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形態特征

高大草本，高40-160厘米，大部分地下生。莖不分枝(zhi)(zhi)或自基部(bu)(bu)分2-4枝(zhi)(zhi)，下部(bu)(bu)直徑可達5-10（-15）厘米(mi)，向(xiang)上漸變細，直徑2-5厘米(mi)。葉寬卵形(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)三角(jiao)狀(zhuang)卵形(xing)(xing)，長(chang)(chang)0.5-1.5厘(li)米，寬1-2厘(li)米，生(sheng)于莖下(xia)部的較(jiao)(jiao)密(mi)，上部的較(jiao)(jiao)稀(xi)疏(shu)并變狹，披(pi)(pi)(pi)針形(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)狹披(pi)(pi)(pi)針形(xing)(xing)，長(chang)(chang)2-4厘(li)米，寬0.5-1厘(li)米，兩(liang)面無(wu)毛(mao)。花序(xu)穗狀(zhuang)，長(chang)(chang)15-50厘(li)米，直徑4-7厘(li)米；花序(xu)下(xia)半部或(huo)(huo)全部苞片(pian)較(jiao)(jiao)長(chang)(chang)，與花冠等長(chang)(chang)或(huo)(huo)稍(shao)長(chang)(chang)，卵狀(zhuang)披(pi)(pi)(pi)針形(xing)(xing)、披(pi)(pi)(pi)針形(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)線狀(zhuang)披(pi)(pi)(pi)針形(xing)(xing)，連同小苞片(pian)和花冠裂片(pian)外面及邊(bian)緣疏(shu)被(bei)柔毛(mao)或(huo)(huo)近無(wu)毛(mao)；小苞片(pian)2枚，卵狀(zhuang)披(pi)(pi)(pi)針形(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)披(pi)(pi)(pi)針形(xing)(xing)，與花萼等長(chang)(chang)或(huo)(huo)稍(shao)長(chang)(chang)。

花萼鐘(zhong)狀，長(chang)(chang)1-1.5厘米(mi)(mi)，頂端5淺裂，裂片(pian)近圓形(xing)(xing)，長(chang)(chang)2.5-4毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)，寬3-5毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)。花冠筒(tong)狀鐘(zhong)形(xing)(xing)，長(chang)(chang)3-4厘米(mi)(mi)，頂端5裂，裂片(pian)近半圓形(xing)(xing)，長(chang)(chang)4-6毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)，寬0.6-1厘米(mi)(mi)，邊緣常稍外卷，顏色(se)(se)有(you)變異(yi)，淡(dan)黃白色(se)(se)或(huo)淡(dan)紫色(se)(se)，干后常變棕褐色(se)(se)。雄蕊(rui)4枚(mei)，花絲著生于距筒(tong)基(ji)部(bu)5-6毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)處(chu)，長(chang)(chang)1.5-2.5厘米(mi)(mi)，基(ji)部(bu)被(bei)皺曲長(chang)(chang)柔(rou)毛(mao)，花藥長(chang)(chang)卵形(xing)(xing)，長(chang)(chang)3.5-4.5毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)，密被(bei)長(chang)(chang)柔(rou)毛(mao)，基(ji)部(bu)有(you)驟尖頭。

子(zi)房橢圓形(xing)(xing)，長(chang)約1厘(li)米，基(ji)部有蜜腺(xian)，花柱(zhu)比雄蕊稍長(chang)，無毛(mao)，柱(zhu)頭近(jin)球形(xing)(xing)。蒴果(guo)卵球形(xing)(xing)，長(chang)1.5-2.7厘(li)米，直(zhi)徑1.3-1.4厘(li)米，項端常具(ju)宿存的花柱(zhu)，2瓣開裂。種子(zi)橢圓形(xing)(xing)或近(jin)卵形(xing)(xing)，長(chang)約0.6-1毫米，外(wai)面網狀，有光澤。花期(qi)5-6月，果(guo)期(qi)6-8月。

產地分布

產內蒙(meng)古、寧夏（阿(a)佐(zuo)旗）、甘肅（昌(chang)馬）及新疆和(he)田。模式標本采自內蒙(meng)古巴彥淖爾盟阿(a)拉善旗。

生長環境

喜(xi)生于輕度鹽(yan)漬化的松軟(ruan)沙(sha)地(di)上(shang)，一般生長在(zai)沙(sha)地(di)或半固定沙(sha)丘、干(gan)涸老(lao)河床、湖盆(pen)低地(di)等(deng)，生境條件很差(cha)。適宜生長區(qu)的氣候干(gan)旱(han)，降雨量(liang)少，蒸發量(liang)大，日照時數(shu)長，晝夜溫差(cha)大。土壤以(yi)灰棕(zong)漠土、棕(zong)漠土為主(zhu)。寄主(zhu)梭(suo)(suo)梭(suo)(suo)為強旱(han)生植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)。肉(rou)蓯蓉多寄生在(zai)其30-100厘(li)米深的側根上(shang)。生于海拔225-1150m的荒漠中，寄生在(zai)藜(li)科植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)梭(suo)(suo)梭(suo)(suo)、白梭(suo)(suo)梭(suo)(suo)等(deng)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)的根上(shang)。

內蒙古肉蓯蓉歷史淵源

內蒙古(gu)肉(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)是寄(ji)生在(zai)荒漠植物梭(suo)(suo)(suo)梭(suo)(suo)(suo)根(gen)部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)珍貴(gui)藥(yao)(yao)材，在(zai)我(wo)國傳(chuan)(chuan)統中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)材中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)已有(you)(you)(you)近(jin)2000年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使用歷史，我(wo)國古(gu)今著名的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)醫藥(yao)(yao)典(dian)籍(ji)論著中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)對(dui)肉(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生長環境、外(wai)形(xing)特征、藥(yao)(yao)食(shi)特性(xing)、經(jing)濟(ji)價值、歷史淵(yuan)源等均(jun)有(you)(you)(you)詳(xiang)細(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)記(ji)(ji)載(zai)。如我(wo)國現(xian)存歷史最悠(you)久(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)物學(xue)專著 ——《神農(nong)本草(cao)經(jing)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)對(dui)肉(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)有(you)(you)(you)詳(xiang)細(xi)記(ji)(ji)載(zai)：“肉(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)，味甘(gan)，微溫，主五勞七傷，補（莖）中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，除莖中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寒熱(re)痛(tong)，養五臟(zang)，強陰(yin)(yin)，益(yi)精(jing)氣(qi)”。我(wo)國現(xian)存記(ji)(ji)載(zai)最全的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)物學(xue)專著 ——《本草(cao)綱目》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)對(dui)肉(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)有(you)(you)(you)詳(xiang)細(xi)記(ji)(ji)載(zai)“此(ci)(ci)物補而不峻(jun)，故有(you)(you)(you)從容之號(hao)，氣(qi)味甘(gan)、微溫、無(wu)毒(du)，主治五勞七傷，補中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，除莖中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寒熱(re)痛(tong)，養五臟(zang)，強陰(yin)(yin)益(yi)精(jing)氣(qi)，多子”。我(wo)國最權(quan)威(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)物執(zhi)行(xing)標準——《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華人(ren)民共和國藥(yao)(yao)典(dian)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)對(dui)肉(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)亦有(you)(you)(you)詳(xiang)細(xi)記(ji)(ji)載(zai)“肉(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)補腎(shen)陽，益(yi)精(jing)血(xue)，潤腸通(tong)便。用于腎(shen)陽不足(zu)，精(jing)血(xue)虧虛(xu)，陽痿不孕，筋骨無(wu)力，腸燥便秘”。關于內蒙古(gu)肉(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)，在(zai)當地蒙古(gu)族牧民中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)這樣一(yi)(yi)個(ge)流傳(chuan)(chuan)久(jiu)遠(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)故事，傳(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)當年(nian)一(yi)(yi)代天(tian)驕(jiao)成(cheng)吉(ji)思汗在(zai)著名的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)十(shi)三冀(ji)之戰中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，與對(dui)手札木合集結重(zhong)兵大(da)戰，成(cheng)吉(ji)思汗暫(zan)時失利，被圍困(kun)于長滿梭(suo)(suo)(suo)梭(suo)(suo)(suo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沙漠中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，饑(ji)渴(ke)難耐，人(ren)困(kun)馬乏(fa)，此(ci)(ci)時正值農(nong)歷三九的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第三天(tian)，天(tian)寒地凍，示威(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)扎木合當眾殘忍地把俘虜用大(da)鍋(guo)煮殺，不料卻激怒了天(tian)神，天(tian)神派出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)神馬一(yi)(yi)躍(yue)到(dao)成(cheng)吉(ji)思汗面(mian)前，仰天(tian)長嘯，將(jiang)(jiang)精(jing)血(xue)射(she)到(dao)梭(suo)(suo)(suo)梭(suo)(suo)(suo)根(gen)部(bu)，然后用蹄子刨出大(da)量像神馬生殖器(qi)一(yi)(yi)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)塊根(gen)，這塊根(gen)即肉(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)，成(cheng)吉(ji)思汗與將(jiang)(jiang)領們(men)吃了肉(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)，神力涌現(xian)，沖下沙山，一(yi)(yi)舉(ju)擊潰扎木合部(bu)落，這一(yi)(yi)戰乃為統一(yi)(yi)蒙古(gu)奠定了基礎，并由此(ci)(ci)拉(la)開(kai)征服歐(ou)亞大(da)陸(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)序幕。傳(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)歸傳(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)。近(jin)年(nian)來，人(ren)們(men)對(dui)肉(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化學(xue)成(cheng)分(fen)和藥(yao)(yao)理作用進一(yi)(yi)步(bu)分(fen)析，發現(xian)除了具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)傳(chuan)(chuan)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)補腎(shen)功能外(wai)，更兼(jian)有(you)(you)(you)抵抗衰老(lao)、增強記(ji)(ji)憶、提高免疫力等各種(zhong)功能。

內蒙古肉蓯蓉的知名度：

內蒙(meng)古肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)是(shi)沙(sha)漠地(di)區特(te)(te)有(you)的(de)名(ming)(ming)貴中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)，具(ju)有(you)獨特(te)(te)的(de)補腎，抗(kang)衰老(lao)(lao)，抗(kang)老(lao)(lao)年(nian)(nian)癡呆(dai)，調節免疫，抗(kang)氧化，增強體(ti)力，抗(kang)輻射，鎮靜(jing)，促(cu)進(jin)傷(shang)口(kou)愈合，保(bao)(bao)(bao)護缺血心肌，提(ti)高(gao)(gao)消化功能(neng)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)護神經(jing)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)肝，通便，腫瘤輔助治(zhi)療，提(ti)高(gao)(gao)記(ji)憶力等(deng)15—16種藥(yao)(yao)用(yong)功能(neng)，被譽為(wei)“沙(sha)漠人(ren)(ren)參”而馳名(ming)(ming)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)外。原全(quan)國人(ren)(ren)大常委會副(fu)委員(yuan)長吳階平院(yuan)士在(zai)首屆肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)學術研討會稱肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)是(shi)“大漠絕品(pin)(pin)(pin)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華奇(qi)藥(yao)(yao)”。在(zai)《神草(cao)農本(ben)草(cao)經(jing)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)將其(qi)(qi)列(lie)為(wei)上(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)，在(zai)歷(li)代中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)典籍(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)出(chu)現頻度最(zui)高(gao)(gao)，而在(zai)抗(kang)衰老(lao)(lao)、延年(nian)(nian)類藥(yao)(yao)古方(fang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)(qi)出(chu)現頻率僅次于人(ren)(ren)參，居第二(er)位(wei)。目(mu)前，隨著經(jing)濟(ji)發展，生活水平提(ti)高(gao)(gao)和(he)社會人(ren)(ren)口(kou)老(lao)(lao)齡化，養身(shen)保(bao)(bao)(bao)健(jian)和(he)綠色原生態產品(pin)(pin)(pin)越(yue)來越(yue)被人(ren)(ren)們(men)(men)重視和(he)青(qing)睞，“回歸大自然”和(he)“綠色消費(fei)”熱潮風靡全(quan)球，天然藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)在(zai)消費(fei)者心目(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)地(di)位(wei)不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)提(ti)升,人(ren)(ren)們(men)(men)普遍希望(wang)(wang)于靠(kao)天然藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)治(zhi)病(bing)，已(yi)解(jie)決化學藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)的(de)毒副(fu)作(zuo)用(yong)、抗(kang)藥(yao)(yao)性(xing)(xing)及(ji)藥(yao)(yao)源(yuan)性(xing)(xing)疾病(bing)等(deng)問(wen)題(ti)。因此，人(ren)(ren)們(men)(men)紛(fen)紛(fen)尋求健(jian)康的(de)希望(wang)(wang)轉向(xiang)了純天然、無污染(ran)、素有(you)綠色藥(yao)(yao)品(pin)(pin)(pin)美(mei)譽之稱的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)草(cao)藥(yao)(yao)。內蒙(meng)古肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)作(zuo)為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)草(cao)藥(yao)(yao)在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國已(yi)有(you)2000多年(nian)(nian)的(de)應用(yong)歷(li)史，目(mu)前，其(qi)(qi)主要產品(pin)(pin)(pin)有(you)肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)酒、肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)口(kou)服液、肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)膠囊、肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)保(bao)(bao)(bao)健(jian)飲料、肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)茶、肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)濃縮液以(yi)及(ji)各種含有(you)肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)成分的(de)藥(yao)(yao)丸(wan)、藥(yao)(yao)膏、片(pian)劑(ji)、粉劑(ji)等(deng)產品(pin)(pin)(pin)，不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)研發推出(chu)的(de)新產品(pin)(pin)(pin)跨(kua)越(yue)了醫藥(yao)(yao)領(ling)域，廣泛進(jin)入(ru)(ru)食品(pin)(pin)(pin)、美(mei)容保(bao)(bao)(bao)健(jian)、養身(shen)等(deng)高(gao)(gao)檔生活領(ling)域。肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)產品(pin)(pin)(pin)消費(fei)不(bu)(bu)但在(zai)國內日(ri)漸看好，而且已(yi)進(jin)入(ru)(ru)國際市場，深受(shou)漢文化影(ying)響(xiang)的(de)日(ri)本(ben)、韓國和(he)東南亞一帶需求也很可(ke)觀，每年(nian)(nian)從(cong)我國進(jin)口(kou)大量的(de)干(gan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)。而且，不(bu)(bu)論(lun)在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國藥(yao)(yao)材界(jie)還(huan)是(shi)在(zai)國外藥(yao)(yao)材界(jie)，普遍認為(wei)內蒙(meng)古肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)是(shi)道地(di)的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)材。