)(wai),南(nan)下東南(nan)亞也僅(jin)三(san)天即可(ke)實現由(you)田間到餐桌(zhuo)。昭(zhao)(zhao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)蘋(pin)(pin)果(guo)銷(xiao)(xiao)往香港(gang)、泰國、緬甸、越(yue)南(nan)等國地(di)區(qu),東盟自(zi)由(you)貿易區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)建設,更為(wei)昭(zhao)(zhao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)蘋(pin)(pin)果(guo)銷(xiao)(xiao)售(shou)提(ti)供了(le)廣(guang)闊的(de)(de)(de)市場(chang)。
為(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)(le)(le)發(fa)揮昭(zhao)(zhao)通(tong)自然(ran)資源優勢(shi),幫助農(nong)民盡快脫貧(pin)致(zhi)富。1989年農(nong)業(ye)(ye)部將(jiang)(jiang)昭(zhao)(zhao)通(tong)列(lie)為(wei)(wei)我國南(nan)(nan)方優質蘋(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)生產(chan)基(ji)地(di),1996年云南(nan)(nan)省又將(jiang)(jiang)昭(zhao)(zhao)通(tong)列(lie)為(wei)(wei)省優質蘋(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)生產(chan)基(ji)地(di)。基(ji)地(di)列(lie)項后(hou),蘋(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)生產(chan)得到了(le)(le)(le)(le)前所未(wei)有(you)的(de)(de)重(zhong)視,從地(di)委行署到市(shi)縣政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)都將(jiang)(jiang)蘋(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)生產(chan)列(lie)為(wei)(wei)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)結構(gou)調整(zheng)的(de)(de)大范(fan)疇加(jia)以考慮,納(na)入了(le)(le)(le)(le)各級政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)部門領導(dao)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)生產(chan)的(de)(de)內管和議(yi)事來加(jia)以研究。首先(xian)在(zai)昭(zhao)(zhao)、魯(lu)兩市(shi)縣分別成立了(le)(le)(le)(le)蘋(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)基(ji)地(di)建(jian)設領導(dao)小(xiao)組(zu),通(tong)過制定水(shui)果(guo)(guo)(guo)發(fa)展(zhan)規(gui)劃(hua)、行政(zheng)(zheng)管理(li)法規(gui)和政(zheng)(zheng)策措施(shi)(shi)運(yun)用行政(zheng)(zheng)職(zhi)能和經濟調節手段,加(jia)強對蘋(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)生產(chan)建(jian)設的(de)(de)領導(dao)。二是在(zai)昭(zhao)(zhao)通(tong)的(de)(de)永豐、土城(cheng)、灑(sa)漁、樂居、守(shou)望、小(xiao)龍洞(dong)、北閘、蒙泉、蘇家院及(ji)魯(lu)甸的(de)(de)桃(tao)源、巖洞(dong)、文屏、茨(ci)院等鄉(xiang)鎮擴大種(zhong)植(zhi)面積,發(fa)展(zhan)規(gui)模生產(chan)。三、進行了(le)(le)(le)(le)大量(liang)的(de)(de)品種(zhong)引試和更新換代(dai),先(xian)后(hou)引入新品種(zhong)30余個,通(tong)過篩選(xuan),選(xuan)出(chu)了(le)(le)(le)(le)紅(hong)(hong)富士、新紅(hong)(hong)星、喬納(na)金、神沙(sha)、2001、紅(hong)(hong)王將(jiang)(jiang)、美國八(ba)號等一(yi)批(pi)適應(ying)我區更新換代(dai)的(de)(de)品種(zhong)積極組(zu)織(zhi)推廣應(ying)用。紅(hong)(hong)富士系、新紅(hong)(hong)星、喬納(na)金已逐替(ti)代(dai)了(le)(le)(le)(le)原有(you)金帥、國光、元帥等老品種(zhong),逐漸形成了(le)(le)(le)(le)早中(zhong)晚熟的(de)(de)合理(li)搭(da)配。基(ji)地(di)建(jian)設工作的(de)(de)實施(shi)(shi)有(you)效地(di)促進了(le)(le)(le)(le)昭(zhao)(zhao)通(tong)蘋(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)。
從品種(zhong)與(yu)貯(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)藏(zang)(zang)特性來看(kan),早(zao)中(zhong)(zhong)熟(shu)(shu)蘋(pin)果(guo)成熟(shu)(shu)后(hou),肉質細(xi),多甜中(zhong)(zhong)帶(dai)酸(suan),易生果(guo)銹,貯(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)藏(zang)(zang)后(hou)易發綿,不宜(yi)久貯(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),適宜(yi)鮮銷;在(zai)常(chang)溫(wen)下(xia),早(zao)熟(shu)(shu)蘋(pin)果(guo)的(de)貯(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)藏(zang)(zang)期(qi)(qi)(qi)僅為7~10d,中(zhong)(zhong)熟(shu)(shu)蘋(pin)果(guo)的(de)貯(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)藏(zang)(zang)期(qi)(qi)(qi)為20 ~ 30d,故(gu)早(zao)中(zhong)(zhong)熟(shu)(shu)蘋(pin)果(guo)只能作(zuo)短(duan)期(qi)(qi)(qi)貯(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)藏(zang)(zang)。而晚熟(shu)(shu)紅(hong)富士(shi)等(deng)(deng)蘋(pin)果(guo)因色(se)澤好(hao)、 內質緊實(shi)、含糖量高(gao),積(ji)累養分較(jiao)多,故(gu)貯(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)藏(zang)(zang)期(qi)(qi)(qi)較(jiao)長(chang),通常(chang)在(zai)常(chang)溫(wen)下(xia)可貯(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)2~3個月,可自然存放到春節,也可用冷藏(zang)(zang)等(deng)(deng)方法長(chang)期(qi)(qi)(qi)貯(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)藏(zang)(zang),且貯(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)后(hou)果(guo)實(shi)品質變化甚微(wei)。因此,人們首選紅(hong)富士(shi)蘋(pin)果(guo)貯(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)藏(zang)(zang)保鮮。
發展
為了將昭通(tong)蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)進(jin)一(yi)(yi)步做(zuo)大(da)(da)、做(zuo)強,昭通(tong)市(shi)委、政府又將蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)列(lie)為全(quan)市(shi)六大(da)(da)優(you)(you)(you)勢(shi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye),把扶(fu)持和培育(yu)蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展作為農村經濟戰(zhan)略(lve)性結構調整的(de)(de)重要舉措來(lai)抓(zhua),不(bu)斷加大(da)(da)投入力(li)度(du)。各相關部門緊緊圍繞“以(yi)(yi)提(ti)(ti)(ti)高果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)品(pin)(pin)競爭力(li)和實(shi)(shi)現增效、增收(shou)為目的(de)(de),以(yi)(yi)提(ti)(ti)(ti)高質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)為核(he)心,以(yi)(yi)標(biao)準(zhun)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)為突破口,通(tong)過區(qu)域化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)布(bu)局,專(zhuan)業(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan),一(yi)(yi)體化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)經營(ying)(ying),社(she)會(hui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)服務(wu),企(qi)業(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)管理的(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)運(yun)作模式,優(you)(you)(you)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)調整品(pin)(pin)種結構,加強果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園基礎設施(shi)建(jian)設,改善生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)環(huan)境(jing)條件,吸(xi)收(shou)、消化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、利用國(guo)內優(you)(you)(you)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)先進(jin)技(ji)術并將其組裝配套(tao),主攻果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)品(pin)(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang),強化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)商(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)意識,培育(yu)知名(ming)品(pin)(pin)牌(pai)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)圍繞果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)品(pin)(pin)采(cai)后(hou)商(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)處理加工(gong)及(ji)市(shi)場開發(fa)(fa),健全(quan)社(she)會(hui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)服務(wu)體系,努力(li)提(ti)(ti)(ti)高昭通(tong)蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)業(ye)的(de)(de)整體競爭力(li)和效益”新時期蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)發(fa)(fa)展指導思(si)想,以(yi)(yi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)經營(ying)(ying)模式發(fa)(fa)展蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)。一(yi)(yi)方面,在蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)區(qu)廣泛開展了低產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園改造、無(wu)公害(hai)蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan),精品(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園建(jian)設、及(ji)強拉枝、大(da)(da)改形(xing)、疏(shu)花疏(shu)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、夏季(ji)修剪、果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)套(tao)袋、配方施(shi)肥等(deng)優(you)(you)(you)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)新技(ji)術,努力(li)提(ti)(ti)(ti)高果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)品(pin)(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。另(ling)一(yi)(yi)方面,切實(shi)(shi)加強蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)采(cai)后(hou)分級(ji)、包裝商(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)處理,“昭錦”、“南國(guo)紅”、“昭陽紅”等(deng)一(yi)(yi)些品(pin)(pin)牌(pai)也應(ying)運(yun)而生(sheng)(sheng),有效改變了我市(shi)蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)形(xing)象。同(tong)時,通(tong)過招商(shang)(shang)引資,建(jian)立年(nian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)濃縮汁5萬(wan)噸(dun)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)線2條,第一(yi)(yi)條生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)線已于2007年(nian)投產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)。昭陽區(qu)委、區(qu)政府兩次舉辦(ban)“蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)節”推介昭通(tong)蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),擴(kuo)大(da)(da)了昭通(tong)蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)知名(ming)度(du)和影響力(li)。同(tong)時,還采(cai)取一(yi)(yi)系列(lie)優(you)(you)(you)惠政策,扶(fu)持和培育(yu)龍(long)頭企(qi)業(ye)、營(ying)(ying)銷(xiao)(xiao)大(da)(da)戶(hu)搞好蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)營(ying)(ying)銷(xiao)(xiao)。產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)運(yun)作有效促進(jin)了昭通(tong)蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)發(fa)(fa)展。昭、魯壩(ba)區(qu)蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)種植面積(ji)達(da)到20.5萬(wan)畝,實(shi)(shi)現產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)(liang)22.2萬(wan)噸(dun),產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)值達(da)2.37億元。昭通(tong)蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)除銷(xiao)(xiao)往云、貴、川三省及(ji)廣東、廣西、香港等(deng)地外,還遠銷(xiao)(xiao)緬甸(dian)、泰(tai)國(guo)、越南等(deng)東南亞國(guo)家(jia),每年(nian)外銷(xiao)(xiao)量(liang)(liang)(liang)達(da)到6000多噸(dun)。蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)已成為昭魯壩(ba)區(qu)農民增收(shou)致富的(de)(de)重要產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)之一(yi)(yi)。