在(zai)晉中,有一(yi)俗語可謂(wei)家喻戶曉:“平遙古(gu)城三件(jian)寶,漆(qi)器牛肉長山(shan)藥”。在(zai)古(gu)城三件(jian)寶中,漆(qi)器列為首(shou)。
平遙推(tui)光(guang)(guang)漆(qi)器髹(xiu)飾(shi)技(ji)(ji)藝(yi),在(zai)春秋戰國時(shi)期已初具(ju)雛(chu)形,漢代達到鼎盛,明清兩代隨著晉商(shang)的(de)(de)崛起(qi)遐邇聞名。我國四大名漆(qi)器之一的(de)(de)推(tui)光(guang)(guang)漆(qi)器,尤以手掌(zhang)推(tui)光(guang)(guang)和(he)描金彩(cai)繪技(ji)(ji)藝(yi)著稱。首先,用料考究,材料用煉制過(guo)的(de)(de)天(tian)然(ran)大漆(qi)髹(xiu)飾(shi)器具(ju),木(mu)材則常選用造型好、質(zhi)料優、不(bu)(bu)易變(bian)形的(de)(de)椴木(mu);其次(ci),工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序繁瑣復(fu)雜(za),分木(mu)胎(tai)、灰胎(tai)、漆(qi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、畫工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)鑲嵌等(deng)五道工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序。在(zai)精致的(de)(de)木(mu)胎(tai)上(shang)掛灰后,刷(shua)、涂、陰干、磨推(tui),多(duo)至八九道程序,然(ran)后手掌(zhang)蘸取麻油反(fan)復(fu)推(tui)擦,直到手感光(guang)(guang)滑(hua),用老藝(yi)人的(de)(de)話(hua)說就(jiu)是:“憑(ping)(ping)眼力(li),憑(ping)(ping)心(xin)細,憑(ping)(ping)感覺,憑(ping)(ping)次(ci)數,推(tui)得漆(qi)面(mian)生輝,光(guang)(guang)潔照人。”最后是美術畫工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、鑲嵌等(deng)技(ji)(ji)藝(yi),他(ta)們憑(ping)(ping)著所掌(zhang)握的(de)(de)繪畫技(ji)(ji)巧,描金彩(cai)繪、刀刻雕(diao)墊,在(zai)漆(qi)面(mian)上(shang)勾(gou)畫出花鳥、山水、人物(戲劇、神話(hua)傳說中的(de)(de)故事人物)等(deng)各具(ju)特(te)色的(de)(de)圖案。這些推(tui)光(guang)(guang)漆(qi)髹(xiu)飾(shi)品外觀(guan)古樸雅致,繪飾(shi)金碧輝煌,手感細膩滑(hua)潤,經(jing)久耐(nai)用,不(bu)(bu)僅具(ju)有使用價(jia)值,而且具(ju)有審美價(jia)值。
平遙古城地處黃土高(gao)原。公元前(qian)2000年(nian)(nian)前(qian),新石器時(shi)代,這里覆(fu)蓋有(you)大量樹(shu)木(mu)。有(you)一種叫(jiao)漆(qi)樹(shu)的樹(shu)種分布甚(shen)廣。先民們(men)便用(yong)漆(qi)樹(shu)的漿汁涂抹食器,以圖(tu)光亮、好看、耐用(yong)。另外(wai),由(you)于漆(qi)器具有(you)自動變(bian)黑的特征,它(ta)也(ye)被(bei)用(yong)來(lai)作(zuo)為文字記號。3700年(nian)(nian)前(qian),禹造祭器,髹以漆(qi)液,墨染其(qi)外(wai),先染其(qi)內,證明當時(shi)已使用(yong)礦物(wu)質顏料調制朱色漆(qi)飾。
春秋戰國時(shi)期(qi),平遙(yao)漆器(qi)已初(chu)具雛形。在漢代,漆器(qi)已達(da)到(dao)了一個鼎盛時(shi)期(qi)。隨著(zhu)晉商實(shi)力(li)的增強,平遙(yao)漆器(qi)遠銷蒙、俄、東南亞一帶。
到魏晉南北朝(chao)時期,平遙推(tui)(tui)光漆器(qi)(qi)髹飾工(gong)藝已(yi)達到很高(gao)的(de)水平。以(yi)此種(zhong)技藝制(zhi)作的(de)漆器(qi)(qi)在唐代開元年間已(yi)遐邇聞名,明清兩代由于(yu)晉商(shang)的(de)崛起,推(tui)(tui)光漆器(qi)(qi)有了長足的(de)進步。
中華人民共(gong)和國(guo)成(cheng)立(li)后,平遙(yao)推(tui)光(guang)(guang)(guang)漆(qi)器(qi)廠(chang)建立(li),老藝人喬泉玉、任茂(mao)林(lin)等(deng)獻藝授徒(tu),使推(tui)光(guang)(guang)(guang)漆(qi)器(qi)的(de)生產進入了黃(huang)金(jin)時期(qi),平遙(yao)推(tui)光(guang)(guang)(guang)漆(qi)器(qi)自此(ci)成(cheng)為中國(guo)著名的(de)漆(qi)藝品種之一,產品銷往三十(shi)多個國(guo)家(jia),有(you)些精(jing)品為人民大會堂和中國(guo)美術館所(suo)珍藏。1989年,平遙(yao)推(tui)光(guang)(guang)(guang)漆(qi)器(qi)獲得國(guo)家(jia)金(jin)杯獎(jiang)。
平(ping)遙(yao)推(tui)(tui)光(guang)漆(qi)器素(su)以制作工序(xu)繁瑣、復(fu)雜(za)著稱(cheng),光(guang)是刮(gua)灰(hui)就需要五到(dao)六次,而(er)且(qie)每次都必須等到(dao)刮(gua)上去的(de)(de)灰(hui)完全干(gan)透,才能進行下一次刮(gua)灰(hui)。平(ping)遙(yao)推(tui)(tui)光(guang)漆(qi)器的(de)(de)魅力不僅僅在于精雕細琢,用(yong)料也頗有講究。平(ping)遙(yao)推(tui)(tui)光(guang)漆(qi)器使用(yong)的(de)(de)是在黃土高(gao)原(yuan)廣泛(fan)分布著的(de)(de)漆(qi)樹刮(gua)掉樹皮后流出來的(de)(de)一種天(tian)然漆(qi)料--大漆(qi)。
平(ping)遙推(tui)(tui)光(guang)漆(qi)藝(yi)有精湛的(de)(de)(de)成套技(ji)藝(yi),其制(zhi)作(zuo)過(guo)程主(zhu)要包括以下步驟:(1)用(yong)特(te)殊(shu)配(pei)方、技(ji)藝(yi)及設(she)施煉制(zhi)大漆(qi);(2)以大漆(qi)和天然(ran)桐油煉制(zhi)罩漆(qi);(3)木胎(tai)(tai)(tai)披(pi)麻(ma)(ma)掛灰(hui)(hui),生(sheng)漆(qi)灰(hui)(hui)須褙(bei)布(bu),豬(zhu)血(xue)灰(hui)(hui)須披(pi)麻(ma)(ma),黃土膠則(ze)需褙(bei)紙;(4)以人發、牛尾制(zhi)作(zuo)漆(qi)栓(髹飾工(gong)(gong)具(ju));(5)在特(te)設(she)的(de)(de)(de)陰(yin)房(fang)內(nei)陰(yin)干(gan)漆(qi)器;(6)描金彩繪,包括平(ping)金開(kai)黑(hei)、堆鼓(gu)罩漆(qi)、勾金、罩金和蛋殼鑲(xiang)(xiang)嵌(qian)等(deng)(deng)傳(chuan)統(tong)技(ji)法;(7)用(yong)砂紙、木炭、頭發、磚(zhuan)灰(hui)(hui)、麻(ma)(ma)油等(deng)(deng)逐次推(tui)(tui)光(guang),使(shi)漆(qi)器光(guang)亮如鏡;(8)采用(yong)鑲(xiang)(xiang)嵌(qian)、鏤(lou)刻、罩金、刻灰(hui)(hui)等(deng)(deng)技(ji)藝(yi)進行裝(zhuang)飾。平(ping)遙推(tui)(tui)光(guang)漆(qi)器的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan),分木胎(tai)(tai)(tai)、灰(hui)(hui)胎(tai)(tai)(tai)、漆(qi)工(gong)(gong)、畫工(gong)(gong)和鑲(xiang)(xiang)嵌(qian)等(deng)(deng)五(wu)道工(gong)(gong)序。木胎(tai)(tai)(tai)車間使(shi)用(yong)松木做出各種家具(ju)的(de)(de)(de)木胎(tai)(tai)(tai)后,灰(hui)(hui)胎(tai)(tai)(tai)車間就(jiu)用(yong)白麻(ma)(ma)纏裹木胎(tai)(tai)(tai),抹上(shang)一層用(yong)豬(zhu)血(xue)調成的(de)(de)(de)磚(zhuan)灰(hui)(hui)泥,這叫做"披(pi)麻(ma)(ma)掛灰(hui)(hui)"。底(di)漆(qi)多以墨黑(hei)、霞(xia)紅(hong)、杏黃、綠紫為主(zhu),上(shang)面繪以具(ju)有民族風格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)圖案(an),如古(gu)典小說(shuo)、戲劇中的(de)(de)(de)故(gu)事人物、古(gu)代神話(hua)、傳(chuan)說(shuo)中的(de)(de)(de)故(gu)事人物等(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng),或描金彩繪,或刀(dao)刻雕墊,或堆鼓(gu)鑲(xiang)(xiang)嵌(qian),線(xian)條流暢,色調和諧(xie),富麗(li)堂皇。
漆(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)車間的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序是(shi)(shi)非常細(xi)致(zhi)和復雜的(de)(de)。每(mei)一(yi)件漆(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)藝品"髹(xiu)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)"是(shi)(shi)最(zui)(zui)關(guan)鍵(jian)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序,在灰胎上每(mei)刷(shua)一(yi)道(dao)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),都要(yao)(yao)(yao)先用(yong)(yong)水砂紙蘸(zhan)水擦(ca)(ca)拭(shi),擦(ca)(ca)拭(shi)畢,再用(yong)(yong)手反(fan)復推擦(ca)(ca),直到(dao)手感光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)滑(hua),再進行刷(shua)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),每(mei)件產品一(yi)般(ban)上五道(dao)到(dao)八道(dao)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),每(mei)上完一(yi)道(dao)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)干后需打磨(mo)--再上漆(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)--再打磨(mo)……,最(zui)(zui)后出光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)。出好(hao)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)是(shi)(shi)每(mei)件產品質(zhi)量優劣的(de)(de)關(guan)鍵(jian)。推光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝,從底漆(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)到(dao)面漆(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),每(mei)髹(xiu)飾一(yi)道(dao)大(da)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)都有(you)不同的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝要(yao)(yao)(yao)求。平遙推光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)最(zui)(zui)后一(yi)道(dao)面漆(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序是(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)手掌(zhang)推磨(mo)拋光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)的(de)(de),通常的(de)(de)做法是(shi)(shi)先用(yong)(yong)細(xi)砂紙把漆(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)面打磨(mo)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)滑(hua),接下來(lai)要(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)優質(zhi)椴木(mu)燒制的(de)(de)木(mu)炭塊細(xi)細(xi)蘸(zhan)水打磨(mo)增加(jia)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)面的(de)(de)黑度(du),再用(yong)(yong)頭發蘸(zhan)油打磨(mo),最(zui)(zui)后用(yong)(yong)手掌(zhang)蘸(zhan)上特制的(de)(de)細(xi)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)灰(用(yong)(yong)水將磚(zhuan)(zhuan)灰反(fan)復過濾(lv))和麻油推光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)。漆(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)面要(yao)(yao)(yao)達到(dao)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)亮如(ru)鏡的(de)(de)效果,推磨(mo)次(ci)數(shu)愈(yu)(yu)多(duo)出的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)愈(yu)(yu)亮,以后會越擦(ca)(ca)越亮,適于(yu)長期(qi)擺放。(推的(de)(de)平整與(yu)否(fou)決于(yu)磨(mo)的(de)(de)技法)畫工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)和鑲嵌車間,對技術(shu)的(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求更高,畫工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)必須學習繪畫四年以上,掌(zhang)握(wo)了繪畫的(de)(de)基本技巧(qiao)(qiao),才允許在漆(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)面上勾紅點(dian)翠,獨立操作。刻(ke)繪工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)的(de)(de)刀(dao)鋒,要(yao)(yao)(yao)求像(xiang)筆(bi)鋒一(yi)樣(yang),粗細(xi)相(xiang)間,深淺適度(du),起(qi)落自如(ru)。鑲嵌原(yuan)件的(de)(de)制作臺上,團(tuan)團(tuan)煙光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)紫(zi)氣,叮(ding)叮(ding)有(you)聲(sheng),工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)們(men)把河蚌殼、螺(luo)鈿(dian)、象牙(ya)以及彩色石頭加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)成各種原(yuan)件,由鑲嵌工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)根據圖案的(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求,巧(qiao)(qiao)妙地鑲妥粘(zhan)牢。
平(ping)遙(yao)推(tui)光(guang)(guang)漆(qi)(qi)器(qi)流(liu)傳(chuan)至今,已有(you)數千年歷史。現(xian)在仍健在的(de)平(ping)遙(yao)推(tui)光(guang)(guang)漆(qi)(qi)藝(yi)(yi)人有(you)中國工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)美術(shu)大師薛(xue)生(sheng)金(jin)和他(ta)的(de)傳(chuan)人耿(geng)保(bao)國、賈興(xing)林等。由于受(shou)現(xian)代化(hua)學(xue)漆(qi)(qi)和腰果漆(qi)(qi)的(de)沖擊(ji),以(yi)天然漆(qi)(qi)為原料(liao)的(de)推(tui)光(guang)(guang)漆(qi)(qi)藝(yi)(yi)日(ri)益(yi)萎(wei)縮,導(dao)致藝(yi)(yi)人改行和流(liu)失,漆(qi)(qi)藝(yi)(yi)產品質(zhi)量有(you)所下降,處(chu)于瀕危(wei)狀態。現(xian)平(ping)遙(yao)縣(xian)已建(jian)(jian)立薛(xue)生(sheng)金(jin)工(gong)作室和漆(qi)(qi)藝(yi)(yi)苑,將整理該項技藝(yi)(yi)的(de)資料(liao)和建(jian)(jian)檔,建(jian)(jian)立平(ping)遙(yao)漆(qi)(qi)器(qi)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)館,舉辦漆(qi)(qi)藝(yi)(yi)培訓班(ban),以(yi)確保(bao)這一珍貴技藝(yi)(yi)的(de)傳(chuan)承(cheng)和發(fa)展。
2006年,山西平遙的(de)(de)(de)推(tui)光(guang)漆(qi)器(qi)髹飾技(ji)藝(yi)(yi)入(ru)選首批國家(jia)級非物質文化遺產名錄。對(dui)于它的(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)承保護,是“非遺”工作后續(xu)之重點(dian)。清末(mo),老藝(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren)王春(chun)是推(tui)光(guang)漆(qi)器(qi)行業技(ji)藝(yi)(yi)蓋眾(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)行家(jia)里手(shou),他能漆(qi)善畫(hua)、開創了(le)(le)(le)全(quan)面擦色勾金(jin)、分(fen)色套版(ban)等技(ji)藝(yi)(yi);到了(le)(le)(le)民國年間(jian),推(tui)光(guang)漆(qi)藝(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren)喬泉玉,吸取南方玻(bo)璃畫(hua)的(de)(de)(de)特點(dian)和唐(tang)宋工筆重彩(cai)之精華,發(fa)展了(le)(le)(le)推(tui)光(guang)漆(qi)器(qi)繪畫(hua)技(ji)藝(yi)(yi);建國后,喬老的(de)(de)(de)徒弟們又在總結繼承傳(chuan)統漆(qi)藝(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)基礎上(shang)兼取諸地(di)之長(chang),融(rong)匯變通(tong),形成(cheng)自己的(de)(de)(de)流派。如工藝(yi)(yi)美術大(da)師薛生金(jin)不(bu)僅創新(xin)了(le)(le)(le)“堆鼓罩(zhao)漆(qi)”,還(huan)創造出“青綠山水(shui)、三(san)金(jin)三(san)彩(cai)”等新(xin)技(ji)藝(yi)(yi)。新(xin)一代傳(chuan)承人(ren)(ren)接續(xu)著前(qian)輩的(de)(de)(de)火(huo)炬,踏著前(qian)輩的(de)(de)(de)足跡走上(shang)不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)道路,將各自擅長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)本(ben)領都(dou)融(rong)于漆(qi)器(qi)技(ji)藝(yi)(yi)中(zhong),如“薛派”傳(chuan)人(ren)(ren)梁中(zhong)秀不(bu)拘(ju)于泥古(gu),敢于創新(xin),大(da)膽地(di)將油畫(hua)、水(shui)粉、水(shui)彩(cai)畫(hua)的(de)(de)(de)表現手(shou)法和個人(ren)(ren)風格有機地(di)融(rong)入(ru)漆(qi)器(qi)藝(yi)(yi)術。