簡介
天寧寺舊址旁位于(yu)寧波海曙區中山西路206號(hao)的“咸(xian)通塔(ta)(ta)”,因塔(ta)(ta)磚上(shang)“咸(xian)通四年(863年)造此磚記”銘文(wen),故又稱咸(xian)通塔(ta)(ta),俗稱烏龜塔(ta)(ta),建于(yu)唐朝(chao),原舊址靠近咸(xian)通塔(ta)(ta)。
天(tian)(tian)寧(ning)寺,根(gen)據“勒修(xiu)浙江通(tong)志”記載,天(tian)(tian)寧(ning)寺,始建(jian)于唐大(da)中五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)851年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),原名(ming)叫“國寧(ning)寺”;宋(song)崇寧(ning)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1103年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))改(gai)名(ming)為“崇寧(ning)萬(wan)壽(shou)”;政和(he)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1111年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))改(gai)名(ming)為“天(tian)(tian)寧(ning)萬(wan)壽(shou)”;紹興(xing)七年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1137年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))改(gai)名(ming)“報恩(en)廣(guang)孝”同(tong)(tong)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)又改(gai)名(ming)“報恩(en)光孝”而后又改(gai)名(ming)“天(tian)(tian)寧(ning)報恩(en)”;寺名(ming)數(shu)易(yi),至(zhi)民國初改(gai)稱(cheng)天(tian)(tian)寧(ning)寺。在宋(song)建(jian)炎年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1127年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)-1130年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))寺院發(fa)生(sheng)火災(zai)(zai),元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的至(zhi)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)十九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1182年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))再次發(fa)生(sheng)火災(zai)(zai),在至(zhi)大(da)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1309年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))被倭寇燒毀,康熙二(er)十三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)也遭遇火災(zai)(zai),同(tong)(tong)五十八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)僧明文重建(jian),而后又損(sun)毀。
原寺(si)前面有(you)(you)(you)天(tian)王殿,三間六面累(lei)層(ceng)門(men)人型屋(wu)頂,中央(yang)有(you)(you)(you)彌勒佛像(xiang),后兩側(ce)有(you)(you)(you)有(you)(you)(you)四大天(tian)王;東(dong)側(ce)有(you)(you)(you)鐘(zhong)樓,正面有(you)(you)(you)大雄寶殿內(nei)設(she)有(you)(you)(you)“釋迦三尊(zun)像(xiang)”,僧房再其(qi)左右兩側(ce)。鐘(zhong)樓為兩層(ceng)建筑,上層(ceng)有(you)(you)(you)鐘(zhong)樓,下層(ceng)設(she)有(you)(you)(you)“幽冥教主(zhu)”。
寺(si)前原(yuan)建有(you)左右兩塔(ta),左塔(ta)于清光(guang)緒年(nian)間崩,現存者(zhe)為右塔(ta)。系五層(ceng)樓閣式(shi)磚(zhuan)塔(ta),平面(mian)呈(cheng)方(fang)形,占地面(mian)積9平方(fang)米,殘高12米。單層(ceng)塔(ta)壁,中空。立面(mian)呈(cheng)拋物(wu)線(xian)狀(zhuang)。平磚(zhuan)與菱角牙子疊澀出檐,檐出較遠。內部(bu)筒形。底層(ceng)有(you)拱門,原(yuan)可能堆塑火焰門。二層(ceng)起四面(mian)均有(you)佛龕。為浙江省現存年(nian)代(dai)比較久的一座唐塔(ta)。
歷史
天(tian)寧(ning)(ning)寺(si)始建(jian)于唐(tang)太中(zhong)五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(851年(nian)(nian)(nian)),原名國寧(ning)(ning)寺(si),宋宗寧(ning)(ning)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1106年(nian)(nian)(nian))改(gai)名為(wei)(wei)崇寧(ning)(ning)萬(wan)壽寺(si),改(gai)和元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1111年(nian)(nian)(nian))更改(gai)名為(wei)(wei)大寧(ning)(ning)萬(wan)壽寺(si),建(jian)炎年(nian)(nian)(nian)間,毀(hui)于戰火,不久重(zhong)建(jian)。元至大二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1309年(nian)(nian)(nian))為(wei)(wei)倭寇所毀(hui),后又重(zhong)建(jian)。明洪(hong)武十五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1382年(nian)(nian)(nian))改(gai)為(wei)(wei)天(tian)寧(ning)(ning)禪(chan)寺(si)。民國初年(nian)(nian)(nian),改(gai)稱“天(tian)寧(ning)(ning)寺(si)”。
寺前(qian)原(yuan)建有(you)東西兩塔(ta)(ta),東塔(ta)(ta)已于清光緒年間崩塌。1995年配(pei)合中(zhong)山(shan)改造(zao)對東塔(ta)(ta)基進行了(le)考古,發掘出殘塔(ta)(ta)基。現存(cun)者為天寧(ning)寺的西塔(ta)(ta)。原(yuan)因塔(ta)(ta)磚(zhuan)上有(you)正書“咸通(tong)(tong)四(si)年(863年)造(zao)此(ci)磚(zhuan)紀”之(zhi)銘文,1995年在西塔(ta)(ta)組修時,又發現了(le)許多咸通(tong)(tong)年間的塔(ta)(ta)磚(zhuan)。故有(you)“成通(tong)(tong)塔(ta)(ta)”之(zhi)稱(cheng),由于該塔(ta)(ta)比較矮小,又形似烏(wu)龜,所以俗稱(cheng)“烏(wu)龜塔(ta)(ta)”。
天(tian)(tian)(tian)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)寺塔(ta)系磚(zhuan)(zhuan)結構,立面(mian)(mian)呈(cheng)拋物(wu)線狀.平面(mian)(mian)呈(cheng)正方(fang)(fang)(fang)形(xing)(xing),每(mei)邊長(chang)約(yue)(yue)3.20米(mi),共五層,逐層收縮。每(mei)層用磚(zhuan)(zhuan)疊澀出(chu)檐,出(chu)檐較遠(yuan),有(you)(you)(you)別于北(bei)方(fang)(fang)(fang)常見的(de)(de)唐塔(ta)。塔(ta)內部(bu)呈(cheng)筒形(xing)(xing),底層四面(mian)(mian)均開設壺門,以上每(mei)層四壁均設有(you)(you)(you)龕(kan)。塔(ta)高約(yue)(yue)12米(mi),壁厚(hou)約(yue)(yue)o.76米(mi),占(zhan)地面(mian)(mian)積為10.42平方(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi)。因塔(ta)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)上“咸(xian)通四年(863年)造此磚(zhuan)(zhuan)記(ji)”銘(ming)文,故又稱(cheng)(cheng)咸(xian)通塔(ta),俗(su)稱(cheng)(cheng)烏(wu)龜(gui)塔(ta)。天(tian)(tian)(tian)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)寺原(yuan)名(ming)國寧(ning)(ning)(ning)寺,始建于唐大中五年(851年),至(zhi)民國初改稱(cheng)(cheng)天(tian)(tian)(tian)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)寺,已毀。寺前原(yuan)建有(you)(you)(you)左右兩塔(ta),左塔(ta)于清光緒年間崩,現(xian)存(cun)者為右塔(ta)。系五層樓閣式磚(zhuan)(zhuan)塔(ta),平面(mian)(mian)呈(cheng)方(fang)(fang)(fang)形(xing)(xing),占(zhan)地面(mian)(mian)積9平方(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi),殘高12米(mi)。單層塔(ta)壁,中空。立面(mian)(mian)呈(cheng)拋物(wu)線狀。平磚(zhuan)(zhuan)與菱角牙(ya)子(zi)疊澀出(chu)檐,檐出(chu)較遠(yuan)。內部(bu)筒形(xing)(xing)。底層有(you)(you)(you)拱門,原(yuan)可能堆(dui)塑火焰門。二層起四面(mian)(mian)均有(you)(you)(you)佛龕(kan)。為浙(zhe)江省現(xian)存(cun)年代比較久的(de)(de)一座(zuo)唐塔(ta)。
保護
天(tian)寧寺塔(ta)是(shi)浙(zhe)江省現(xian)存(cun)年代比較久的(de)一座唐磚塔(ta),也(ye)是(shi)我國僅存(cun)的(de)唐代寺前(qian)雙(shuang)塔(ta)實例,對于研究唐時(shi)的(de)宗教文化和佛(fo)教建筑具有重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)作用。現(xian)西(xi)塔(ta)已按原貌修(xiu)復。
2003年對(dui)天(tian)寧寺遺址進(jin)行了(le)考(kao)古發掘,基本搞(gao)清(qing)了(le)唐宋時期中軸線(xian)以東的寺院格局,現已原址保護。
2006年(nian)6月被國務(wu)院公布(bu)為第六批全國重點文物保(bao)護單位(wei)。