一、 燃料電池電動汽車的類型有哪些

1、按有無蓄能裝置分類

根據燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)是否配備蓄(xu)能裝置，可把燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)分為純燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)和混合型燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)兩(liang)大類(lei)。

（1）純燃料電池電動汽車

純(chun)燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)的(de)燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)上電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)唯一來源。這種類(lei)型的(de)燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)要求燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)功(gong)率大，并且無法回收汽(qi)車(che)制動能量(liang)。因此，純(chun)燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)目前應(ying)用較少。

（2）混合型燃料電池電動汽車

混合型燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)上除燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)外，還(huan)同時(shi)配備了蓄(xu)能裝置（如蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)、超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)容或飛輪(lun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)等）。由于蓄(xu)能裝置可(ke)協助供電(dian)(dian)(dian)，因而可(ke)減小燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的功率(lv)，且蓄(xu)能裝置還(huan)可(ke)用(yong)于汽(qi)車(che)制動時(shi)的能量回收(shou)，所以(yi)可(ke)提(ti)高(gao)燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)的能量利用(yong)率(lv)。因此，燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)多采用(yong)混合型結(jie)構。

2、按燃料電池與蓄電池的結構關系分類

根據混合型(xing)燃料電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車中燃料電(dian)(dian)池和(he)蓄電(dian)(dian)池的電(dian)(dian)路結構，可將混合型(xing)燃料電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車分(fen)為串聯式和(he)并聯式兩種。

（1）串聯式燃料電池電動汽車

串(chuan)聯(lian)式(shi)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)的(de)(de)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池相當于(yu)車(che)(che)載發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置，通(tong)過(guo)(guo)DC/DC轉(zhuan)換器(qi)進(jin)行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓變換后對蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，再由(you)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)提供驅動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)輛的(de)(de)全部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力。串(chuan)聯(lian)式(shi)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)的(de)(de)特點與普通(tong)的(de)(de)串(chuan)聯(lian)混合動(dong)(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)相似。其(qi)優點是可采用小功率的(de)(de)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，但要求蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)容量(liang)和功率要足夠大(da)，且燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池發(fa)出的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能需要經過(guo)(guo)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學轉(zhuan)換過(guo)(guo)程，從中有(you)能量(liang)的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)換損失。目前，串(chuan)聯(lian)式(shi)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)較(jiao)為少(shao)見。

（2）并聯式燃料電池電動汽車

并(bing)聯式燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)由(you)(you)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)和(he)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)共同向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機提(ti)供(gong)動(dong)力(li)。根(gen)據(ju)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)與(yu)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)能量(liang)(liang)大小(xiao)的(de)配(pei)置不同，又可將其分(fen)為大燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)型和(he)小(xiao)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)型兩種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)。大燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)主要由(you)(you)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)提(ti)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)，蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)容量(liang)(liang)較小(xiao)，只是(shi)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)起步(bu)、加速(su)、爬坡等行駛(shi)工況(kuang)時(shi)協助(zhu)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，并(bing)在車(che)輛減速(su)與(yu)制(zhi)動(dong)時(shi)進行能量(liang)(liang)回收。小(xiao)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)則必須采(cai)用大容量(liang)(liang)的(de)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，由(you)(you)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)提(ti)供(gong)主要的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)，而燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)只是(shi)協助(zhu)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。并(bing)聯式是(shi)目前燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)采(cai)用較多(duo)的(de)形式。

3、按提供的燃料不同分類

根據燃(ran)料電(dian)池(chi)所(suo)提供(gong)的燃(ran)料不同(tong)，燃(ran)料電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)(che)又可分(fen)為直接燃(ran)料電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)(che)和重整燃(ran)料電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)(che)兩大(da)類。

（1）直接燃料電池電動汽車

直接(jie)燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)的(de)(de)燃(ran)料主要是純氫(qing)，也可(ke)以用(yong)甲醇(chun)等(deng)燃(ran)料。采用(yong)純氫(qing)作燃(ran)料的(de)(de)燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)，其氫(qing)燃(ran)料的(de)(de)儲存(cun)方式(shi)有壓縮氫(qing)氣、液態氫(qing)和合(he)金（碳納米管）吸(xi)附氫(qing)等(deng)幾種。

（2）重整燃料電池電動汽車

重整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車的(de)(de)燃(ran)料(liao)主要有汽(qi)油(you)、天(tian)然(ran)氣(qi)、甲醇、甲烷、液化(hua)石油(you)氣(qi)等。重整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車的(de)(de)結構(gou)要比氫(qing)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車復(fu)雜得多。比如，甲醇重整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車需(xu)要對(dui)甲醇進行200℃左右的(de)(de)加熱以(yi)分解(jie)出氫(qing)，汽(qi)油(you)重整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車也需(xu)要對(dui)汽(qi)油(you)進行1000℃左右的(de)(de)加熱以(yi)分解(jie)出氫(qing)。無論采用什么燃(ran)料(liao)，重整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車都需(xu)設置(zhi)(zhi)重整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)裝置(zhi)(zhi)，將其他(ta)燃(ran)料(liao)轉(zhuan)化(hua)為燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)所需(xu)的(de)(de)氫(qing)。

直接以純(chun)氫(qing)為燃料的(de)燃料電池(chi)電動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車(che)對儲氫(qing)裝置的(de)要求較高。但與(yu)重(zhong)整燃料電池(chi)電動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車(che)相比，直接燃料電池(chi)電動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車(che)的(de)結構簡(jian)單、質量輕、能量效率(lv)高、成本(ben)低(di)。因此，目前的(de)燃料電池(chi)電動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車(che)采用重(zhong)整技術的(de)相對較少，大都以純(chun)氫(qing)為車(che)載氫(qing)源。

二、燃料電池汽車怎么選擇

在選擇燃料電池汽車(che)時(shi)，消(xiao)費者應該充分考慮自己的需求和使用情(qing)況，并結合汽車(che)的性能、價格和售(shou)后(hou)服務等因素做出正(zheng)確的決策。

1、需求和使用情況

消費者首先(xian)應該對自己的(de)需求和使(shi)用(yong)情況有一個清晰的(de)認(ren)識(shi)。如果是長途出行，需要考慮汽(qi)車的(de)續航里(li)程和加(jia)氫設施的(de)覆(fu)蓋范圍；如果是市(shi)區代步，可考慮汽(qi)車的(de)動(dong)力性(xing)能和價格等因素。

2、汽車性能

燃料電(dian)(dian)池汽車的(de)性能(neng)是(shi)選擇時的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)參考因(yin)素。消費者可(ke)根據自己的(de)使用需求(qiu)和對汽車性能(neng)的(de)要(yao)求(qiu)，選擇續航里程更長、動(dong)力性能(neng)更優、充電(dian)(dian)速度更快(kuai)的(de)車型。

3、價格和售后服務

燃料電池汽車相對于傳統汽車(che)價(jia)格更(geng)高，消費(fei)者在(zai)選擇時需要根據(ju)自己的(de)經濟實力做(zuo)出(chu)決策。此外(wai)，還需要考慮(lv)廠家售后(hou)服務的(de)質量和承諾，確保汽車(che)能夠得(de)到及時有效的(de)維修(xiu)和保養。