春(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)云紋(wen)銅(tong)(tong)禁是春(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)中期青銅(tong)(tong)器,1978年出(chu)土于(yu)河(he)南(nan)淅川縣下寺春(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)楚墓,現藏于(yu)河(he)南(nan)博物院。
春(chun)秋云紋銅禁通高28.8厘米,器身長103厘米,寬46厘米,重量95.5千(qian)克(ke),呈(cheng)長方形。
春秋云紋銅禁,整(zheng)體用失蠟法鑄就,工藝精(jing)湛(zhan)復雜,2002年被國家文物局列為首(shou)批64件(jian)禁止出國(境)展覽文物之一。
春(chun)秋云(yun)紋銅禁(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)禁(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)長(chang)103厘(li)米、通長(chang)124厘(li)米、禁(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)寬47.3厘(li)米、通寬68.3厘(li)米、禁(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)高(gao)(gao)14.5厘(li)米、通高(gao)(gao)29.5厘(li)米,重達95.5公斤,呈長(chang)方形(xing)。十二條龍(long)形(xing)附獸(shou)(shou)昂首鼓腹翹尾;頭頂的(de)冠飾與兩旁的(de)角飾都是浮(fu)雕透(tou)孔云(yun)紋,獸(shou)(shou)尾插著(zhu)(zhu)尾花。獸(shou)(shou)首面對禁(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)面張(zhang)嘴吐舌,舌頭翻卷(juan)著(zhu)(zhu)至于(yu)禁(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)面上(shang)邊,其狀像是眼睛在盯(ding)著(zhu)(zhu)禁(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)上(shang)的(de)美酒,垂涎(xian)欲滴。禁(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)底有12個龍(long)形(xing)獸(shou)(shou)支撐著(zhu)(zhu)禁(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)身,挺(ting)胸(xiong)凹腰。
云(yun)紋銅(tong)(tong)禁由(you)禁體、12條(tiao)龍形(xing)附獸、12條(tiao)龍形(xing)座獸三部分組(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)。禁體由(you)禁面及四(si)周(zhou)側壁(bi)組(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng),壁(bi)厚不(bu)足(zu)5厘(li)米(mi),中(zhong)空。在(zai)銅(tong)(tong)禁不(bu)足(zu)5厘(li)米(mi)的(de)(de)厚度中(zhong),有(you)五(wu)層結構:第(di)五(wu)層由(you)特粗直銅(tong)(tong)梗(geng)(geng)組(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)口(kou)字型(xing);第(di)四(si)層細(xi)(xi)銅(tong)(tong)梗(geng)(geng),-端附著(zhu)在(zai)第(di)五(wu)層口(kou)字型(xing)銅(tong)(tong)梗(geng)(geng)上(shang),平伸后彎曲(qu)向(xiang)上(shang)或者向(xiang),上(shang)分叉(cha)后支撐第(di)三層銅(tong)(tong)梗(geng)(geng);第(di)三層銅(tong)(tong)梗(geng)(geng)為較細(xi)(xi)直梗(geng)(geng);第(di)二層立(li)于第(di)三層銅(tong)(tong)梗(geng)(geng)上(shang),,是(shi)逐漸變(bian)得更細(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)小(xiao)圓立(li)柱或者下(xia)面分叉(cha)的(de)(de)人字形(xing)立(li)柱。這四(si)層銅(tong)(tong)梗(geng)(geng)穿插連接,形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)一(yi)個長方形(xing)的(de)(de)框架,支撐著(zhu)云(yun)紋圖(tu)案,起到穩定及承重作用(yong)。第(di)一(yi)層亦(yi)是(shi)最外面一(yi)層是(shi)云(yun)紋,大多由(you)C形(xing)紋、變(bian)形(xing)人字紋和X形(xing)紋組(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng),它們互相交(jiao)錯(cuo)但不(bu)交(jiao)叉(cha),形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)透雕的(de)(de)云(yun)紋平面。禁面中(zhong)間(jian)由(you)一(yi)塊長方形(xing)平面銅(tong)(tong)板組(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng),在(zai)銅(tong)(tong)板的(de)(de)背面有(you)一(yi)根起加強作用(yong)的(de)(de)橫(heng)梁。
底座(zuo)四角及禁下端承托銅禁的(de)(de)12個(ge)座(zuo)獸的(de)(de)臀部上方有(you)(you)12個(ge)澆(jiao)口,澆(jiao)口處(chu)留有(you)(you)殘(can)柱。在禁側底邊每(mei)兩個(ge)座(zuo)獸的(de)(de)中(zhong)間點(dian)有(you)(you)12個(ge)冒口痕(hen)跡。
禁(jin)的四周攀附(fu)著12條龍形怪獸(shou),前后(hou)各四個(ge)(ge),左右兩側各2個(ge)(ge)。附(fu)獸(shou)與禁(jin)體是卯榫結(jie)合(he),禁(jin)體上(shang)有12個(ge)(ge)榫頭,12個(ge)(ge)附(fu)獸(shou)的肚子上(shang)各有一個(ge)(ge)卯。足獸(shou)也是如(ru)此,禁(jin)底(di)部(bu)有12個(ge)(ge)凸出的柱狀,足獸(shou)腰部(bu)有一個(ge)(ge)孔,可(ke)以穿(chuan)插進去。
1977年夏末,河南省西南部(bu)的(de)(de)丹(dan)江(jiang)水(shui)庫(ku)水(shui)位下(xia)降(jiang),一(yi)座深藏在水(shui)庫(ku)之下(xia)的(de)(de)千年古墓被沖開,大批(pi)的(de)(de)青(qing)銅器和(he)玉器被沖出丹(dan)江(jiang),暴(bao)露(lu)在丹(dan)江(jiang)的(de)(de)兩(liang)岸(an)。當(dang)地的(de)(de)文(wen)物(wu)(wu)管理部(bu)門接到(dao)報(bao)告后,立刻(ke)趕赴現(xian)(xian)場(chang),開始了(le)收集散落(luo)文(wen)物(wu)(wu)和(he)現(xian)(xian)場(chang)勘探(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)。經過一(yi)番探(tan)(tan)查,考古工(gong)作(zuo)人員發現(xian)(xian)此處是(shi)(shi)一(yi)個墓葬密集的(de)(de)古墓群。但是(shi)(shi)由于當(dang)時(shi)雨(yu)季(ji)來臨,丹(dan)江(jiang)水(shui)位上(shang)漲,發掘工(gong)作(zuo)被迫中斷了(le)。
第二年,文物(wu)部門立刻對(dui)這(zhe)片墓(mu)(mu)地進行了搶救性挖掘,共發掘出了24座春秋時期的楚墓(mu)(mu)和一部分漢墓(mu)(mu),出土了許多(duo)(duo)價(jia)值(zhi)不菲的珍貴文物(wu),其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)2號墓(mu)(mu)出土了成(cheng)套的青銅禮器,在出土的眾(zhong)多(duo)(duo)精(jing)品中(zhong)(zhong),云紋(wen)銅禁就是其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)之一。
南(nan)(nan)陽(yang)淅川下(xia)寺(si)春(chun)秋楚墓南(nan)(nan)陽(yang)淅川縣位(wei)于河南(nan)(nan)省的西(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)部(bu),西(xi)(xi)接(jie)陜西(xi)(xi),南(nan)(nan)鄰湖北,北面和東邊連接(jie)伏牛山脈,丹江、淅水貫穿全(quan)境(jing),丹江與(yu)淅水交匯的川地(di)及丹江下(xia)游的順陽(yang)地(di)勢平(ping)坦,土地(di)肥沃,是(shi)這一地(di)區古(gu)人類主要生活集(ji)聚地(di)。下(xia)寺(si),位(wei)于淅川縣城南(nan)(nan)五十公(gong)(gong)里(li)丹江西(xi)(xi)岸的龍(long)山腳下(xia),東距丹江西(xi)(xi)岸六公(gong)(gong)里(li)。此處是(shi)一座香火旺盛的佛教寺(si)院,與(yu)西(xi)(xi)北方向的上(shang)寺(si)遙相呼應,可惜(xi)自(zi)丹江水庫建成(cheng)蓄水后下(xia)寺(si)及龍(long)山大(da)部(bu)被水淹沒(mei)。
1977年秋,庫(ku)(ku)區(qu)(qu)水位下降(jiang),在原下寺(si)北約一(yi)公里處(chu)的龍山南(nan)端(duan)一(yi)座古代墓葬里的青銅器(qi)、玉器(qi)等露出(chu)水面(mian),引起了(le)當地(di)文(wen)物管理(li)部門(men)的重(zhong)視。1978年3月(yue)(yue)浙(zhe)川縣(xian)文(wen)物管理(li)委員會派專業人(ren)員對(dui)該區(qu)(qu)域(yu)進行了(le)深入(ru)細致的調(diao)查(cha),重(zhong)點(dian)地(di)區(qu)(qu)經考古鉆探發現了(le)二十(shi)(shi)四座古代墓葬,遂將(jiang)這一(yi)新(xin)情況上報(bao)南(nan)陽地(di)區(qu)(qu)文(wen)化(hua)局(ju)(ju)和(he)河(he)南(nan)省文(wen)化(hua)局(ju)(ju)。河(he)南(nan)省文(wen)化(hua)局(ju)(ju)會同南(nan)陽地(di)區(qu)(qu)文(wen)化(hua)局(ju)(ju)抽調(diao)省、地(di)、縣(xian)三(san)級文(wen)物部門(men)多名工作人(ren)員組成(cheng)了(le)丹江庫(ku)(ku)區(qu)(qu)文(wen)物考古發掘(jue)隊。自(zi)1979年3月(yue)(yue)至4月(yue)(yue)30日(ri)對(dui)淅(xi)川下寺(si)墓地(di)開展了(le)科學發掘(jue),共計清理(li)出(chu)大中型墓五(wu)(wu)座,小型墓十(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)座,車馬坑五(wu)(wu)處(chu)等,出(chu)土珍貴(gui)文(wen)物一(yi)千余件。
此禁(jin)(jin)整(zheng)體呈長方形(xing),構思(si)非(fei)常奇特。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)禁(jin)(jin)的四(si)周(zhou)都裝飾有透雕的多層(ceng)云紋(wen)(wen),在云紋(wen)(wen)的下面,由數層(ceng)粗(cu)細不同的銅(tong)(tong)(tong)梗(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)組成(cheng)錯綜復雜而(er)(er)又(you)玲瓏剔透的花紋(wen)(wen)。內層(ceng)以粗(cu)而(er)(er)直的銅(tong)(tong)(tong)梗(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)做(zuo)骨(gu)干(gan),中(zhong)(zhong)層(ceng)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)梗(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)稍細且從上而(er)(er)下向(xiang)兩側(ce)伸出后再向(xiang),上彎(wan)曲,外層(ceng)的銅(tong)(tong)(tong)梗(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)則最細,呈相(xiang)互(hu)獨立的卷草狀。內、中(zhong)(zhong)、外三層(ceng)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)梗(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)相(xiang)互(hu)套結(jie),但(dan)內層(ceng)粗(cu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)梗(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)起主要支撐禁(jin)(jin)身作(zuo)用。禁(jin)(jin)面中(zhong)(zhong)間留(liu)一(yi)長方形(xing)平整(zheng)光(guang)亮(liang)的素面。禁(jin)(jin)身的上部四(si)周(zhou)攀附有12條(tiao)龍形(xing)怪(guai)獸,前后各4條(tiao),左右各2條(tiao),它(ta)們凹(ao)腰卷尾,探(tan)首吐舌,面向(xiang)禁(jin)(jin)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin),形(xing)成(cheng)群龍拱衛的場面,十分壯觀。禁(jin)(jin)的下部是12條(tiao)虎形(xing)怪(guai)獸,兩長邊(bian)各3只,四(si)角及(ji)兩短邊(bian)各1只,蹲在禁(jin)(jin)下作(zuo)為足(zu),支撐著器身。這種錯落有致(zhi)的設(she)計、奇巧的造型、精湛的鑄造工藝,使整(zheng)件(jian)器物(wu)霸氣十足(zu),形(xing)成(cheng)了神秘(mi)而(er)(er)鮮明的藝術效果,嘆為觀止。
云紋(wen)銅禁是中(zhong)國(guo)發(fa)現的最早的失蠟法鑄(zhu)件。失蠟法是中(zhong)國(guo)古代發(fa)明的三大鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)方法之一,它是利(li)用蠟的可(ke)熔性(xing),來鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)結構(gou)復雜并且不易(yi)分離的部件的鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)方法。
2002年1月(yue)18日,國(guo)(guo)家文(wen)物局印發《首批(pi)禁(jin)(jin)止出國(guo)(guo)(境(jing))展(zhan)覽(lan)文(wen)物目錄》,規定64件(組)珍(zhen)貴文(wen)物為首批(pi)禁(jin)(jin)止出國(guo)(guo)(境(jing))展(zhan)覽(lan)的文(wen)物,春秋云紋銅禁(jin)(jin)為其中之一。
據文獻記載(zai),中國最早使用失蠟法工(gong)藝的時(shi)間在唐初,而云(yun)紋銅(tong)禁(jin)的出(chu)土(tu),將中國失蠟法鑄造工(gong)藝的歷史向前推進了(le)1100年(nian)。
2018年2月12日,春秋云(yun)紋銅禁在北京故宮箭亭廣場(chang)的“《國(guo)家寶藏(zang)》特展”展出。
國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家人事(shi)部(bu)學部(bu)委(wei)員會(hui)一(yi)級國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)畫藝(yi)委(wei)喬(qiao)保同:云紋銅禁(jin)整體用失蠟(la)法鑄(zhu)(zhu)就。文獻所見中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)最早用失蠟(la)法工(gong)藝(yi)的時間在(zai)唐(tang)代(dai)初年,學界(jie)一(yi)般認為中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)失蠟(la)法工(gong)藝(yi)源自印度(du)。但云紋銅禁(jin)的出土,將中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)失蠟(la)法鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)工(gong)藝(yi)的歷史向前(qian)推進1100年。由此(ci),學界(jie)認為失蠟(la)法鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)工(gong)藝(yi)至少在(zai)2500多(duo)年前(qian)的中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),就已相(xiang)當成(cheng)熟。(網易網)