背景介紹:
禪宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)祖(zu)(zu)師為印度高(gao)僧(seng)達摩尊者,傳慧可(ke)、僧(seng)璨、道信(xin)。至五祖(zu)(zu)弘忍后(hou)(hou)又(you)(you)(you)分為南宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)惠能(neng)(六祖(zu)(zu)),北宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)神秀(xiu)。之后(hou)(hou)隨(sui)著大(da)范(fan)圍傳播發展,又(you)(you)(you)分成溈(gui)仰(yang)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)、臨濟宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)、曹洞宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)、云門宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)、法眼(yan)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong);臨濟宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)后(hou)(hou)來又(you)(you)(you)形(xing)成黃龍、楊岐(qi)兩派,稱(cheng)為“五家(jia)七宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)”。禪宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)五宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)當中,保存下來的只有(you)臨濟宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)和曹洞宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)兩派,其他三派法眼(yan)云門宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)和溈(gui)仰(yang)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)從宋朝之后(hou)(hou)就已經失傳。
在禪(chan)門五宗(zong)中,臨(lin)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)宗(zong)從(cong)(cong)宋(song)以(yi)后基本(ben)上成(cheng)為禪(chan)宗(zong)主(zhu)流,臨(lin)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)宗(zong)流傳時間長(chang),影響大,從(cong)(cong)曹溪的(de)六(liu)祖(zu)惠(hui)能,歷南岳、馬祖(zu)、百丈、黃檗,一直(zhi)到臨(lin)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)義(yi)玄(xuan),于(yu)臨(lin)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)禪(chan)院舉揚一家,后世稱為臨(lin)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)宗(zong)。義(yi)玄(xuan)是(shi)惠(hui)能的(de)六(liu)世法(fa)孫。又臨(lin)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)六(liu)世孫為石霜之圓禪(chan)師。圓禪(chan)師以(yi)后分楊岐派、黃龍派。已故深(shen)圳弘法(fa)寺佛門泰斗本(ben)煥長(chang)老是(shi)臨(lin)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)宗(zong)臨(lin)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)法(fa)派第四(si)十四(si)代傳人(ren),本(ben)煥長(chang)老舍利(li)供奉于(yu):深(shen)圳弘法(fa)寺、敦煌(huang)雷(lei)音寺、福(fu)泉寺等。
曹洞(dong)(dong)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)最(zui)初創立并不(bu)在(zai)云(yun)居(ju)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),而(er)是(shi)在(zai)宜(yi)春宜(yi)豐縣的洞(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)和撫(fu)州宜(yi)黃縣的曹山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)分別創立。宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)派(pai)要(yao)一(yi)(yi)直(zhi)傳承下來并不(bu)容(rong)易,曹洞(dong)(dong)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)在(zai)曹山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)一(yi)(yi)脈(mo)僅(jin)傳了4代就失傳了,最(zui)終還是(shi)洞(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)一(yi)(yi)脈(mo)在(zai)云(yun)居(ju)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)真如寺弘法,將曹洞(dong)(dong)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)傳承至今。禪宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)與凈(jing)土(tu)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)合流(liu)。臨(lin)(lin)濟(ji)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)曹洞(dong)(dong)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)風(feng)一(yi)(yi)剛一(yi)(yi)柔,臨(lin)(lin)濟(ji)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)為國(guo)內主流(liu)。曹洞(dong)(dong)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)漸臨(lin)(lin)消泯后曹洞(dong)(dong)一(yi)(yi)支,由于疏山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)匡(kuang)仁、云(yun)居(ju)道(dao)膺(ying)門下弟子眾多(duo),可(ke)以衍(yan)延下去,直(zhi)至今天。另外新(xin)羅(今朝(chao)鮮)僧人利嚴(870—936年)曾嗣法于道(dao)膺(ying),歸(gui)國(guo)后在(zai)須彌山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)建廣照增,創須彌山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)派(pai)。公元(yuan)13世紀(ji)(ji)初,日(ri)本(ben)(ben)僧人道(dao)元(yuan)又將曹洞(dong)(dong)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)傳入日(ri)本(ben)(ben),開立日(ri)本(ben)(ben)曹洞(dong)(dong)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)。到20世紀(ji)(ji)80年代,日(ri)本(ben)(ben)曹洞(dong)(dong)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)信徒已(yi)發展到1000多(duo)萬(wan)人。
日本(ben)傳(chuan)統佛(fo)教的(de)“十三宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)”這13宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)為:臨(lin)濟宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)、黃檗宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(源自中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)本(ben)屬于臨(lin)濟宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong))、曹(cao)洞(dong)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(源自中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo))、凈(jing)(jing)土(tu)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(源自中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo))、真(zhen)(zhen)言宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(又(you)稱(cheng)“東密(mi)(mi)”相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)傳(chuan)為唐(tang)朝(chao)密(mi)(mi)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)青龍寺惠果大師真(zhen)(zhen)傳(chuan))、天臺宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(與“東密(mi)(mi)”相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)對,又(you)稱(cheng)“臺密(mi)(mi)”,源于中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)天臺宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong))、律(lv)(lv)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(與中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)律(lv)(lv)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)似)、華嚴宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(與中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)華嚴宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)似)、法相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(與中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)法相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)似)、凈(jing)(jing)土(tu)真(zhen)(zhen)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)、日蓮宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)、融(rong)通念(nian)佛(fo)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)、時宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)。