一、新能源汽車搭載的電池管家有什么用
熟(shu)悉汽車(che)(che)的(de)朋友對ESP(車(che)(che)身電(dian)子(zi)穩(wen)定系(xi)(xi)統)、ABS(防抱死制動系(xi)(xi)統)、TCS(牽(qian)引力控(kong)制系(xi)(xi)統)等車(che)(che)載(zai)系(xi)(xi)統不(bu)會感到陌生(sheng),在新能(neng)源(yuan)車(che)(che)上還有一個非常重(zhong)要的(de)系(xi)(xi)統,它就是(shi)BMS(電(dian)池管理系(xi)(xi)統),它又叫電(dian)池管家,那么它有什(shen)么作(zuo)用呢?
據(ju)(ju)了解,新能(neng)源汽車(che)上的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池管家是一(yi)個很龐大的(de)軟硬件集合體,包括傳感器、中央處理器、執(zhi)行機構(gou)等(deng),它的(de)作用主要是采集動(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池系統的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、溫度(du)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻等(deng)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju),然后分析數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)狀(zhuang)態和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池使用環境(jing),對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池系統充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程進行監測和(he)控制,從而保(bao)證電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組在安全的(de)工(gong)作區間內(nei),提供車(che)輛(liang)控制所需的(de)必需信息,在出現(xian)異(yi)常時及時響應并進行處理,它也會根據(ju)(ju)環境(jing)溫度(du)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池狀(zhuang)態及車(che)輛(liang)需求等(deng)決定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功率等(deng)。
二、電池管理系統主要有哪些功能
電池管理系(xi)統(tong)是對電池進行監控與控制的(de)(de)系(xi)統(tong),將采(cai)集的(de)(de)電池信息實時(shi)反饋(kui)給用戶,同時(shi)根(gen)據(ju)采(cai)集的(de)(de)信息調節(jie)參數,充分發(fa)揮電池的(de)(de)性能,其功(gong)能主要有:
1、電池狀態分析
電(dian)池(chi)(chi)狀態分析最常見的一種(zhong)就是動力電(dian)池(chi)(chi)系統荷電(dian)狀態(SOC)估算,SOC其實指的就是電(dian)池(chi)(chi)剩(sheng)余電(dian)量(liang)(liang)和(he)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)容量(liang)(liang)的百分比(bi)。
SOC估算(suan)是BMS的(de)(de)核心功能(neng),同時(shi)也(ye)是評估電(dian)動車(che)續(xu)航里程的(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)參數(shu)。BMS通過遍布整個電(dian)池包的(de)(de)傳感(gan)器(qi)檢測電(dian)池參數(shu)(電(dian)壓、電(dian)流和(he)溫(wen)度(du)等)信息(xi),有的(de)(de)電(dian)壓傳感(gan)器(qi)精度(du)非常(chang)高,1mv的(de)(de)變化都可(ke)以(yi)(yi)被(bei)識別(bie)出(chu)來,由于探測的(de)(de)信息(xi)準(zhun)確外加優秀(xiu)的(de)(de)算(suan)法(fa)處理,電(dian)池的(de)(de)剩余電(dian)量(liang)就可(ke)以(yi)(yi)被(bei)非常(chang)準(zhun)確的(de)(de)計算(suan)出(chu)來。
在(zai)日常(chang)用車(che)過程中,車(che)主(zhu)可以(yi)(yi)通過中控屏(ping)自主(zhu)設(she)置SOC,SOC目標值(zhi)可以(yi)(yi)理解成車(che)輛(liang)電(dian)量(liang)(liang)平衡的目標值(zhi)。當(dang)車(che)輛(liang)電(dian)量(liang)(liang)高于設(she)置值(zhi)時,系統動力分(fen)配會優先(xian)用電(dian),降低能(neng)耗(hao);當(dang)車(che)輛(liang)電(dian)量(liang)(liang)低于設(she)置值(zhi)時,車(che)輛(liang)行(xing)駛時會有一部分(fen)動力用于發電(dian)使電(dian)量(liang)(liang)上(shang)升,以(yi)(yi)保證用電(dian)需要。
2、電池安全保護
電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)溫度過高或者(zhe)(zhe)過低都會影響(xiang)電(dian)芯(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)活性,甚至會造成不(bu)可逆的(de)(de)(de)物理損傷(shang),最終(zhong)影響(xiang)電(dian)芯(xin)(xin)壽命(ming),而BMS能夠(gou)為(wei)電(dian)池(chi)營造良好的(de)(de)(de)運行(xing)環(huan)境(jing)。比如在(zai)(zai)寒冷的(de)(de)(de)地區,電(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)效率降低,這個(ge)時候BMS會調用(yong)加(jia)熱系統來讓(rang)電(dian)芯(xin)(xin)升溫使其達到(dao)舒適(shi)的(de)(de)(de)充電(dian)環(huan)境(jing);如果在(zai)(zai)夏(xia)季或者(zhe)(zhe)是電(dian)池(chi)發熱的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)下,BMS會調用(yong)冷卻系統為(wei)電(dian)芯(xin)(xin)降溫,利用(yong)智能溫控(kong)系統大大提高電(dian)芯(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)壽命(ming)。
3、電池能量管理
充(chong)(chong)電(dian)時,BMS會把(ba)電(dian)池(chi)系統(tong)允(yun)許(xu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)的(de)單(dan)體最(zui)高電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)、最(zui)高總電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)、最(zui)高溫(wen)度、當前允(yun)許(xu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)的(de)最(zui)大電(dian)流、SOC以及當前電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等信息與充(chong)(chong)電(dian)設備進(jin)(jin)行交互(hu),從而使電(dian)池(chi)系統(tong)按照(zhao)適(shi)配的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)、充(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流和充(chong)(chong)電(dian)方法進(jin)(jin)行充(chong)(chong)電(dian)。當電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)量處于高位后,BMS會限制充(chong)(chong)電(dian),進(jin)(jin)入到“涓(juan)流模式”(使電(dian)芯真正飽和、延長使用(yong)壽命),直到充(chong)(chong)電(dian)過程結束最(zui)后斷(duan)開連接。
此外(wai),BMS還會(hui)起到(dao)(dao)“均衡(heng)管理(li)”的(de)作用,減小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池單體之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓差,從而保證(zheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)芯(xin)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)一(yi)致性。這是因(yin)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)芯(xin)由于(yu)先天因(yin)素或者工作溫度不(bu)一(yi)致,導致電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)芯(xin)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓各有(you)不(bu)同,所以在(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)過程(cheng)中電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)芯(xin)里(li)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量會(hui)出現不(bu)一(yi)致的(de)情(qing)況,比(bi)如(ru)有(you)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)芯(xin)已經(jing)充(chong)滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)了,有(you)的(de)卻還沒有(you)充(chong)滿。BMS系統可(ke)以起到(dao)(dao)調節(jie)作用,使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)芯(xin)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)幾乎可(ke)以同時完成,比(bi)如(ru)通過旁路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓較高(gao)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)芯(xin)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),使其達到(dao)(dao)和其他(ta)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)芯(xin)相同的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓,最(zui)終(zhong)達到(dao)(dao)整(zheng)體均衡(heng)。
4、通信
BMS把電池系統的電壓、溫度、電流、SOC等數據通過CAN通信傳遞,最終我們在儀表上才能很直觀的看到續航里程、電池電量等信息。不僅如此,電池管理系統還能對故障信息(xi)進(jin)行分析,通(tong)過相(xiang)關策略對電池系(xi)統進(jin)行保護和控(kong)制,同時讓故障燈點亮以便提醒車主。
5、故障診斷
除了通(tong)信功能外(wai),BMS還能起到(dao)故障(zhang)診(zhen)斷的功能。BMS會(hui)根(gen)據(ju)電芯參數和電池系(xi)統(tong)功能制定相應的故障(zhang)閾(yu)值表,BMS通(tong)過故障(zhang)閾(yu)值表對(dui)電池系(xi)統(tong)進行(xing)保護(hu)并上報故障(zhang)類(lei)型,方便后期的故障(zhang)排(pai)查以及檢修維護(hu)。