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形態特征

高大草本，高40-160厘米，大部分地下生。莖不分枝或自(zi)基部分2-4枝，下部直徑可達5-10（-15）厘米(mi)，向上漸(jian)變細，直徑2-5厘米(mi)。葉寬卵形(xing)或(huo)(huo)三(san)角狀(zhuang)卵形(xing)，長(chang)0.5-1.5厘米，寬1-2厘米，生于莖下部的(de)較(jiao)(jiao)密(mi)，上部的(de)較(jiao)(jiao)稀疏并變狹，披針形(xing)或(huo)(huo)狹披針形(xing)，長(chang)2-4厘米，寬0.5-1厘米，兩(liang)面(mian)無毛(mao)。花(hua)序(xu)穗狀(zhuang)，長(chang)15-50厘米，直徑4-7厘米；花(hua)序(xu)下半部或(huo)(huo)全部苞片較(jiao)(jiao)長(chang)，與(yu)花(hua)冠等長(chang)或(huo)(huo)稍長(chang)，卵狀(zhuang)披針形(xing)、披針形(xing)或(huo)(huo)線狀(zhuang)披針形(xing)，連同小苞片和花(hua)冠裂片外面(mian)及邊緣疏被柔毛(mao)或(huo)(huo)近無毛(mao)；小苞片2枚(mei)，卵狀(zhuang)披針形(xing)或(huo)(huo)披針形(xing)，與(yu)花(hua)萼等長(chang)或(huo)(huo)稍長(chang)。

花萼鐘(zhong)狀，長(chang)(chang)(chang)1-1.5厘米，頂(ding)(ding)端5淺裂(lie)(lie)，裂(lie)(lie)片(pian)近(jin)圓形，長(chang)(chang)(chang)2.5-4毫(hao)米，寬3-5毫(hao)米。花冠筒(tong)狀鐘(zhong)形，長(chang)(chang)(chang)3-4厘米，頂(ding)(ding)端5裂(lie)(lie)，裂(lie)(lie)片(pian)近(jin)半圓形，長(chang)(chang)(chang)4-6毫(hao)米，寬0.6-1厘米，邊緣常稍(shao)外(wai)卷(juan)，顏(yan)色有變(bian)異(yi)，淡黃白色或淡紫色，干(gan)后常變(bian)棕褐色。雄蕊4枚，花絲(si)著生于距筒(tong)基部5-6毫(hao)米處，長(chang)(chang)(chang)1.5-2.5厘米，基部被(bei)皺(zhou)曲長(chang)(chang)(chang)柔(rou)(rou)毛，花藥長(chang)(chang)(chang)卵形，長(chang)(chang)(chang)3.5-4.5毫(hao)米，密被(bei)長(chang)(chang)(chang)柔(rou)(rou)毛，基部有驟尖頭。

子(zi)房橢圓形，長約1厘米，基部(bu)有(you)蜜腺，花柱比雄蕊稍長，無毛(mao)，柱頭(tou)近(jin)球形。蒴(shuo)果卵球形，長1.5-2.7厘米，直(zhi)徑1.3-1.4厘米，項端常(chang)具(ju)宿存的(de)花柱，2瓣開裂(lie)。種子(zi)橢圓形或近(jin)卵形，長約0.6-1毫米，外面網狀，有(you)光澤(ze)。花期5-6月，果期6-8月。

產地分布

產內蒙古(gu)、寧夏（阿佐(zuo)旗(qi)）、甘肅（昌馬(ma)）及(ji)新(xin)疆和田。模式標本采自內蒙古(gu)巴(ba)彥淖爾盟阿拉善旗(qi)。

生長環境

喜生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)于輕度(du)鹽(yan)漬化的(de)(de)松軟沙地(di)(di)(di)上(shang)，一般生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)在(zai)(zai)沙地(di)(di)(di)或半固定沙丘、干涸(he)老河床、湖盆低地(di)(di)(di)等(deng)，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)境(jing)條件很差(cha)。適宜(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)區的(de)(de)氣候干旱，降雨量少，蒸發量大，日(ri)照時(shi)數長(chang)，晝夜溫差(cha)大。土(tu)壤以灰棕漠土(tu)、棕漠土(tu)為(wei)主(zhu)。寄(ji)主(zhu)梭(suo)梭(suo)為(wei)強(qiang)旱生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)植物。肉蓯蓉多(duo)寄(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)(zai)其30-100厘米(mi)深的(de)(de)側根(gen)上(shang)。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)于海拔225-1150m的(de)(de)荒(huang)漠中(zhong)，寄(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)(zai)藜科植物梭(suo)梭(suo)、白(bai)梭(suo)梭(suo)等(deng)植物的(de)(de)根(gen)上(shang)。

內蒙古肉蓯蓉歷史淵源

內蒙古(gu)(gu)肉(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)是寄生(sheng)在(zai)荒漠(mo)(mo)植物梭梭根(gen)部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種珍貴藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材，在(zai)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)傳(chuan)統(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材中(zhong)(zhong)已(yi)有(you)(you)(you)近(jin)2000年的(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)歷(li)史，我(wo)(wo)國(guo)古(gu)(gu)今著(zhu)(zhu)名的(de)(de)(de)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)典(dian)籍(ji)論著(zhu)(zhu)中(zhong)(zhong)對肉(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)長環境、外形特征、藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)食特性、經濟(ji)價值、歷(li)史淵(yuan)源等均有(you)(you)(you)詳(xiang)(xiang)細(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)記(ji)載(zai)。如我(wo)(wo)國(guo)現(xian)(xian)存歷(li)史最(zui)悠久的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物學專(zhuan)著(zhu)(zhu) ——《神(shen)(shen)農(nong)本草經》中(zhong)(zhong)對肉(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)有(you)(you)(you)詳(xiang)(xiang)細(xi)(xi)(xi)記(ji)載(zai)：“肉(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)，味甘，微溫，主(zhu)五(wu)勞七傷，補（莖(jing)）中(zhong)(zhong)，除(chu)莖(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)寒(han)熱痛，養五(wu)臟，強(qiang)陰(yin)，益精氣(qi)”。我(wo)(wo)國(guo)現(xian)(xian)存記(ji)載(zai)最(zui)全(quan)的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物學專(zhuan)著(zhu)(zhu) ——《本草綱目》中(zhong)(zhong)對肉(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)有(you)(you)(you)詳(xiang)(xiang)細(xi)(xi)(xi)記(ji)載(zai)“此物補而不(bu)(bu)峻，故(gu)有(you)(you)(you)從容之號(hao)，氣(qi)味甘、微溫、無毒，主(zhu)治五(wu)勞七傷，補中(zhong)(zhong)，除(chu)莖(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)寒(han)熱痛，養五(wu)臟，強(qiang)陰(yin)益精氣(qi)，多子(zi)(zi)”。我(wo)(wo)國(guo)最(zui)權威的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物執行標準——《中(zhong)(zhong)華人(ren)民(min)共和(he)國(guo)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)典(dian)》中(zhong)(zhong)對肉(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)亦(yi)有(you)(you)(you)詳(xiang)(xiang)細(xi)(xi)(xi)記(ji)載(zai)“肉(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)補腎(shen)陽(yang)(yang)，益精血(xue)，潤腸通便。用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)腎(shen)陽(yang)(yang)不(bu)(bu)足(zu)，精血(xue)虧虛，陽(yang)(yang)痿不(bu)(bu)孕，筋骨無力，腸燥(zao)便秘(mi)”。關于(yu)內蒙古(gu)(gu)肉(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)，在(zai)當(dang)地(di)蒙古(gu)(gu)族牧(mu)民(min)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)這樣(yang)(yang)一(yi)個流傳(chuan)久遠的(de)(de)(de)故(gu)事(shi)，傳(chuan)說當(dang)年一(yi)代天(tian)驕成吉(ji)思(si)汗在(zai)著(zhu)(zhu)名的(de)(de)(de)十三冀之戰中(zhong)(zhong)，與對手札木合集結重(zhong)兵大戰，成吉(ji)思(si)汗暫時失(shi)利(li)，被圍困(kun)于(yu)長滿(man)梭梭的(de)(de)(de)沙(sha)漠(mo)(mo)中(zhong)(zhong)，饑(ji)渴難耐，人(ren)困(kun)馬乏，此時正值農(nong)歷(li)三九(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)第三天(tian)，天(tian)寒(han)地(di)凍，示威的(de)(de)(de)扎木合當(dang)眾殘忍(ren)地(di)把俘虜用(yong)(yong)(yong)大鍋煮殺，不(bu)(bu)料(liao)卻激怒了(le)天(tian)神(shen)(shen)，天(tian)神(shen)(shen)派出的(de)(de)(de)神(shen)(shen)馬一(yi)躍到成吉(ji)思(si)汗面前，仰天(tian)長嘯，將精血(xue)射(she)到梭梭根(gen)部(bu)(bu)，然后用(yong)(yong)(yong)蹄子(zi)(zi)刨出大量像神(shen)(shen)馬生(sheng)殖器(qi)一(yi)樣(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)塊根(gen)，這塊根(gen)即肉(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)，成吉(ji)思(si)汗與將領們(men)吃了(le)肉(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)，神(shen)(shen)力涌現(xian)(xian)，沖下(xia)沙(sha)山，一(yi)舉擊潰扎木合部(bu)(bu)落，這一(yi)戰乃(nai)為統(tong)一(yi)蒙古(gu)(gu)奠定了(le)基礎，并由此拉開征服歐亞大陸的(de)(de)(de)序幕。傳(chuan)說歸傳(chuan)說。近(jin)年來，人(ren)們(men)對肉(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)的(de)(de)(de)化學成分(fen)和(he)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)理作用(yong)(yong)(yong)進(jin)一(yi)步分(fen)析，發現(xian)(xian)除(chu)了(le)具有(you)(you)(you)傳(chuan)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)補腎(shen)功(gong)能外，更兼有(you)(you)(you)抵抗衰老、增(zeng)強(qiang)記(ji)憶、提(ti)高免疫(yi)力等各種功(gong)能。

內蒙古肉蓯蓉的知名度：

內(nei)蒙(meng)(meng)古肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)是(shi)(shi)沙(sha)漠地(di)區特有(you)(you)(you)的(de)名(ming)貴中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，具有(you)(you)(you)獨特的(de)補(bu)腎，抗衰老(lao)(lao)，抗老(lao)(lao)年(nian)癡(chi)呆，調節免疫，抗氧化，增強體力，抗輻射，鎮靜(jing)，促(cu)進(jin)傷口(kou)愈合，保(bao)(bao)護缺血心肌，提(ti)高(gao)消(xiao)(xiao)化功(gong)能，保(bao)(bao)護神經，保(bao)(bao)肝，通便，腫瘤輔助治療，提(ti)高(gao)記憶(yi)力等(deng)15—16種藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)功(gong)能，被譽為(wei)(wei)“沙(sha)漠人(ren)(ren)參”而(er)(er)(er)馳名(ming)中(zhong)(zhong)外。原全國人(ren)(ren)大常委會(hui)副(fu)委員長(chang)吳階平院士(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)首屆肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)學術研(yan)討會(hui)稱肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)是(shi)(shi)“大漠絕品、中(zhong)(zhong)華奇(qi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)”。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)《神草農本草經》中(zhong)(zhong)將其列為(wei)(wei)上品，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)歷代中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)典籍中(zhong)(zhong)，肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)出現頻度最(zui)高(gao)，而(er)(er)(er)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)抗衰老(lao)(lao)、延年(nian)類藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)古方中(zhong)(zhong)，其出現頻率僅次(ci)于(yu)人(ren)(ren)參，居第(di)二位。目(mu)前(qian)，隨著經濟發展(zhan)，生(sheng)活水平提(ti)高(gao)和(he)(he)社會(hui)人(ren)(ren)口(kou)老(lao)(lao)齡化，養身保(bao)(bao)健(jian)和(he)(he)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)色原生(sheng)態產(chan)品越(yue)來越(yue)被人(ren)(ren)們(men)重視和(he)(he)青睞(lai)，“回歸大自然(ran)”和(he)(he)“綠(lv)(lv)(lv)色消(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)”熱(re)潮風(feng)靡全球，天然(ran)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)消(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)者心目(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)地(di)位不(bu)斷(duan)提(ti)升,人(ren)(ren)們(men)普(pu)遍希(xi)望(wang)于(yu)靠(kao)天然(ran)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)治病，已(yi)解決化學藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)的(de)毒副(fu)作用(yong)(yong)、抗藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)性(xing)及藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)源性(xing)疾病等(deng)問題(ti)。因此(ci)，人(ren)(ren)們(men)紛(fen)(fen)紛(fen)(fen)尋求健(jian)康(kang)的(de)希(xi)望(wang)轉向了純天然(ran)、無污染、素有(you)(you)(you)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)色藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)品美譽之稱的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)草藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)。內(nei)蒙(meng)(meng)古肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)作為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)草藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)國已(yi)有(you)(you)(you)2000多年(nian)的(de)應用(yong)(yong)歷史，目(mu)前(qian)，其主要產(chan)品有(you)(you)(you)肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)酒、肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)口(kou)服液(ye)、肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)膠囊、肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)保(bao)(bao)健(jian)飲料、肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)茶、肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)濃縮液(ye)以(yi)及各種含有(you)(you)(you)肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)成(cheng)分的(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)丸、藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)膏、片(pian)劑、粉劑等(deng)產(chan)品，不(bu)斷(duan)研(yan)發推出的(de)新產(chan)品跨越(yue)了醫藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)領域，廣泛(fan)進(jin)入食品、美容保(bao)(bao)健(jian)、養身等(deng)高(gao)檔(dang)生(sheng)活領域。肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)產(chan)品消(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)不(bu)但在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)國內(nei)日(ri)漸看(kan)好，而(er)(er)(er)且已(yi)進(jin)入國際市場，深受漢(han)文化影響(xiang)的(de)日(ri)本、韓國和(he)(he)東南(nan)亞(ya)一帶(dai)需(xu)求也很可觀，每年(nian)從我國進(jin)口(kou)大量的(de)干品肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)。而(er)(er)(er)且，不(bu)論在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)國藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)界還是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)國外藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)界，普(pu)遍認為(wei)(wei)內(nei)蒙(meng)(meng)古肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)是(shi)(shi)道地(di)的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)。