人體八大系統的作用和功能結構圖
1、消化系統
人體內與消化攝食有關的器官包括:口腔、咽、食道、胃、小腸、大腸、肛門、以及唾液腺、胃腺、腸腺、胰腺、肝臟等,因此稱它們為消化器官。這些消化器官協同工作,共同完成對食物的消化和對營養物質的吸收。所有的消化器官的總和稱為消化系統。
消(xiao)化系統由消(xiao)化道和消(xiao)化腺兩部分組成。負(fu)責食物的攝取(qu)和消(xiao)化,使我們獲得糖類、脂肪、蛋白質(zhi)和維生素等(deng)營(ying)養(yang)。
其中(zhong),“糖,脂肪,蛋白質”被稱為“三大產熱營養素”。糖類最終被消化為葡萄糖;脂肪最終被消化為甘油+脂肪(fang)酸;蛋白(bai)質(zhi)最終被(bei)消化(hua)為氨(an)基(ji)酸。
葡萄糖是人體的供能物質(zhi)(zhi),脂肪(fang)是儲(chu)能物質(zhi)(zhi),蛋白質(zhi)(zhi)則是修(xiu)復細胞的物質(zhi)(zhi)。
2、神經系統
神經系統(nervous system)是(shi)人體(ti)內起主導作用的(de)(de)(de)系統(tong)。內、外環境的(de)(de)(de)各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)信息(xi),由感受器(qi)(qi)接(jie)受后(hou),通過周圍(wei)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)經(jing)傳遞到腦(nao)(nao)和(he)脊髓的(de)(de)(de)各(ge)(ge)級(ji)中樞進行整合(he),再經(jing)周圍(wei)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)經(jing)控制和(he)調節機體(ti)各(ge)(ge)系統(tong)器(qi)(qi)官(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)活(huo)(huo)動,以(yi)維持機體(ti)與內、外界(jie)環境的(de)(de)(de)相對平衡(heng)。神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)經(jing)系統(tong)是(shi)由腦(nao)(nao)、脊髓、腦(nao)(nao)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)經(jing)、脊神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)經(jing)、和(he)植物性神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)經(jing),以(yi)及各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)經(jing)節組(zu)成。能協調體(ti)內各(ge)(ge)器(qi)(qi)官(guan)(guan)、各(ge)(ge)系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)活(huo)(huo)動,使之成為(wei)完整的(de)(de)(de)一體(ti),并與外界(jie)環境發(fa)生相互作用。
神(shen)經(jing)(jing)的(de)基本單位是(shi)神(shen)經(jing)(jing)元。反射弧的(de)組(zu)成:感受器,傳入神(shen)經(jing)(jing)沖(chong)(chong)動,神(shen)經(jing)(jing)中樞,傳出神(shen)經(jing)(jing)沖(chong)(chong)動,效應器。
3、呼吸系統
呼吸系統包括呼吸道(鼻腔、咽、喉、氣(qi)管、支氣(qi)管)和肺。
動物(wu)(wu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)在(zai)新陳代謝(xie)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中要不(bu)斷消耗氧氣(qi)(qi)(qi),產生二氧化碳。機(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)與(yu)(yu)(yu)外界環境進(jin)行(xing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)交(jiao)(jiao)換(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)稱(cheng)(cheng)為呼(hu)吸。氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)交(jiao)(jiao)換(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)地有(you)兩(liang)處,一處是由外界與(yu)(yu)(yu)呼(hu)吸器官(如(ru)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)、腮)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)交(jiao)(jiao)換(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan),稱(cheng)(cheng)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)呼(hu)吸或(huo)(huo)腮呼(hu)吸(或(huo)(huo)外呼(hu)吸);另(ling)一處由血(xue)液(ye)(ye)和組織(zhi)(zhi)液(ye)(ye)與(yu)(yu)(yu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)組織(zhi)(zhi)、細胞(bao)之間(jian)(jian)進(jin)行(xing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)交(jiao)(jiao)換(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(稱(cheng)(cheng)內呼(hu)吸)。在(zai)高等動物(wu)(wu)和人體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti),呼(hu)吸過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)由三個相(xiang)互銜接(jie)并(bing)且同時進(jin)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)環節(jie)來(lai)(lai)完成:外呼(hu)吸或(huo)(huo)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)呼(hu)吸,包(bao)括(kuo)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)通氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(外界空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)與(yu)(yu)(yu)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)之間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)交(jiao)(jiao)換(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng))和肺(fei)(fei)(fei)換(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(肺(fei)(fei)(fei)泡與(yu)(yu)(yu)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)毛細血(xue)管(guan)之間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)交(jiao)(jiao)換(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng));氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)在(zai)血(xue)液(ye)(ye)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)運輸;內呼(hu)吸或(huo)(huo)組織(zhi)(zhi)呼(hu)吸,即(ji)組織(zhi)(zhi)換(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(血(xue)液(ye)(ye)與(yu)(yu)(yu)組織(zhi)(zhi)、細胞(bao)之間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)交(jiao)(jiao)換(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)),有(you)時也將細胞(bao)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧化過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)包(bao)括(kuo)在(zai)內。可見呼(hu)吸過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)不(bu)僅依靠呼(hu)吸系(xi)統來(lai)(lai)完成,還需要血(xue)液(ye)(ye)循環系(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)配(pei)合,這種協調(diao)配(pei)合,以(yi)及它們與(yu)(yu)(yu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)代謝(xie)水(shui)平的(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)適應,又都受(shou)神(shen)經和激素因素的(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)節(jie)。
4、血液循環系統
血液(ye)循(xun)環系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)是生物(wu)(wu)體(ti)的(de)(de)體(ti)液(ye)(包括細胞內(nei)液(ye)、血漿、淋巴和組織液(ye))及其(qi)借(jie)以(yi)循(xun)環流動的(de)(de)管(guan)道組成(cheng)的(de)(de)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)。從動物(wu)(wu)形成(cheng)心(xin)臟以(yi)后血液(ye)循(xun)環系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)分(fen)為心(xin)臟和血管(guan)兩大部(bu)分(fen),叫做心(xin)血管(guan)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)。循(xun)環系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)是生物(wu)(wu)體(ti)內(nei)的(de)(de)運輸系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong),它將消化道吸收的(de)(de)營養物(wu)(wu)質和由鰓或(huo)肺(fei)吸進的(de)(de)氧(yang)輸送到各組織器官(guan)并將各組織器官(guan)的(de)(de)代謝產(chan)物(wu)(wu)通過(guo)同樣的(de)(de)途(tu)徑輸入血液(ye),經肺(fei)、腎排出體(ti)外(wai)。
肺(fei)循(xun)環(小循(xun)環):右心室→肺動脈→肺部毛細血管(guan)網→肺靜(jing)脈→左(zuo)心房
體循環(大循環):左心室→主動脈→各級動脈→各級毛細血管網→各級靜脈→上/下腔靜脈
5、運動系統
運(yun)動系統:由骨、關(guan)節和肌肉組成,約占成人體重的60%。全身各骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)借關(guan)(guan)節相連(lian)(lian)形(xing)(xing)成骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)骼,起(qi)(qi)支(zhi)持(chi)體(ti)(ti)重、保護(hu)(hu)內(nei)臟和(he)(he)維持(chi)人體(ti)(ti)基(ji)(ji)本(ben)形(xing)(xing)態(tai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用。骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)骼肌附著于骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu),在(zai)神(shen)經系(xi)(xi)統支(zhi)配(pei)下收(shou)縮(suo)和(he)(he)舒張,收(shou)縮(suo)時,以(yi)(yi)關(guan)(guan)節為(wei)(wei)支(zhi)點牽(qian)引骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)改變(bian)位(wei)置(zhi),產生(sheng)運(yun)(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)。骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)和(he)(he)關(guan)(guan)節是(shi)(shi)運(yun)(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)系(xi)(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)被動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)分(fen)(fen),骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)骼肌是(shi)(shi)運(yun)(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)系(xi)(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)。骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)表層致(zhi)密(mi)而堅硬(ying),叫骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)密(mi)質;骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)部(bu)呈(cheng)蜂(feng)窩狀(zhuang),叫骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)松質;骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)空腔(qiang)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)叫骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)髓(sui)(sui)腔(qiang),中(zhong)央充滿骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)髓(sui)(sui)。胎兒和(he)(he)幼兒的(de)(de)(de)(de)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)髓(sui)(sui)都是(shi)(shi)紅骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)髓(sui)(sui),為(wei)(wei)造血器(qi)官(guan)。隨著年齡增長,長骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)髓(sui)(sui)腔(qiang)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)紅骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)髓(sui)(sui)逐漸被脂肪組織(zhi)代替,變(bian)成黃(huang)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)髓(sui)(sui)。骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)以(yi)(yi)不同(tong)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)連(lian)(lian)結(jie)(jie)在(zai)一(yi)起(qi)(qi),構(gou)成骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)骼。形(xing)(xing)成了人體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)本(ben)形(xing)(xing)態(tai),并為(wei)(wei)肌肉提供附著,在(zai)神(shen)經支(zhi)配(pei)下,肌肉收(shou)縮(suo),牽(qian)拉其(qi)所(suo)附著的(de)(de)(de)(de)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu),以(yi)(yi)可動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)連(lian)(lian)結(jie)(jie)為(wei)(wei)樞(shu)紐(niu),產生(sheng)杠桿(gan)運(yun)(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)。運(yun)(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)系(xi)(xi)統主(zhu)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)能是(shi)(shi)運(yun)(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)。簡單的(de)(de)(de)(de)移位(wei)和(he)(he)高級活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)如語言、書寫(xie)等,都是(shi)(shi)由(you)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)連(lian)(lian)結(jie)(jie)和(he)(he)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)骼肌實(shi)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)。運(yun)(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)系(xi)(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)第二個功(gong)能是(shi)(shi)支(zhi)持(chi)。構(gou)成人體(ti)(ti)基(ji)(ji)本(ben)形(xing)(xing)態(tai),頭、頸(jing)、胸(xiong)、腹(fu)、四肢,維持(chi)體(ti)(ti)姿(zi)。運(yun)(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)系(xi)(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)第三(san)個功(gong)能是(shi)(shi)保護(hu)(hu)。由(you)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)連(lian)(lian)結(jie)(jie)和(he)(he)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)骼肌形(xing)(xing)成了多個體(ti)(ti)腔(qiang),顱腔(qiang)、胸(xiong)腔(qiang)、腹(fu)腔(qiang)和(he)(he)盆腔(qiang),保護(hu)(hu)臟器(qi)。從(cong)運(yun)(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)角(jiao)度看,骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)是(shi)(shi)被動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)分(fen)(fen),骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)骼肌是(shi)(shi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力部(bu)分(fen)(fen),關(guan)(guan)節是(shi)(shi)運(yun)(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)樞(shu)紐(niu)。能在(zai)體(ti)(ti)表看到(dao)(dao)或(huo)摸到(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)些骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)突(tu)起(qi)(qi)或(huo)肌的(de)(de)(de)(de)隆起(qi)(qi),稱為(wei)(wei)體(ti)(ti)表標志(zhi)。它們對于定位(wei)體(ti)(ti)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)器(qi)官(guan)、結(jie)(jie)構(gou)等具有標志(zhi)性意義。
6、內分泌系統
內(nei)分泌腺(xian)(xian)是人體內(nei)一些無(wu)輸出導管的腺(xian)(xian)體。它的分泌物稱(cheng)激素。對(dui)整個(ge)機體的生(sheng)長、發育(yu)、代謝和生(sheng)殖起著調節作用(yong)。
人體主要(yao)的內分泌腺有(you):下丘腦、垂體、甲(jia)狀腺、腎上腺、胰(yi)島、胸腺和性(xing)腺等。
7、泌尿系統
泌(mi)尿系統由腎、輸尿管、膀胱及尿道組成。其主要功(gong)能為(wei)排泄。排泄是指(zhi)機(ji)體(ti)(ti)代謝過(guo)程(cheng)中所產生(sheng)的(de)(de)各(ge)種不為(wei)機(ji)體(ti)(ti)所利用或者有害的(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)質向體(ti)(ti)外輸送的(de)(de)生(sheng)理過(guo)程(cheng)。被(bei)排出的(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)質一(yi)部(bu)分是營(ying)養物(wu)(wu)質的(de)(de)代謝產物(wu)(wu);另一(yi)部(bu)分是衰老的(de)(de)細胞破(po)壞(huai)時所形成的(de)(de)產物(wu)(wu)。此外,排泄物(wu)(wu)中還包括一(yi)些(xie)隨食(shi)物(wu)(wu)攝(she)入(ru)的(de)(de)多(duo)余物(wu)(wu)質,如多(duo)余的(de)(de)水和無機(ji)鹽類。
8、生殖系統
生(sheng)殖系統是生(sheng)物體內(nei)的(de)和生(sheng)殖密切相關(guan)的(de)器官成分的(de)總稱。
生殖系統的功能是產生(sheng)生(sheng)殖(zhi)細胞,繁殖(zhi)新個體,分泌性激(ji)素(su)和維持第(di)二性征。
人(ren)體生(sheng)殖系統有男性(xing)和女性(xing)兩類。按生(sheng)殖器(qi)所在部位(wei),又分(fen)為內生(sheng)殖器(qi)和外(wai)生(sheng)殖器(qi)兩部分(fen)。
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