一、 燃料電池電動汽車的類型有哪些

1、按有無蓄能裝置分類

根據燃料電(dian)池電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)是(shi)否配備蓄能裝置，可(ke)把(ba)燃料電(dian)池電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)分為(wei)純燃料電(dian)池電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)和混合型(xing)燃料電(dian)池電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)兩大類。

（1）純燃料電池電動汽車

純(chun)燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)的燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)池(chi)是電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)上(shang)電(dian)能的唯一來(lai)源(yuan)。這種類型的燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)要求燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)池(chi)的功率大，并且(qie)無法回收汽(qi)車(che)(che)制動(dong)能量。因此，純(chun)燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)目前應用(yong)較少(shao)。

（2）混合型燃料電池電動汽車

混(hun)合型燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車上除燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)外，還同(tong)時配備了蓄能裝(zhuang)置(zhi)（如(ru)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)、超級電(dian)(dian)容或飛輪電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)等）。由于(yu)蓄能裝(zhuang)置(zhi)可協助供(gong)電(dian)(dian)，因而可減(jian)小燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)功(gong)率(lv)，且蓄能裝(zhuang)置(zhi)還可用于(yu)汽(qi)車制(zhi)動時的(de)(de)能量(liang)回收，所以(yi)可提高燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車的(de)(de)能量(liang)利用率(lv)。因此，燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車多采用混(hun)合型結構。

2、按燃料電池與蓄電池的結構關系分類

根據混合(he)型燃料電池(chi)電動汽車中燃料電池(chi)和蓄電池(chi)的(de)電路結構(gou)，可將混合(he)型燃料電池(chi)電動汽車分為串(chuan)聯式和并聯式兩種。

（1）串聯式燃料電池電動汽車

串(chuan)聯(lian)式燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車的(de)(de)燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)相當于車載(zai)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置，通過(guo)DC/DC轉(zhuan)換器進行電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓變換后對蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，再由蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)向電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機提供驅動(dong)車輛的(de)(de)全部電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)。串(chuan)聯(lian)式燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車的(de)(de)特點與普(pu)通的(de)(de)串(chuan)聯(lian)混合動(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車相似。其優點是可采用小功(gong)率(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，但要求(qiu)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)容量和(he)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)要足夠大，且燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)發出的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)需要經過(guo)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學轉(zhuan)換過(guo)程(cheng)，從中有能(neng)量的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)換損失。目(mu)前，串(chuan)聯(lian)式燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車較(jiao)為少(shao)見。

（2）并聯式燃料電池電動汽車

并(bing)聯式燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)由燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)和蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)共同向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機提(ti)(ti)供(gong)動力(li)。根據(ju)燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)與蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)能(neng)(neng)量大小的配置(zhi)不同，又可將(jiang)其分為大燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)型(xing)和小燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)型(xing)兩種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)。大燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)主(zhu)要由燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)提(ti)(ti)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的容(rong)量較小，只是在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)起(qi)步、加速、爬(pa)坡等行(xing)駛工(gong)況時協助供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，并(bing)在車(che)(che)(che)輛減速與制動時進行(xing)能(neng)(neng)量回(hui)收。小燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)則必須采用(yong)大容(rong)量的蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，由蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)提(ti)(ti)供(gong)主(zhu)要的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)，而燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)只是協助供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。并(bing)聯式是目前燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)采用(yong)較多的形式。

3、按提供的燃料不同分類

根據燃料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)所提(ti)供的燃料(liao)(liao)(liao)不(bu)同，燃料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)車又可分為直接(jie)燃料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)車和(he)重整燃料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)車兩(liang)大類(lei)。

（1）直接燃料電池電動汽車

直接(jie)燃料(liao)電(dian)池電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)的(de)燃料(liao)主要是純氫(qing)，也可以用甲醇(chun)等(deng)燃料(liao)。采用純氫(qing)作燃料(liao)的(de)燃料(liao)電(dian)池電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)，其氫(qing)燃料(liao)的(de)儲存(cun)方式有壓縮氫(qing)氣(qi)、液態氫(qing)和(he)合金(jin)（碳納米管(guan)）吸附氫(qing)等(deng)幾種。

（2）重整燃料電池電動汽車

重整(zheng)(zheng)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車的(de)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)主要(yao)有(you)汽(qi)油、天然氣(qi)、甲(jia)(jia)醇、甲(jia)(jia)烷、液(ye)化(hua)石油氣(qi)等。重整(zheng)(zheng)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車的(de)結構要(yao)比氫燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車復雜得多。比如，甲(jia)(jia)醇重整(zheng)(zheng)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車需(xu)要(yao)對(dui)甲(jia)(jia)醇進(jin)行200℃左右的(de)加熱以(yi)分解出氫，汽(qi)油重整(zheng)(zheng)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車也(ye)需(xu)要(yao)對(dui)汽(qi)油進(jin)行1000℃左右的(de)加熱以(yi)分解出氫。無論采用什(shen)么(me)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)，重整(zheng)(zheng)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車都需(xu)設置(zhi)重整(zheng)(zheng)裝置(zhi)，將其他燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)轉(zhuan)化(hua)為燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)所需(xu)的(de)氫。

直接(jie)以純氫(qing)為燃料(liao)(liao)的(de)燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車對(dui)(dui)儲(chu)氫(qing)裝置的(de)要求較高。但(dan)與重(zhong)整燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車相比，直接(jie)燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車的(de)結構簡單、質量輕、能量效率高、成本低。因此，目前的(de)燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車采用重(zhong)整技(ji)術(shu)的(de)相對(dui)(dui)較少，大都(dou)以純氫(qing)為車載(zai)氫(qing)源。

二、燃料電池汽車怎么選擇

在選擇燃料電池汽(qi)車(che)時，消費者應(ying)該充(chong)分考慮(lv)自己的(de)需求(qiu)和使用情況，并結合汽(qi)車(che)的(de)性能、價格和售后服務等(deng)因素做(zuo)出正確的(de)決策(ce)。

1、需求和使用情況

消費(fei)者首先應該(gai)對自(zi)己(ji)的需(xu)求和(he)使用情況有一個(ge)清晰的認識。如果是長(chang)途出行(xing)，需(xu)要考(kao)慮(lv)汽車(che)的續航里程和(he)加氫設(she)施(shi)的覆(fu)蓋(gai)范圍；如果是市區代(dai)步，可考(kao)慮(lv)汽車(che)的動力性能和(he)價格等因素。

2、汽車性能

燃料電池汽車(che)(che)的性能(neng)(neng)是選擇(ze)時的重要(yao)(yao)參考因素。消費者可根據自己的使用需求(qiu)(qiu)和(he)對(dui)汽車(che)(che)性能(neng)(neng)的要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)，選擇(ze)續航(hang)里程更長、動(dong)力性能(neng)(neng)更優、充電速(su)度更快的車(che)(che)型。

3、價格和售后服務

燃料電池汽車相對(dui)于傳統汽(qi)車價格更高，消(xiao)費者在選擇時需要(yao)(yao)根據自己的經濟實(shi)力做出決策。此外，還(huan)需要(yao)(yao)考慮廠家售后(hou)服務的質量和承諾，確保汽(qi)車能夠得(de)到(dao)及時有效的維修和保養。