自然生態(tai)環境和人文歷(li)史因(yin)素
1、地(di)貌(mao):于(yu)田(tian)縣(xian)位于(yu)昆侖山北(bei)麓,塔克拉(la)瑪(ma)干沙漠(mo)南(nan)緣(yuan),東(dong)西(xi)寬30-120公里(li),南(nan)北(bei)跨度長約466公里(li),地(di)形呈牛腿狀,全縣(xian)地(di)勢南(nan)高(gao)(gao)北(bei)低,南(nan)北(bei)高(gao)(gao)差3500米(mi)。自南(nan)向北(bei)形成高(gao)(gao)山、河谷、戈壁、綠洲、平原、戈壁、沙漠(mo)等(deng)地(di)貌(mao)類型(xing)。
2、氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou):于田縣屬暖溫(wen)(wen)帶(dai)內陸干(gan)旱荒(huang)漠氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou),南部山區(qu)冷涼,半溫(wen)(wen)潤(run)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)區(qu),中(zhong)部平(ping)(ping)原暖溫(wen)(wen)干(gan)旱氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)區(qu)和北(bei)(bei)部暖溫(wen)(wen)極端干(gan)旱沙(sha)漠氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)區(qu)。本縣氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)的主要特點是:四(si)季(ji)分明、晝夜(ye)溫(wen)(wen)差大(da),熱(re)量(liang)資源豐富(fu),光照充足(zu),降水(shui)稀少,蒸發量(liang)大(da),春夏多風(feng)沙(sha)和浮塵等災(zai)害(hai)天氣(qi)(qi)(qi)。平(ping)(ping)均氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)11.6℃,平(ping)(ping)均降水(shui)量(liang)48mm,蒸發量(liang)是2432mm,北(bei)(bei)部沙(sha)漠地帶(dai)降水(shui)量(liang)僅為(wei)(wei)(wei)12毫米(mi)(mi),年(nian)日(ri)照總數為(wei)(wei)(wei)2769小(xiao)時(shi),日(ri)照率為(wei)(wei)(wei)62%,平(ping)(ping)原區(qu)年(nian)總輻射(she)量(liang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)143卡/平(ping)(ping)方(fang)厘(li)米(mi)(mi),是輻射(she)高值區(qu),大(da)部分灌區(qu)多年(nian)平(ping)(ping)均無霜期為(wei)(wei)(wei)213天。平(ping)(ping)原綠洲年(nian)平(ping)(ping)均風(feng)速(su)1.8米(mi)(mi)/秒(miao),風(feng)速(su)以(yi)春季(ji)最(zui)大(da),平(ping)(ping)均2.2米(mi)(mi)/秒(miao),秋冬季(ji)最(zui)小(xiao),平(ping)(ping)均為(wei)(wei)(wei)1.4米(mi)(mi)/秒(miao),春季(ji)盛行東北(bei)(bei)風(feng)。
3、水(shui)(shui)文:于(yu)田(tian)縣地廣河(he)多,全(quan)縣境內(nei)發(fa)源于(yu)山(shan)區的大小(xiao)河(he)流(liu)共11條,其(qi)中可利(li)用(yong)河(he)流(liu)5條,平(ping)均(jun)年總徑流(liu)量(liang)8.554億立(li)(li)(li)(li)方米。年徑流(liu)量(liang)2.7887億立(li)(li)(li)(li)方米,地下(xia)水(shui)(shui)儲存量(liang)為(wei)3186.84億立(li)(li)(li)(li)方米,地下(xia)水(shui)(shui)綜(zong)合補給量(liang)6.7294億立(li)(li)(li)(li)方米,山(shan)前(qian)礫(li)石帶以下(xia)綠色(se)平(ping)原區的地下(xia)水(shui)(shui)可利(li)用(yong)開采(cai)量(liang)為(wei)2.28億立(li)(li)(li)(li)方米。源于(yu)昆侖山(shan)的克里雅河(he)自南向北縱貫全(quan)境,全(quan)長約530千米,上中游(you)水(shui)(shui)能蘊藏(zang)量(liang)為(wei)10.5萬kw,可開發(fa)利(li)用(yong)量(liang)5.28萬kw,年可發(fa)電量(liang)34214萬度。于(yu)田(tian)縣水(shui)(shui)域面(mian)積為(wei)69540畝,其(qi)中宜養面(mian)積8770畝,現(xian)在利(li)用(yong)養殖面(mian)積2600畝。
4、濕地和稻(dao)(dao)(dao)區(qu)(qu):于(yu)田(tian)(tian)縣(xian)波斯坦稻(dao)(dao)(dao)田(tian)(tian)是于(yu)田(tian)(tian)麻(ma)鴨民(min)間(jian)養殖的發(fa)源地,因有(you)大片的濕地和水域,又被成為(wei)“和田(tian)(tian)小江南”,區(qu)(qu)域內(nei)水資源豐富,地下(xia)(xia)水位(wei)高,水草茂盛,極為(wei)適宜(yi)發(fa)展麻(ma)鴨養殖。1975年成立到田(tian)(tian)指揮部后,其(qi)管轄范圍內(nei)已開發(fa)利(li)用(yong)的稻(dao)(dao)(dao)田(tian)(tian)已有(you)4.2萬(wan)畝(mu)、還未開發(fa)利(li)用(yong)的濕地有(you)6.3萬(wan)畝(mu)。沿315國道(dao)從東向西進入于(yu)田(tian)(tian)縣(xian)境內(nei),國道(dao)兩旁的克(ke)里雅(ya)(ya)河流域灌(guan)溉區(qu)(qu)內(nei),均有(you)稻(dao)(dao)(dao)田(tian)(tian)分布。主要(yao)集中在國道(dao)兩旁的先拜(bai)巴扎鎮(zhen)、斯也(ye)克(ke)鄉、喀爾克(ke)鄉、托(tuo)格日尕孜鄉、西窩勒鄉、拉伊(yi)蘇良種場和克(ke)里雅(ya)(ya)河中下(xia)(xia)游的英(ying)巴格鄉、達里雅(ya)(ya)布依鄉也(ye)有(you)大片的濕地,濕地總(zong)面(mian)積達到8000畝(mu)。全縣(xian)3.8畝(mu)稻(dao)(dao)(dao)區(qu)(qu)濕地面(mian)積為(wei)規模化(hua)集中養殖于(yu)田(tian)(tian)麻(ma)鴨提(ti)供了得天獨厚的環境優勢。
三.地域范圍
于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)田(tian)麻鴨(ya)農(nong)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)地理標志地域(yu)(yu)保(bao)護區(qu)域(yu)(yu)隸屬新疆維(wei)吾爾(er)自治區(qu)和田(tian)地區(qu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)田(tian)縣(xian)(xian),東(dong)臨民豐(feng)縣(xian)(xian),西(xi)連策勒縣(xian)(xian),南接于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)田(tian)縣(xian)(xian)蘭(lan)干鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)托格拉(la)(la)克(ke)村闊納(na)巴(ba)格小隊和奧(ao)依(yi)托格拉(la)(la)克(ke)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)吐米亞村,北(bei)接于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)田(tian)縣(xian)(xian)達里雅布依(yi)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。地理坐標為東(dong)經(jing)81°09′—82°51′,北(bei)緯35°41′—39°29′。地域(yu)(yu)保(bao)護總面積1.8萬(wan)平方公里,地域(yu)(yu)保(bao)護產(chan)量:純種(zhong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)田(tian)麻鴨(ya)公鴨(ya)1.8萬(wan)羽(yu),純種(zhong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)田(tian)麻鴨(ya)母鴨(ya)5.4萬(wan)羽(yu),商品(pin)(pin)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)田(tian)麻鴨(ya)35萬(wan)羽(yu)。于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)田(tian)麻鴨(ya)農(nong)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)地理標志地域(yu)(yu)保(bao)護范圍包括:于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)田(tian)縣(xian)(xian)奧(ao)依(yi)托克(ke)拉(la)(la)克(ke)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、木哈拉(la)(la)鎮、阿(a)熱(re)勒鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、英巴(ba)格鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、加依(yi)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、科克(ke)亞鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、阿(a)日希鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、蘭(lan)干鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、蘭(lan)干農(nong)場(chang)、先拜(bai)巴(ba)扎鎮、斯(si)也克(ke)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、勞改農(nong)場(chang)、托格日尕孜鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、西(xi)窩勒鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、拉(la)(la)伊蘇(su)良種(zhong)場(chang)、國營羊(yang)場(chang)、喀爾(er)克(ke)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、老城區(qu),轄11鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)2鎮4場(chang)1區(qu)。
四.產品品質(zhi)特(te)性特(te)征(zheng)
1、外(wai)在(zai)感觀特(te)征:于田麻(ma)(ma)(ma)鴨(ya)屬(shu)肉蛋用型鴨(ya)種。個頭(tou)中等,頸(jing)(jing)修長。胸較淺(qian)(qian),軀干呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)長方形(xing)。公鴨(ya)外(wai)貌特(te)征:頭(tou)部(bu)(bu)(bu)至(zhi)(zhi)頸(jing)(jing)中部(bu)(bu)(bu)呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)黑(hei)(hei)色(se),頭(tou)部(bu)(bu)(bu)至(zhi)(zhi)頸(jing)(jing)中部(bu)(bu)(bu)呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)黑(hei)(hei)色(se),頸(jing)(jing)中下(xia)部(bu)(bu)(bu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)層圈(quan)呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)白(bai)色(se)(有(you)(you)(you)(you)些(xie)(xie)寬(kuan)而(er)明顯(xian)、有(you)(you)(you)(you)些(xie)(xie)窄而(er)模糊(hu)、有(you)(you)(you)(you)些(xie)(xie)無),頸(jing)(jing)下(xia)部(bu)(bu)(bu)、胸部(bu)(bu)(bu)呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)灰(hui)(hui)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)或(huo)(huo)灰(hui)(hui)色(se),腹(fu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)淺(qian)(qian)灰(hui)(hui)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)或(huo)(huo)白(bai)色(se),背部(bu)(bu)(bu)、翅(chi)膀表面(mian)呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)灰(hui)(hui)麻(ma)(ma)(ma),臀(tun)部(bu)(bu)(bu)呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)淺(qian)(qian)灰(hui)(hui)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)或(huo)(huo)白(bai)色(se),尾部(bu)(bu)(bu)呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)黑(hei)(hei)色(se)。展(zhan)開(kai)(kai)翅(chi)膀,外(wai)側灰(hui)(hui)羽(yu)和(he)(he)白(bai)羽(yu)相間(jian)、內(nei)側為白(bai)羽(yu),嘴(zui)、脛、爪、蹼(pu)均呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)黃色(se)。母鴨(ya)外(wai)貌特(te)征:頭(tou)部(bu)(bu)(bu)至(zhi)(zhi)頸(jing)(jing)中部(bu)(bu)(bu)呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)淺(qian)(qian)褐(he)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)或(huo)(huo)深(shen)褐(he)麻(ma)(ma)(ma),頸(jing)(jing)中下(xia)部(bu)(bu)(bu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)層圈(quan)呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)白(bai)色(se)(有(you)(you)(you)(you)些(xie)(xie)寬(kuan)而(er)明顯(xian)、有(you)(you)(you)(you)些(xie)(xie)窄而(er)模糊(hu)、有(you)(you)(you)(you)些(xie)(xie)無),頸(jing)(jing)下(xia)部(bu)(bu)(bu)、胸部(bu)(bu)(bu)呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)淺(qian)(qian)褐(he)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)或(huo)(huo)深(shen)褐(he)麻(ma)(ma)(ma),腹(fu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)褐(he)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)或(huo)(huo)白(bai)麻(ma)(ma)(ma),背部(bu)(bu)(bu)、翅(chi)膀表面(mian)呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)褐(he)麻(ma)(ma)(ma),臀(tun)部(bu)(bu)(bu)呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)淺(qian)(qian)褐(he)色(se)或(huo)(huo)白(bai)色(se),尾部(bu)(bu)(bu)呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)深(shen)褐(he)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)。展(zhan)開(kai)(kai)翅(chi)膀,外(wai)側褐(he)羽(yu)、白(bai)羽(yu)和(he)(he)灰(hui)(hui)藍羽(yu)相間(jian)、內(nei)側為白(bai)羽(yu),嘴(zui)、脛、爪、蹼(pu)均呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)黃色(se)。
2、內在品(pin)質指標:
(1)于田(tian)麻鴨肉內在(zai)品質獨具特色(se),水(shui)解氨(an)(an)(an)(an)基酸(suan)含(han)量為12.42-12.96(g/100g)(其中,天冬氨(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)1.18-1.22%、蘇氨(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)0.53-0.56%、絲氨(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)0.49-0.52%、谷氨(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)2.05-2.08%、甘(gan)氨(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)1.03-1.06%、丙(bing)氨(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)0.83-0.86%、胱氨(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)0.11-0.14%、纈氨(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)0.62-0.65%、甲硫氨(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)0.22-0.25%、異亮(liang)氨(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)0.54-0.57%、亮(liang)氨(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)0.95-0.98%、酪氨(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)0.37-0.4%、苯丙(bing)氨(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)0.47-0.5%、組氨(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)0.38-0.41%、賴(lai)氨(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)1.09-1.13%、精氨(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)0.86-0.9%、脯氨(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)0.7-0.73%),脂肪含(han)量為0.51-0.63(g/100g)(其中,棕櫚酸(suan)占(zhan)(zhan)21.3%、硬脂酸(suan)占(zhan)(zhan)7.9%、油脂占(zhan)(zhan)50.9%、亞(ya)油酸(suan)占(zhan)(zhan)17.9%、亞(ya)麻油占(zhan)(zhan)0.4%),微(wei)量元素含(han)量20.97-21.47mg /kg(其中,鈣1.242-1.297mg/kg 、鎂(mei)1.731-1.805mg/kg、鋅15.96-16.28mg/kg、銅1.98-2.03mg/kg、錳0.00047-0.00057mg/kg、硒0.0536-0.0582mg/kg)。
(2)于田麻鴨(ya)蛋營(ying)養豐富(fu),水解氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)基酸(suan)(suan)(suan)含量(liang)為12.938-14.11(g/100g)(其(qi)中,天冬氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)1.19-1.24%、蘇氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)0.68-0.75%、絲氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)0.99-1.04%、谷氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)1.81-1.92%、甘(gan)氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)0.41-0.47%、丙氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)0.59-0.67%、胱氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)0.28-0.34%、纈氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)0.82-0.89%、甲硫氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)0.56-0.63%、異亮氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)0.59-0.65%、亮氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)1.06-1.14%、酪氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)0.57-0.64%、苯(ben)丙氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)0.81-0.87%、組(zu)氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)0.46-0.53%、賴氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)0.92-1.03%、精氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)0.69-0.75%、脯(fu)氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)0.48-0.55%),脂(zhi)肪含量(liang)為13.03-13.25(g/100g)(其(qi)中,棕櫚酸(suan)(suan)(suan)占35.9%、硬脂(zhi)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)占10.4%、油脂(zhi)占44.3%、亞(ya)油酸(suan)(suan)(suan)占9.5%),微(wei)量(liang)元素含量(liang)24.82-25.07mg/kg(其(qi)中,鈣7.398-7.412mg/kg、鎂1.389-1.398mg/kg、鋅(xin)14.96-15.07mg/kg、銅(tong)0.81-0.92mg/kg、錳(meng)0.0015-0.0018mg/kg、硒0.257-0.265mg/kg)。
3、產(chan)(chan)品質(zhi)量安全(quan)規定:于田麻鴨(ya)質(zhi)量安全(quan)符(fu)(fu)合CB/T5009.92-2003、CB/T17377-2008、CB/T5009.124-2003和NO?2015(產(chan)(chan))RZ0077綠(lv)色(se)鴨(ya)肉食品的(de)(de)要求(qiu),于田麻鴨(ya)蛋質(zhi)量安全(quan)符(fu)(fu)合CB/T5009.92-2003、CB/T17377-2008、CB/T5009.124-2003和NO?2015(產(chan)(chan))RZ0083綠(lv)色(se)鴨(ya)蛋食品的(de)(de)要求(qiu),于田麻鴨(ya)飲用(yong)水(shui)符(fu)(fu)合NO?2015(產(chan)(chan))RZ0082綠(lv)色(se)飲用(yong)水(shui)的(de)(de)要求(qiu)。