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形態特征

高大草本，高40-160厘米，大部分地下生。莖不(bu)分(fen)枝(zhi)或自基部分(fen)2-4枝(zhi)，下部直徑(jing)可(ke)達5-10（-15）厘米，向上漸變細，直徑(jing)2-5厘米。葉(xie)寬(kuan)卵(luan)形或三角狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)卵(luan)形，長(chang)0.5-1.5厘(li)米(mi)，寬(kuan)1-2厘(li)米(mi)，生(sheng)于莖下(xia)部(bu)(bu)的較(jiao)密，上部(bu)(bu)的較(jiao)稀疏并變狹，披針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)形或狹披針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)形，長(chang)2-4厘(li)米(mi)，寬(kuan)0.5-1厘(li)米(mi)，兩面(mian)(mian)無(wu)毛。花(hua)(hua)(hua)序穗狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)，長(chang)15-50厘(li)米(mi)，直徑4-7厘(li)米(mi)；花(hua)(hua)(hua)序下(xia)半部(bu)(bu)或全部(bu)(bu)苞片(pian)較(jiao)長(chang)，與(yu)花(hua)(hua)(hua)冠等長(chang)或稍(shao)長(chang)，卵(luan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)披針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)形、披針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)形或線狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)披針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)形，連同小(xiao)苞片(pian)和花(hua)(hua)(hua)冠裂片(pian)外面(mian)(mian)及(ji)邊緣疏被柔(rou)毛或近無(wu)毛；小(xiao)苞片(pian)2枚，卵(luan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)披針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)形或披針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)形，與(yu)花(hua)(hua)(hua)萼(e)等長(chang)或稍(shao)長(chang)。

花(hua)萼鐘狀，長(chang)1-1.5厘(li)米(mi)，頂(ding)(ding)端5淺裂，裂片近(jin)圓形，長(chang)2.5-4毫米(mi)，寬(kuan)(kuan)3-5毫米(mi)。花(hua)冠筒狀鐘形，長(chang)3-4厘(li)米(mi)，頂(ding)(ding)端5裂，裂片近(jin)半圓形，長(chang)4-6毫米(mi)，寬(kuan)(kuan)0.6-1厘(li)米(mi)，邊緣(yuan)常(chang)稍外(wai)卷，顏色(se)(se)有變(bian)異(yi)，淡黃白色(se)(se)或(huo)淡紫(zi)色(se)(se)，干(gan)后常(chang)變(bian)棕褐色(se)(se)。雄蕊4枚，花(hua)絲著生于距筒基(ji)部5-6毫米(mi)處，長(chang)1.5-2.5厘(li)米(mi)，基(ji)部被皺曲(qu)長(chang)柔(rou)毛，花(hua)藥(yao)長(chang)卵(luan)形，長(chang)3.5-4.5毫米(mi)，密被長(chang)柔(rou)毛，基(ji)部有驟尖(jian)頭。

子房橢(tuo)圓形，長(chang)約1厘(li)(li)米，基部(bu)有蜜腺，花(hua)柱(zhu)比雄蕊稍長(chang)，無毛，柱(zhu)頭近球形。蒴果卵球形，長(chang)1.5-2.7厘(li)(li)米，直徑1.3-1.4厘(li)(li)米，項端常具宿存(cun)的花(hua)柱(zhu)，2瓣開裂。種子橢(tuo)圓形或近卵形，長(chang)約0.6-1毫米，外(wai)面網狀，有光澤。花(hua)期5-6月，果期6-8月。

產地分布

產內蒙古(gu)、寧夏（阿(a)佐旗）、甘肅（昌馬）及新疆和田(tian)。模式標本采(cai)自內蒙古(gu)巴彥淖爾盟阿(a)拉(la)善(shan)旗。

生長環境

喜生(sheng)于輕(qing)度鹽(yan)漬化的松軟沙地上(shang)，一(yi)般生(sheng)長在(zai)沙地或(huo)半固定沙丘(qiu)、干涸老河(he)床、湖盆(pen)低(di)地等，生(sheng)境條(tiao)件很差(cha)。適宜(yi)生(sheng)長區(qu)的氣候干旱，降(jiang)雨量少，蒸發(fa)量大，日照時數長，晝夜溫差(cha)大。土壤以灰棕漠(mo)土、棕漠(mo)土為主(zhu)。寄(ji)主(zhu)梭梭為強旱生(sheng)植物。肉(rou)蓯蓉(rong)多寄(ji)生(sheng)在(zai)其30-100厘(li)米深的側根(gen)(gen)上(shang)。生(sheng)于海拔225-1150m的荒漠(mo)中，寄(ji)生(sheng)在(zai)藜科植物梭梭、白梭梭等植物的根(gen)(gen)上(shang)。

內蒙古肉蓯蓉歷史淵源

內(nei)蒙古肉(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)是寄生在荒(huang)漠(mo)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)梭梭根(gen)(gen)部的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)珍貴藥(yao)材，在我(wo)國(guo)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)材中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)已有(you)(you)(you)近2000年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)歷史，我(wo)國(guo)古今著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)名的(de)(de)(de)醫藥(yao)典(dian)籍論著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)對肉(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)的(de)(de)(de)生長(chang)(chang)(chang)環境、外形特(te)征(zheng)、藥(yao)食(shi)特(te)性、經濟價值、歷史淵源等均有(you)(you)(you)詳(xiang)細的(de)(de)(de)記(ji)(ji)載。如我(wo)國(guo)現存歷史最(zui)悠久(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)物(wu)(wu)學(xue)(xue)專著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu) ——《神(shen)農(nong)本(ben)草經》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)對肉(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)有(you)(you)(you)詳(xiang)細記(ji)(ji)載：“肉(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)，味甘(gan)，微(wei)溫，主五(wu)勞七(qi)傷，補（莖(jing)）中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，除莖(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寒熱痛(tong)，養(yang)五(wu)臟，強(qiang)陰，益精(jing)氣”。我(wo)國(guo)現存記(ji)(ji)載最(zui)全的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)物(wu)(wu)學(xue)(xue)專著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu) ——《本(ben)草綱(gang)目》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)對肉(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)有(you)(you)(you)詳(xiang)細記(ji)(ji)載“此物(wu)(wu)補而不(bu)(bu)峻，故(gu)有(you)(you)(you)從(cong)容之號，氣味甘(gan)、微(wei)溫、無毒(du)，主治五(wu)勞七(qi)傷，補中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，除莖(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寒熱痛(tong)，養(yang)五(wu)臟，強(qiang)陰益精(jing)氣，多子”。我(wo)國(guo)最(zui)權威的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)物(wu)(wu)執行標(biao)準——《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華人(ren)(ren)(ren)民共和國(guo)藥(yao)典(dian)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)對肉(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)亦有(you)(you)(you)詳(xiang)細記(ji)(ji)載“肉(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)補腎陽，益精(jing)血(xue)，潤(run)腸通便。用(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)腎陽不(bu)(bu)足，精(jing)血(xue)虧(kui)虛，陽痿(wei)不(bu)(bu)孕，筋骨無力，腸燥(zao)便秘”。關于(yu)(yu)(yu)內(nei)蒙古肉(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)，在當(dang)地(di)蒙古族牧民中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)這樣一(yi)(yi)(yi)個流傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)久(jiu)遠的(de)(de)(de)故(gu)事，傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)當(dang)年(nian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)代天驕成吉(ji)(ji)思汗(han)在著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)名的(de)(de)(de)十三(san)冀(ji)之戰(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，與對手(shou)札木(mu)合集結重兵大戰(zhan)，成吉(ji)(ji)思汗(han)暫時(shi)失(shi)利，被(bei)圍困于(yu)(yu)(yu)長(chang)(chang)(chang)滿梭梭的(de)(de)(de)沙漠(mo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，饑渴(ke)難耐，人(ren)(ren)(ren)困馬乏，此時(shi)正值農(nong)歷三(san)九的(de)(de)(de)第三(san)天，天寒地(di)凍，示威的(de)(de)(de)扎木(mu)合當(dang)眾殘(can)忍(ren)地(di)把俘虜用(yong)大鍋煮殺，不(bu)(bu)料卻(que)激(ji)怒了(le)(le)天神(shen)，天神(shen)派出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)神(shen)馬一(yi)(yi)(yi)躍(yue)到成吉(ji)(ji)思汗(han)面前，仰天長(chang)(chang)(chang)嘯，將(jiang)精(jing)血(xue)射(she)到梭梭根(gen)(gen)部，然后用(yong)蹄(ti)子刨出(chu)大量像神(shen)馬生殖(zhi)器一(yi)(yi)(yi)樣的(de)(de)(de)塊(kuai)根(gen)(gen)，這塊(kuai)根(gen)(gen)即(ji)肉(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)，成吉(ji)(ji)思汗(han)與將(jiang)領們(men)(men)吃(chi)了(le)(le)肉(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)，神(shen)力涌現，沖下沙山，一(yi)(yi)(yi)舉擊(ji)潰扎木(mu)合部落(luo)，這一(yi)(yi)(yi)戰(zhan)乃為統(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)蒙古奠定了(le)(le)基礎，并由此拉開征(zheng)服歐亞(ya)大陸的(de)(de)(de)序(xu)幕。傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)歸傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)。近年(nian)來，人(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)(men)對肉(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)的(de)(de)(de)化學(xue)(xue)成分(fen)和藥(yao)理(li)作(zuo)用(yong)進一(yi)(yi)(yi)步分(fen)析，發(fa)現除了(le)(le)具有(you)(you)(you)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)補腎功能外，更兼(jian)有(you)(you)(you)抵抗衰老、增強(qiang)記(ji)(ji)憶、提(ti)高免疫力等各(ge)種(zhong)功能。

內蒙古肉蓯蓉的知名度：

內蒙古肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)是沙漠(mo)地區特(te)有(you)的(de)名(ming)貴中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，具有(you)獨特(te)的(de)補腎，抗(kang)(kang)衰(shuai)老(lao)，抗(kang)(kang)老(lao)年(nian)癡呆，調節(jie)免疫，抗(kang)(kang)氧化，增(zeng)強體力(li)，抗(kang)(kang)輻射，鎮靜(jing)，促(cu)進傷口(kou)愈合，保(bao)護缺血心肌，提(ti)高(gao)消(xiao)化功能(neng)，保(bao)護神(shen)經(jing)(jing)，保(bao)肝，通便(bian)，腫瘤輔助治(zhi)療，提(ti)高(gao)記憶力(li)等(deng)15—16種(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用功能(neng)，被(bei)譽(yu)為“沙漠(mo)人(ren)參(can)”而(er)馳名(ming)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)外(wai)。原全國(guo)人(ren)大(da)常委(wei)會副(fu)委(wei)員(yuan)長吳階平院士在首(shou)屆肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)學術研討會稱肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)是“大(da)漠(mo)絕品、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華奇藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)”。在《神(shen)草(cao)(cao)農(nong)本草(cao)(cao)經(jing)(jing)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)將其列為上品，在歷代中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)典(dian)籍中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)出現(xian)頻度最高(gao)，而(er)在抗(kang)(kang)衰(shuai)老(lao)、延年(nian)類藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)古方(fang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其出現(xian)頻率僅(jin)次于(yu)人(ren)參(can)，居第二位(wei)。目(mu)前，隨(sui)著(zhu)經(jing)(jing)濟發展，生(sheng)活水(shui)平提(ti)高(gao)和社會人(ren)口(kou)老(lao)齡化，養身保(bao)健(jian)和綠色(se)(se)原生(sheng)態產品越來(lai)越被(bei)人(ren)們(men)重視和青(qing)睞(lai)，“回歸(gui)大(da)自然”和“綠色(se)(se)消(xiao)費(fei)(fei)”熱(re)潮風靡全球，天(tian)(tian)然藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)在消(xiao)費(fei)(fei)者心目(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)地位(wei)不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)提(ti)升,人(ren)們(men)普(pu)遍希望于(yu)靠天(tian)(tian)然藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)治(zhi)病(bing)(bing)，已解(jie)決化學藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)的(de)毒(du)副(fu)作用、抗(kang)(kang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)性及(ji)(ji)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)源(yuan)性疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)等(deng)問題。因此，人(ren)們(men)紛紛尋求(qiu)健(jian)康的(de)希望轉向了(le)純天(tian)(tian)然、無污染、素有(you)綠色(se)(se)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)品美譽(yu)之稱的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)草(cao)(cao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)。內蒙古肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)作為中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)草(cao)(cao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)已有(you)2000多(duo)年(nian)的(de)應(ying)用歷史，目(mu)前，其主要(yao)產品有(you)肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)酒、肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)口(kou)服液(ye)、肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)膠囊、肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)保(bao)健(jian)飲料、肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)茶、肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)濃縮液(ye)以(yi)及(ji)(ji)各種(zhong)含(han)有(you)肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)成分的(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)丸、藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)膏、片劑、粉劑等(deng)產品，不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)研發推(tui)出的(de)新產品跨越了(le)醫藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)領域，廣(guang)泛進入(ru)食(shi)品、美容(rong)保(bao)健(jian)、養身等(deng)高(gao)檔生(sheng)活領域。肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)產品消(xiao)費(fei)(fei)不(bu)(bu)但在國(guo)內日(ri)漸看好，而(er)且(qie)已進入(ru)國(guo)際市場，深受漢文化影響的(de)日(ri)本、韓(han)國(guo)和東南(nan)亞一帶(dai)需求(qiu)也很可觀(guan)，每年(nian)從(cong)我國(guo)進口(kou)大(da)量(liang)的(de)干(gan)品肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)。而(er)且(qie)，不(bu)(bu)論(lun)在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)界(jie)還是在國(guo)外(wai)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)界(jie)，普(pu)遍認為內蒙古肉(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)是道地的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)。