盉(he)與(yu)(yu)爵配套(tao)可以(yi)盛酒,與(yu)(yu)盤配套(tao)亦可盛水。鴨(ya)(ya)形盉(he)以(yi)鴨(ya)(ya)腹為器身,背部開口(kou),上(shang)面加蓋(gai)(gai),腹下鑄柱(zhu)狀足,鴨(ya)(ya)首當流(liu),鴨(ya)(ya)尾作鋬,鋬上(shang)站立一(yi)小銅(tong)人,以(yi)其手(shou)足將器身與(yu)(yu)器蓋(gai)(gai)巧(qiao)妙地連為一(yi)體。蓋(gai)(gai)沿(yan)與(yu)(yu)口(kou)下飾長尾鳳鳥紋一(yi)周。蓋(gai)(gai)內有(you)陰刻銘文(wen)43字(zi),筆畫均勻,字(zi)跡清晰。銘文(wen)記述應國(guo)使者“匍”到氐這個地方探訪邢國(guo)的(de)國(guo)君邢公,邢公派一(yi)名叫的(de)官(guan)員會(hui)見了他,并(bing)贈送給他一(yi)些(xie)禮物。后來匍用邢公所賜的(de)銅(tong)做(zuo)了這件(jian)盉(he),以(yi)作紀念。
名稱:鴨形盉
年代:西周
出土(tu):1988年河南(nan)省平頂山應國墓地出土(tu)
原(yuan)件規格:通(tong)高25.2厘米 長31.8厘米
復制(zhi)件規(gui)格(ge):高31cm、長35cm
現藏:河(he)南博物院
用途:家居(ju)擺放(fang)、商務(wu)禮(li)(li)品(pin)、外事(shi)禮(li)(li)品(pin)、高檔(dang)文化禮(li)(li)品(pin)
該盉(he)(he)構思巧妙(miao)(miao)(miao),造型優美,極(ji)富想象力。整體酷似水鴨(ya),或(huo)可(ke)(ke)名之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)鳧,為(wei)水鳥,善飛(fei)翔。器物(wu)整體設計精巧別致,匠心(xin)獨運。器體上的(de)(de)(de)(de)龍、牛、鴨(ya)、人等(deng)形象逼真,惟妙(miao)(miao)(miao)惟肖(xiao)。巧妙(miao)(miao)(miao)和諧(xie)地分布于器物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)適當位置上,充溢著濃厚(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)活氣(qi)息,蘊含(han)著藝術(shu)氛圍,的(de)(de)(de)(de)確是(shi)一(yi)件(jian)將(jiang)藝術(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)美與生(sheng)活之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)美完善結合(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)絕(jue)妙(miao)(miao)(miao)佳作(zuo),令(ling)人嘆為(wei)觀(guan)止。該盉(he)(he)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所以設計為(wei)鴨(ya)形事出(chu)有(you)因。它是(shi)根據(ju)西周嚴格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)等(deng)級制(zhi)度所制(zhi)造,像匍這(zhe)種卿大夫一(yi)級的(de)(de)(de)(de)貴族,只能用鴨(ya)、鵝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)類造型的(de)(de)(de)(de)器物(wu)。由此可(ke)(ke)見這(zhe)件(jian)鴨(ya)形盉(he)(he)不僅是(shi)一(yi)件(jian)精美的(de)(de)(de)(de)藝術(shu)品,亦(yi)是(shi)研究西周時(shi)期禮(li)儀制(zhi)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)實物(wu)資料。
唯四月既生霸戊申,匍(pu)即與氐。青(qing)公事司(si)史兒(er)曾(ceng)匍(pu)與柬麀賁韋兩赤金一勻(yun)。匍(pu)敢對揚公休,用(yong)(yong)乍寶尊彝,其永用(yong)(yong)。
“工(gong)欲善(shan)其(qi)事,必先利其(qi)器(qi)”一件優質青銅器(qi)的(de)出產(chan),靠的(de)是(shi)優良的(de)制(zhi)作(zuo)工(gong)藝。
通過化(hua)學腐蝕自然產生(sheng)的顏(yan)色有點綠(lv),那是(shi)(shi)青(qing)銅(tong)器(qi)剛生(sheng)成的青(qing)銅(tong)綠(lv)。因為是(shi)(shi)新(xin)作的,時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)不久所以顏(yan)色鮮亮一(yi)些,一(yi)般養護一(yi)段時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)后(hou)后(hou),顏(yan)色就會自然變(bian)得更(geng)舊一(yi)些。還(huan)有黑色和棗(zao)紅色,主(zhu)要還(huan)是(shi)(shi)受青(qing)銅(tong)器(qi)出土環(huan)境影(ying)響(xiang)。
青銅綠——在(zai)(zai)化(hua)(hua)學上主(zhu)要是堿式碳(tan)酸(suan)銅和硫酸(suan)銅的混合物,是空氣中存(cun)在(zai)(zai)的碳(tan)和硫兩種元(yuan)素長(chang)期(qi)與銅氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)反應形成的。這種綠色一般不(bu)直(zhi)接(jie)食(shi)(shi)用是沒有(you)害的,所以青銅器不(bu)能直(zhi)接(jie)盛放是酒或(huo)食(shi)(shi)物。
有(you)(you)些(xie)青銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)是(shi)黑色(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de),還有(you)(you)些(xie)帶紅(hong)色(se),真品(pin)青銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)黑色(se)是(shi)氧化(hua)形成的(de)(de)(de)(de),一(yi)般是(shi)傳(chuan)世品(pin),埋藏時(shi)間(jian)很(hen)長(chang),在(zai)自(zi)然界中形成銅(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧化(hua)。紅(hong)色(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de)我們稱(cheng)為”棗皮紅(hong)”,是(shi)水銹的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種,是(shi)青銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)長(chang)期在(zai)水中浸泡(pao)形成的(de)(de)(de)(de)。如(ru)果想要(yao)(yao)高(gao)仿銹的(de)(de)(de)(de),那成本(ben)就會(hui)高(gao)一(yi)些(xie),因(yin)為銹色(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生成是(shi)需要(yao)(yao)時(shi)間(jian)處理的(de)(de)(de)(de),短則(ze)半個(ge)月,長(chang)則(ze)需要(yao)(yao)3、4個(ge)月,要(yao)(yao)求越高(gao),銹色(se)處理就越長(chang),當然效果也會(hui)越好(hao)。
其他青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)器復仿制(zhi)地點的(de)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)器顏色(se)(se)是(shi)(shi)黑(hei)色(se)(se)底、藍色(se)(se)銹的(de),和鐘鼎青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)器產品(pin)(pin)顏色(se)(se)不一(yi)樣,這主要是(shi)(shi)主要材質、工藝不一(yi)樣。鐘鼎青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)器的(de)產品(pin)(pin)是(shi)(shi)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)材質,化學(xue)自然(ran)腐蝕(shi)的(de)銹色(se)(se),出(chu)(chu)廠(chang)前還要做(zuo)環(huan)保滅菌處理,而(er)且經過一(yi)段時間(jian)的(de)養護,青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)顏色(se)(se)會變的(de)很溫潤。而(er)其他廠(chang)家(jia)的(de)產品(pin)(pin),大量的(de)是(shi)(shi)用雜銅(tong)或鋅合金材料,因(yin)為(wei)不能(neng)自然(ran)腐蝕(shi)出(chu)(chu)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)銹色(se)(se),只能(neng)做(zuo)成(cheng)黑(hei)色(se)(se),紋(wen)飾(shi)中上藍色(se)(se)顏料,這種(zhong)出(chu)(chu)來的(de)銹,用手一(yi)擦就(jiu)會掉色(se)(se),長期擺放對人(ren)體還會有害。
鐘鼎青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)的(de)(de)產品(pin)(pin)是(shi)(shi)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材質(zhi)的(de)(de)。青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)純銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),它是(shi)(shi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鉛錫的(de)(de)合(he)金,古(gu)代叫“吉金”。純銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)現(xian)(xian)稱為(wei)(wei)“紫銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)”,也(ye)就是(shi)(shi)電線里用的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),很柔軟(ruan),但硬度(du)不(bu)(bu)夠。青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)里銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)比例有(you)70%左右。青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材料價格(ge)(ge)之所以高,也(ye)是(shi)(shi)因為(wei)(wei)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)含(han)(han)量(liang)較高,而(er)(er)且(qie)含(han)(han)的(de)(de)錫價格(ge)(ge)比銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)更貴(gui)。現(xian)(xian)今銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)大概(gai)7、8萬(wan)(wan)一噸,而(er)(er)錫12萬(wan)(wan)左右一噸。仿制(zhi)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)的(de)(de)環保鐘鼎青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)的(de)(de)產品(pin)(pin),經過(guo)室內(nei)陳設品(pin)(pin)環保檢測,有(you)害放(fang)射線只(zhi)有(you)國際(ji)(ji)標準允許值的(de)(de)1/160,國際(ji)(ji)標準為(wei)(wei)32微倫(lun)(lun)/小(xiao)時(shi),而(er)(er)鐘鼎青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)產品(pin)(pin)平均(jun)只(zhi)有(you)0.2微倫(lun)(lun)/小(xiao)時(shi)。這主要得益(yi)于制(zhi)作工藝(yi),在(zai)制(zhi)作過(guo)程中(zhong)不(bu)(bu)使用強(qiang)酸處(chu)理,減少了(le)酸鉛的(de)(de)形成,從(cong)而(er)(er)減少了(le)有(you)害放(fang)射線對(dui)人(ren)體(ti)健康(kang)的(de)(de)影響。同(tong)時(shi),在(zai)產品(pin)(pin)出(chu)廠前,還要針對(dui)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)銹色(se)產生時(shi)伴生的(de)(de)有(you)害病(bing)菌進(jin)行滅菌消毒,主要是(shi)(shi)白色(se)粉(fen)末狀的(de)(de)氯化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),它的(de)(de)產生會使青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)在(zai)短短的(de)(de)1年(nian)內(nei)就能腐蝕透,是(shi)(shi)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)上致命的(de)(de)病(bing)毒。
據(ju)銘(ming)文記載,鴨(ya)形盉鑄造于西周穆(mu)王時期的(de)(de)應國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。應國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)當(dang)時國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)小力微,南邊的(de)(de)楚國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)不斷鬧事滋擾,為了(le)(le)(le)(le)保全自己(ji),應侯(hou)決定派(pai)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)出使(shi)北邊的(de)(de)邢國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)以尋求支持(chi)。可是(shi),當(dang)時應、邢兩(liang)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)一(yi)直都(dou)是(shi)井水(shui)不犯河水(shui),關(guan)系緊張,第一(yi)次(ci)出使(shi)絕非(fei)易(yi)事,所(suo)以由誰(shui)來帶團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)出使(shi)邢國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),便(bian)成了(le)(le)(le)(le)擺在(zai)應國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)侯(hou)面前的(de)(de)一(yi)大難題。應國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有位(wei)匍(pu)(pu)將(jiang)軍,當(dang)差(cha)多年卻一(yi)直未能升遷,就(jiu)快退(tui)休了(le)(le)(le)(le),他突然(ran)萌(meng)生了(le)(le)(le)(le)一(yi)個(ge)念頭,想要(yao)效仿(fang)圣賢周游(you)列國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),出國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)去(qu)看(kan)(kan)看(kan)(kan)。見(jian)應侯(hou)準備派(pai)人出使(shi)邢國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),匍(pu)(pu)將(jiang)軍毛遂自薦(jian),說自己(ji)是(shi)西周當(dang)朝(chao)相國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)匍(pu)(pu)侯(hou)的(de)(de)遠房族(zu)親(qin)。就(jiu)這樣,匍(pu)(pu)將(jiang)軍就(jiu)在(zai)次(ci)年四(si)月戊申(shen)這天率使(shi)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)來到(dao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)邢國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)氐。
匍將(jiang)軍與邢國特使會見結束(shu)后,雙方互贈了(le)禮物。鑒于匍將(jiang)軍與當朝相(xiang)國的關系(xi)特殊,邢國侯還(huan)另外(wai)賞賜給匍將(jiang)軍一(yi)些鹿(lu)皮服飾和(he)30斤純銅等作為私人禮物。后來,匍將(jiang)軍在(zai)(zai)回國途中遇到了(le)山洪暴(bao)發,情況(kuang)萬分危(wei)急。但就在(zai)(zai)此刻,忽然有幾只巨大(da)的飛(fei)梟飛(fei)來并把他(ta)們馱起向南(nan)飛(fei)去,匍將(jiang)軍蘇醒后發現(xian)自己就在(zai)(zai)應都附近的一(yi)座小山上。
為了表達自(zi)己(ji)對飛梟(xiao)救命(ming)之恩(en)的(de)感激,于是他(ta)決定把邢侯所賜的(de)純銅制(zhi)成一個飛梟(xiao)形(xing)象(xiang)的(de)器(qi)物,并把他(ta)出使(shi)邢國和接受禮品的(de)事情銘刻(ke)器(qi)上,作為紀念。這件器(qi)物就是鴨形(xing)盉。