盉與爵配套可以盛酒,與盤配套亦(yi)可盛水。鴨形盉以鴨腹(fu)為器身(shen),背部開口(kou),上(shang)(shang)面加蓋(gai),腹(fu)下鑄柱狀足,鴨首當流(liu),鴨尾(wei)作(zuo)鋬,鋬上(shang)(shang)站立一(yi)(yi)小銅人,以其手足將器身(shen)與器蓋(gai)巧妙地連為一(yi)(yi)體。蓋(gai)沿與口(kou)下飾長尾(wei)鳳鳥紋一(yi)(yi)周。蓋(gai)內有陰刻銘(ming)文(wen)43字,筆畫(hua)均勻,字跡清晰。銘(ming)文(wen)記述應國使者“匍(pu)”到氐這(zhe)(zhe)個地方(fang)探訪邢(xing)國的國君邢(xing)公(gong),邢(xing)公(gong)派一(yi)(yi)名(ming)叫的官(guan)員會見(jian)了他(ta),并贈送給他(ta)一(yi)(yi)些禮物(wu)。后來匍(pu)用(yong)邢(xing)公(gong)所賜的銅做了這(zhe)(zhe)件盉,以作(zuo)紀念。
名稱:鴨形盉
年代:西周
出土(tu):1988年河南省平頂山應國墓地出土(tu)
原件規格:通高(gao)25.2厘米(mi) 長31.8厘米(mi)
復(fu)制件規(gui)格:高31cm、長35cm
現藏:河南博物院
用(yong)途(tu):家居擺放、商務禮(li)品、外(wai)事禮(li)品、高(gao)檔文(wen)化禮(li)品
該盉構思巧妙(miao),造型優美,極富想象(xiang)力。整(zheng)體(ti)酷似水鴨(ya),或可名之(zhi)為(wei)鳧,為(wei)水鳥,善飛翔。器(qi)物整(zheng)體(ti)設(she)計精(jing)巧別致,匠心獨運。器(qi)體(ti)上(shang)的(de)龍(long)、牛、鴨(ya)、人等形象(xiang)逼真,惟妙(miao)惟肖(xiao)。巧妙(miao)和諧地分布于器(qi)物的(de)適當位置上(shang),充(chong)溢著濃厚(hou)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)活氣息(xi),蘊含著藝(yi)術氛圍,的(de)確是一(yi)件(jian)將(jiang)藝(yi)術之(zhi)美與生(sheng)(sheng)活之(zhi)美完善結合的(de)絕(jue)妙(miao)佳作,令人嘆為(wei)觀止。該盉之(zhi)所(suo)(suo)以(yi)設(she)計為(wei)鴨(ya)形事出有因。它是根據西周(zhou)嚴(yan)格(ge)的(de)等級(ji)制(zhi)度(du)所(suo)(suo)制(zhi)造,像匍這種卿大夫一(yi)級(ji)的(de)貴族(zu),只能用鴨(ya)、鵝之(zhi)類造型的(de)器(qi)物。由此(ci)可見這件(jian)鴨(ya)形盉不僅是一(yi)件(jian)精(jing)美的(de)藝(yi)術品,亦是研究(jiu)西周(zhou)時期禮(li)儀制(zhi)度(du)的(de)實物資料(liao)。
唯四月既(ji)生霸戊申,匍即與(yu)氐。青公事(shi)司史兒(er)曾匍與(yu)柬麀賁韋兩赤金一勻。匍敢對揚(yang)公休,用乍寶尊彝(yi),其永用。
“工欲善其事,必(bi)先利其器(qi)”一(yi)件(jian)優質青(qing)銅器(qi)的出(chu)產(chan),靠的是優良的制作工藝。
通過化學(xue)腐蝕自然產生的(de)顏(yan)色(se)有點(dian)綠,那是青銅器剛生成的(de)青銅綠。因為(wei)是新作(zuo)的(de),時(shi)(shi)間不久所以顏(yan)色(se)鮮亮一(yi)(yi)些,一(yi)(yi)般養護一(yi)(yi)段時(shi)(shi)間后后,顏(yan)色(se)就會自然變得更舊一(yi)(yi)些。還有黑色(se)和棗紅(hong)色(se),主要還是受青銅器出土(tu)環境影響。
青銅綠——在化學(xue)上主要(yao)是堿(jian)式碳(tan)酸銅和硫酸銅的混合物,是空(kong)氣(qi)中存(cun)在的碳(tan)和硫兩種(zhong)元素長期與(yu)銅氧(yang)化反(fan)應形成的。這種(zhong)綠色一(yi)般不直接(jie)食用是沒(mei)有害(hai)的,所以青銅器不能直接(jie)盛放是酒或(huo)食物。
有些青(qing)銅器(qi)是(shi)黑(hei)色(se)(se)的(de)(de)(de),還(huan)有些帶紅(hong)色(se)(se),真品(pin)青(qing)銅器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)黑(hei)色(se)(se)是(shi)氧化形(xing)成的(de)(de)(de),一般(ban)是(shi)傳世品(pin),埋藏時間很(hen)長(chang)(chang),在自然界中形(xing)成銅的(de)(de)(de)氧化。紅(hong)色(se)(se)的(de)(de)(de)我們(men)稱為(wei)”棗(zao)皮紅(hong)”,是(shi)水銹(xiu)(xiu)的(de)(de)(de)一種,是(shi)青(qing)銅器(qi)長(chang)(chang)期(qi)在水中浸泡(pao)形(xing)成的(de)(de)(de)。如果(guo)想要高(gao)仿銹(xiu)(xiu)的(de)(de)(de),那成本就會高(gao)一些,因為(wei)銹(xiu)(xiu)色(se)(se)的(de)(de)(de)生成是(shi)需要時間處理的(de)(de)(de),短(duan)則(ze)半個月(yue),長(chang)(chang)則(ze)需要3、4個月(yue),要求越(yue)高(gao),銹(xiu)(xiu)色(se)(se)處理就越(yue)長(chang)(chang),當然效果(guo)也會越(yue)好。
其他青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)器(qi)復仿制地(di)點的(de)(de)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)器(qi)顏(yan)(yan)色(se)(se)是(shi)(shi)(shi)黑色(se)(se)底、藍色(se)(se)銹的(de)(de),和鐘(zhong)鼎青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)器(qi)產品顏(yan)(yan)色(se)(se)不一(yi)樣,這主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)主(zhu)要(yao)材質、工藝不一(yi)樣。鐘(zhong)鼎青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)器(qi)的(de)(de)產品是(shi)(shi)(shi)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)材質,化學自(zi)然腐(fu)蝕(shi)的(de)(de)銹色(se)(se),出(chu)廠前還要(yao)做環保滅(mie)菌(jun)處理,而且(qie)經(jing)過(guo)一(yi)段(duan)時間的(de)(de)養(yang)護,青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)顏(yan)(yan)色(se)(se)會變的(de)(de)很溫(wen)潤(run)。而其他廠家的(de)(de)產品,大量的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)用雜(za)銅(tong)或鋅合金材料(liao),因為(wei)不能(neng)自(zi)然腐(fu)蝕(shi)出(chu)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)銹色(se)(se),只能(neng)做成黑色(se)(se),紋(wen)飾中上藍色(se)(se)顏(yan)(yan)料(liao),這種出(chu)來的(de)(de)銹,用手(shou)一(yi)擦(ca)就會掉(diao)色(se)(se),長期(qi)擺放對人體還會有害。
鐘(zhong)鼎(ding)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)產品(pin)是青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材質的(de)(de)。青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)不是純銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),它是銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鉛(qian)錫的(de)(de)合(he)金,古代叫“吉金”。純銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)現(xian)稱為(wei)“紫銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)”,也就是電線里(li)用的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),很柔軟(ruan),但硬度不夠。青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)里(li)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)比(bi)例有70%左右。青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材料價(jia)格之所以(yi)高,也是因為(wei)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)含量較高,而(er)(er)且含的(de)(de)錫價(jia)格比(bi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)更貴。現(xian)今銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)大概7、8萬(wan)一(yi)噸,而(er)(er)錫12萬(wan)左右一(yi)噸。仿制(zhi)(zhi)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)環(huan)保(bao)鐘(zhong)鼎(ding)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)產品(pin),經(jing)過(guo)室內陳設品(pin)環(huan)保(bao)檢(jian)測(ce),有害放射線只有國(guo)際標準允(yun)許值的(de)(de)1/160,國(guo)際標準為(wei)32微(wei)倫/小時(shi),而(er)(er)鐘(zhong)鼎(ding)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)產品(pin)平均只有0.2微(wei)倫/小時(shi)。這主要得益于制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)工藝,在(zai)(zai)制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)過(guo)程(cheng)中不使用強(qiang)酸處理,減少(shao)了酸鉛(qian)的(de)(de)形成,從而(er)(er)減少(shao)了有害放射線對(dui)人體健(jian)康的(de)(de)影響。同(tong)時(shi),在(zai)(zai)產品(pin)出廠前,還要針對(dui)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)銹色產生時(shi)伴生的(de)(de)有害病菌進行滅菌消(xiao)毒,主要是白色粉(fen)末狀的(de)(de)氯化亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),它的(de)(de)產生會使青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)在(zai)(zai)短短的(de)(de)1年內就能腐蝕(shi)透,是青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)上致(zhi)命的(de)(de)病毒。
據銘文(wen)記(ji)載,鴨形盉鑄造于西(xi)周(zhou)穆(mu)王(wang)時(shi)期的(de)應(ying)(ying)國(guo)。應(ying)(ying)國(guo)當(dang)時(shi)國(guo)小力微,南邊(bian)的(de)楚國(guo)不斷鬧事滋(zi)擾,為(wei)了(le)保全自(zi)己,應(ying)(ying)侯決定派團出(chu)使(shi)(shi)北邊(bian)的(de)邢國(guo)以(yi)尋求支持。可是(shi)(shi),當(dang)時(shi)應(ying)(ying)、邢兩國(guo)一(yi)直都是(shi)(shi)井(jing)水不犯河水,關系緊張,第一(yi)次(ci)出(chu)使(shi)(shi)絕非易事,所以(yi)由誰(shui)來帶團出(chu)使(shi)(shi)邢國(guo),便成了(le)擺在(zai)應(ying)(ying)國(guo)侯面前的(de)一(yi)大(da)難(nan)題。應(ying)(ying)國(guo)有位匍將(jiang)(jiang)軍,當(dang)差(cha)多年(nian)卻一(yi)直未能升遷,就(jiu)快退休了(le),他突(tu)然(ran)萌生了(le)一(yi)個念頭,想(xiang)要效仿圣賢周(zhou)游列國(guo),出(chu)國(guo)去看(kan)看(kan)。見應(ying)(ying)侯準備派人(ren)出(chu)使(shi)(shi)邢國(guo),匍將(jiang)(jiang)軍毛(mao)遂(sui)自(zi)薦,說自(zi)己是(shi)(shi)西(xi)周(zhou)當(dang)朝相(xiang)國(guo)匍侯的(de)遠房族親。就(jiu)這樣,匍將(jiang)(jiang)軍就(jiu)在(zai)次(ci)年(nian)四(si)月戊申這天率使(shi)(shi)團來到了(le)邢國(guo)的(de)氐。
匍將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)與邢國(guo)特使(shi)會見結束后(hou),雙(shuang)方互(hu)贈了(le)禮物。鑒于匍將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)與當朝相國(guo)的關系特殊,邢國(guo)侯還另外賞賜給匍將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)一些(xie)鹿皮(pi)服飾和30斤純銅等作為私(si)人(ren)禮物。后(hou)來(lai),匍將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)在(zai)回國(guo)途中遇到了(le)山洪暴發(fa),情(qing)況萬(wan)分危急。但就(jiu)在(zai)此刻,忽然(ran)有幾只巨大的飛(fei)(fei)梟飛(fei)(fei)來(lai)并(bing)把(ba)他們馱起向南飛(fei)(fei)去,匍將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)蘇(su)醒(xing)后(hou)發(fa)現(xian)自己就(jiu)在(zai)應都附近(jin)的一座小(xiao)山上(shang)。
為了(le)表(biao)達自己對飛梟(xiao)救(jiu)命之恩的感激,于是他決定把邢(xing)侯所賜的純銅制(zhi)成一(yi)個飛梟(xiao)形象(xiang)的器(qi)(qi)物,并把他出使邢(xing)國和(he)接受禮品的事情銘刻器(qi)(qi)上,作為紀(ji)念。這(zhe)件器(qi)(qi)物就是鴨形盉。