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形態特征

高大草本，高40-160厘米，大部分地下生。莖不分枝(zhi)或自基部分2-4枝(zhi)，下部直徑可達5-10（-15）厘米，向上漸變細(xi)，直徑2-5厘米。葉(xie)寬卵形(xing)或(huo)三角狀卵形(xing)，長(chang)(chang)(chang)0.5-1.5厘(li)米(mi)(mi)，寬1-2厘(li)米(mi)(mi)，生于莖下(xia)部的較密，上部的較稀(xi)疏并變狹，披(pi)針(zhen)形(xing)或(huo)狹披(pi)針(zhen)形(xing)，長(chang)(chang)(chang)2-4厘(li)米(mi)(mi)，寬0.5-1厘(li)米(mi)(mi)，兩面(mian)無毛(mao)。花序(xu)穗(sui)狀，長(chang)(chang)(chang)15-50厘(li)米(mi)(mi)，直(zhi)徑(jing)4-7厘(li)米(mi)(mi)；花序(xu)下(xia)半(ban)部或(huo)全部苞片較長(chang)(chang)(chang)，與(yu)花冠(guan)等長(chang)(chang)(chang)或(huo)稍(shao)(shao)長(chang)(chang)(chang)，卵狀披(pi)針(zhen)形(xing)、披(pi)針(zhen)形(xing)或(huo)線狀披(pi)針(zhen)形(xing)，連同(tong)小苞片和花冠(guan)裂片外(wai)面(mian)及(ji)邊緣(yuan)疏被柔毛(mao)或(huo)近(jin)無毛(mao)；小苞片2枚，卵狀披(pi)針(zhen)形(xing)或(huo)披(pi)針(zhen)形(xing)，與(yu)花萼等長(chang)(chang)(chang)或(huo)稍(shao)(shao)長(chang)(chang)(chang)。

花萼鐘狀，長(chang)1-1.5厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，頂端5淺裂，裂片近圓(yuan)形，長(chang)2.5-4毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬3-5毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。花冠筒狀鐘形，長(chang)3-4厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，頂端5裂，裂片近半圓(yuan)形，長(chang)4-6毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬0.6-1厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，邊(bian)緣常(chang)稍外卷，顏色(se)有變(bian)異，淡黃白色(se)或淡紫(zi)色(se)，干后常(chang)變(bian)棕(zong)褐色(se)。雄蕊4枚(mei)，花絲著生于(yu)距筒基(ji)部(bu)5-6毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)處(chu)，長(chang)1.5-2.5厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，基(ji)部(bu)被皺(zhou)曲長(chang)柔毛(mao)，花藥(yao)長(chang)卵(luan)形，長(chang)3.5-4.5毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，密被長(chang)柔毛(mao)，基(ji)部(bu)有驟尖頭(tou)。

子房橢(tuo)圓形，長(chang)約(yue)1厘(li)米(mi)(mi)，基部有蜜腺，花柱比雄蕊稍長(chang)，無毛，柱頭近(jin)球形。蒴果(guo)卵球形，長(chang)1.5-2.7厘(li)米(mi)(mi)，直徑1.3-1.4厘(li)米(mi)(mi)，項(xiang)端常具宿存的花柱，2瓣開裂。種子橢(tuo)圓形或近(jin)卵形，長(chang)約(yue)0.6-1毫米(mi)(mi)，外面網狀，有光澤(ze)。花期5-6月，果(guo)期6-8月。

產地分布

產內(nei)(nei)蒙古、寧夏（阿(a)佐(zuo)旗）、甘肅（昌馬）及(ji)新疆和(he)田。模(mo)式標本采自內(nei)(nei)蒙古巴彥(yan)淖爾盟(meng)阿(a)拉善旗。

生長環境

喜(xi)生(sheng)(sheng)于輕度鹽漬化的(de)松軟沙地(di)上，一般生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)在沙地(di)或半固定沙丘(qiu)、干涸老河(he)床、湖(hu)盆低地(di)等(deng)，生(sheng)(sheng)境條件很差。適宜生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)區的(de)氣候(hou)干旱，降雨(yu)量少，蒸發(fa)量大，日照時(shi)數長(chang)，晝夜(ye)溫差大。土(tu)(tu)壤以灰棕漠(mo)土(tu)(tu)、棕漠(mo)土(tu)(tu)為主(zhu)。寄主(zhu)梭(suo)梭(suo)為強旱生(sheng)(sheng)植物(wu)。肉蓯蓉多(duo)寄生(sheng)(sheng)在其30-100厘米深(shen)的(de)側根上。生(sheng)(sheng)于海拔225-1150m的(de)荒漠(mo)中，寄生(sheng)(sheng)在藜科植物(wu)梭(suo)梭(suo)、白梭(suo)梭(suo)等(deng)植物(wu)的(de)根上。

內蒙古肉蓯蓉歷史淵源

內蒙(meng)古(gu)肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)是寄生在(zai)荒(huang)漠植物梭梭根(gen)(gen)(gen)部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種珍貴藥(yao)(yao)材，在(zai)我(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)傳(chuan)統中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)材中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)已有(you)(you)(you)(you)近2000年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用歷史(shi)，我(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)古(gu)今(jin)著(zhu)名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)醫藥(yao)(yao)典籍論著(zhu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)對肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生長(chang)環境、外形特征(zheng)、藥(yao)(yao)食特性、經(jing)濟價值、歷史(shi)淵源等均有(you)(you)(you)(you)詳(xiang)細(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)記(ji)載。如我(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)現存(cun)(cun)歷史(shi)最悠久的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)物學(xue)專著(zhu) ——《神(shen)農(nong)本草經(jing)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)對肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)詳(xiang)細(xi)記(ji)載：“肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)，味甘，微溫，主五勞七(qi)傷，補(bu)(bu)（莖）中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，除莖中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寒(han)(han)熱(re)痛，養(yang)五臟，強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)陰(yin)，益(yi)(yi)精(jing)(jing)氣(qi)”。我(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)現存(cun)(cun)記(ji)載最全的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)物學(xue)專著(zhu) ——《本草綱目》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)對肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)詳(xiang)細(xi)記(ji)載“此物補(bu)(bu)而不峻，故有(you)(you)(you)(you)從容之號，氣(qi)味甘、微溫、無毒，主治五勞七(qi)傷，補(bu)(bu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，除莖中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寒(han)(han)熱(re)痛，養(yang)五臟，強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)陰(yin)益(yi)(yi)精(jing)(jing)氣(qi)，多子”。我(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)最權威的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)物執行標準——《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華人民(min)共和(he)國(guo)藥(yao)(yao)典》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)對肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)亦有(you)(you)(you)(you)詳(xiang)細(xi)記(ji)載“肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)補(bu)(bu)腎(shen)陽(yang)，益(yi)(yi)精(jing)(jing)血(xue)，潤腸通便。用于腎(shen)陽(yang)不足，精(jing)(jing)血(xue)虧虛(xu)，陽(yang)痿不孕，筋(jin)骨無力，腸燥便秘”。關(guan)于內蒙(meng)古(gu)肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)，在(zai)當地蒙(meng)古(gu)族牧(mu)民(min)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)這(zhe)(zhe)樣一(yi)個流傳(chuan)久遠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)故事，傳(chuan)說(shuo)當年(nian)一(yi)代天(tian)(tian)驕成吉(ji)(ji)思(si)汗在(zai)著(zhu)名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)十(shi)三冀之戰中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，與對手札木(mu)(mu)合(he)(he)集(ji)結重兵大戰，成吉(ji)(ji)思(si)汗暫(zan)時失利，被圍困(kun)于長(chang)滿(man)梭梭的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沙漠中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，饑(ji)渴難(nan)耐，人困(kun)馬乏(fa)，此時正值農(nong)歷三九(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第三天(tian)(tian)，天(tian)(tian)寒(han)(han)地凍，示威的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)扎(zha)木(mu)(mu)合(he)(he)當眾殘忍地把(ba)俘虜用大鍋煮殺，不料卻激怒了(le)(le)(le)天(tian)(tian)神(shen)，天(tian)(tian)神(shen)派出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)神(shen)馬一(yi)躍到成吉(ji)(ji)思(si)汗面前(qian)，仰天(tian)(tian)長(chang)嘯，將精(jing)(jing)血(xue)射到梭梭根(gen)(gen)(gen)部(bu)，然后用蹄子刨出大量(liang)像神(shen)馬生殖器一(yi)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)塊根(gen)(gen)(gen)，這(zhe)(zhe)塊根(gen)(gen)(gen)即肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)，成吉(ji)(ji)思(si)汗與將領們吃(chi)了(le)(le)(le)肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)，神(shen)力涌現，沖下沙山，一(yi)舉擊潰扎(zha)木(mu)(mu)合(he)(he)部(bu)落，這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)戰乃為統一(yi)蒙(meng)古(gu)奠(dian)定了(le)(le)(le)基礎，并(bing)由(you)此拉(la)開征(zheng)服歐亞大陸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)序(xu)幕。傳(chuan)說(shuo)歸傳(chuan)說(shuo)。近年(nian)來，人們對肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化學(xue)成分和(he)藥(yao)(yao)理作用進一(yi)步分析(xi)，發現除了(le)(le)(le)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)補(bu)(bu)腎(shen)功(gong)能外，更兼有(you)(you)(you)(you)抵(di)抗衰老、增(zeng)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)記(ji)憶、提(ti)高免(mian)疫力等各種功(gong)能。

內蒙古肉蓯蓉的知名度：

內蒙(meng)古(gu)肉(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)是沙漠(mo)地區特有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)名貴中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，具有(you)(you)獨特的(de)(de)(de)補腎，抗(kang)衰老(lao)，抗(kang)老(lao)年癡呆，調節(jie)免疫，抗(kang)氧化(hua)(hua)，增強體力(li)，抗(kang)輻射，鎮(zhen)靜，促進(jin)傷口(kou)愈合(he)，保(bao)(bao)護缺血心(xin)(xin)肌，提(ti)高消(xiao)化(hua)(hua)功能，保(bao)(bao)護神經，保(bao)(bao)肝(gan)，通(tong)便，腫瘤(liu)輔助治療，提(ti)高記憶力(li)等(deng)(deng)15—16種藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)功能，被(bei)(bei)譽為“沙漠(mo)人(ren)參”而(er)馳(chi)名中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)外。原全國人(ren)大(da)(da)常委會(hui)副委員(yuan)長吳階(jie)平院士在首屆肉(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)學(xue)術研討會(hui)稱(cheng)肉(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)是“大(da)(da)漠(mo)絕品(pin)(pin)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華奇藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)”。在《神草(cao)農本(ben)(ben)草(cao)經》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)將其列為上品(pin)(pin)，在歷代(dai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)典籍中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，肉(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)出(chu)現頻度最高，而(er)在抗(kang)衰老(lao)、延年類藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)古(gu)方中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其出(chu)現頻率僅次(ci)于人(ren)參，居第二位(wei)。目前，隨(sui)著經濟發(fa)展，生(sheng)活(huo)水(shui)平提(ti)高和(he)(he)社(she)會(hui)人(ren)口(kou)老(lao)齡化(hua)(hua)，養(yang)身保(bao)(bao)健和(he)(he)綠色(se)原生(sheng)態產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)越來越被(bei)(bei)人(ren)們(men)重視和(he)(he)青睞，“回歸大(da)(da)自(zi)然”和(he)(he)“綠色(se)消(xiao)費(fei)(fei)”熱潮風靡全球，天然藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)在消(xiao)費(fei)(fei)者心(xin)(xin)目中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)地位(wei)不斷提(ti)升,人(ren)們(men)普遍希望于靠天然藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)治病(bing)，已解決化(hua)(hua)學(xue)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)毒副作用(yong)、抗(kang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)性(xing)及藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)源性(xing)疾病(bing)等(deng)(deng)問題(ti)。因(yin)此，人(ren)們(men)紛紛尋(xun)求健康的(de)(de)(de)希望轉向了純天然、無(wu)污染、素有(you)(you)綠色(se)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)品(pin)(pin)美譽之稱(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)草(cao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)。內蒙(meng)古(gu)肉(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)作為中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)草(cao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國已有(you)(you)2000多年的(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)歷史，目前，其主要產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)有(you)(you)肉(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)酒、肉(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)口(kou)服液(ye)、肉(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)膠囊、肉(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)保(bao)(bao)健飲(yin)料、肉(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)茶、肉(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)濃縮液(ye)以及各種含(han)有(you)(you)肉(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)成分的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)丸(wan)、藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)膏、片(pian)劑(ji)、粉劑(ji)等(deng)(deng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)，不斷研發(fa)推出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)新產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)跨越了醫藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)領(ling)域(yu)(yu)，廣(guang)泛(fan)進(jin)入食品(pin)(pin)、美容保(bao)(bao)健、養(yang)身等(deng)(deng)高檔生(sheng)活(huo)領(ling)域(yu)(yu)。肉(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)消(xiao)費(fei)(fei)不但(dan)在國內日(ri)漸看好，而(er)且已進(jin)入國際市場，深受(shou)漢文化(hua)(hua)影(ying)響的(de)(de)(de)日(ri)本(ben)(ben)、韓國和(he)(he)東(dong)南亞一帶需(xu)求也(ye)很(hen)可觀，每年從我國進(jin)口(kou)大(da)(da)量的(de)(de)(de)干品(pin)(pin)肉(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)。而(er)且，不論(lun)在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材界(jie)還(huan)是在國外藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材界(jie)，普遍認為內蒙(meng)古(gu)肉(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)是道地的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材。