一、 燃料電池電動汽車的類型有哪些

1、按有無蓄能裝置分類

根(gen)據燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車是(shi)否配(pei)備(bei)蓄能裝置，可把燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車分為純燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車和(he)混合型(xing)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車兩大(da)類。

（1）純燃料電池電動汽車

純燃(ran)料電池(chi)(chi)電動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)燃(ran)料電池(chi)(chi)是電動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)上電能(neng)的(de)唯(wei)一來(lai)源(yuan)。這種類型的(de)燃(ran)料電池(chi)(chi)電動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)要求燃(ran)料電池(chi)(chi)的(de)功率大，并且(qie)無法回(hui)收汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)制動(dong)(dong)能(neng)量。因此，純燃(ran)料電池(chi)(chi)電動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)目前應(ying)用較少。

（2）混合型燃料電池電動汽車

混合(he)型燃料(liao)電池電動(dong)汽車(che)(che)上除燃料(liao)電池外(wai)，還同時配(pei)備(bei)了蓄(xu)(xu)能(neng)裝(zhuang)置（如蓄(xu)(xu)電池、超級電容或飛輪電池等）。由于(yu)蓄(xu)(xu)能(neng)裝(zhuang)置可協助供電，因(yin)而(er)可減小燃料(liao)電池的(de)功率，且蓄(xu)(xu)能(neng)裝(zhuang)置還可用于(yu)汽車(che)(che)制動(dong)時的(de)能(neng)量回收，所(suo)以(yi)可提高(gao)燃料(liao)電池電動(dong)汽車(che)(che)的(de)能(neng)量利用率。因(yin)此，燃料(liao)電池電動(dong)汽車(che)(che)多采用混合(he)型結構。

2、按燃料電池與蓄電池的結構關系分類

根(gen)據混合型燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)中燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)和蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的電(dian)(dian)路(lu)結(jie)構，可將混合型燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)分(fen)為串(chuan)聯式和并(bing)聯式兩種(zhong)。

（1）串聯式燃料電池電動汽車

串(chuan)聯(lian)式(shi)燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)的(de)燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池相當于(yu)車(che)載發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置，通過DC/DC轉(zhuan)換器(qi)進(jin)行(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓變換后對蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，再由蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機提供驅動車(che)輛的(de)全部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)。串(chuan)聯(lian)式(shi)燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)的(de)特點與普通的(de)串(chuan)聯(lian)混合動力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)相似。其(qi)優點是可采用小功(gong)率(lv)的(de)燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，但要(yao)(yao)求蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)容量和功(gong)率(lv)要(yao)(yao)足夠大，且燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池發出的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)需要(yao)(yao)經過蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學(xue)轉(zhuan)換過程(cheng)，從中有(you)能(neng)量的(de)轉(zhuan)換損失。目前，串(chuan)聯(lian)式(shi)燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)較(jiao)為少見。

（2）并聯式燃料電池電動汽車

并聯(lian)式(shi)(shi)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)由(you)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)和(he)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)共同向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機提供(gong)(gong)動(dong)(dong)力(li)。根(gen)據燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)與蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)能(neng)量大小(xiao)的(de)配(pei)置(zhi)不同，又可將其分為大燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)型和(he)小(xiao)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)型兩種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)。大燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)主要由(you)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)提供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)，蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)容量較(jiao)小(xiao)，只是在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)起步、加速(su)(su)、爬坡(po)等行駛工況時協助(zhu)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，并在車(che)(che)輛(liang)減速(su)(su)與制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)時進行能(neng)量回收。小(xiao)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)則(ze)必須采用(yong)大容量的(de)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，由(you)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)提供(gong)(gong)主要的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)，而(er)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)只是協助(zhu)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。并聯(lian)式(shi)(shi)是目前燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)采用(yong)較(jiao)多(duo)的(de)形式(shi)(shi)。

3、按提供的燃料不同分類

根據燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電池所(suo)提供(gong)的燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)不同，燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電池電動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)又可(ke)分為直接燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電池電動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)和重(zhong)整燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電池電動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)兩大類。

（1）直接燃料電池電動汽車

直(zhi)接燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池電(dian)動汽車的(de)燃料(liao)(liao)主要是純氫(qing)(qing)(qing)，也可以用甲醇等燃料(liao)(liao)。采用純氫(qing)(qing)(qing)作(zuo)燃料(liao)(liao)的(de)燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池電(dian)動汽車，其氫(qing)(qing)(qing)燃料(liao)(liao)的(de)儲(chu)存方式有壓縮氫(qing)(qing)(qing)氣、液態氫(qing)(qing)(qing)和合金（碳納米管）吸附氫(qing)(qing)(qing)等幾種。

（2）重整燃料電池電動汽車

重整(zheng)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車的(de)(de)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)主要(yao)有(you)汽(qi)(qi)油(you)、天然(ran)氣、甲醇、甲烷、液化(hua)石油(you)氣等(deng)。重整(zheng)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車的(de)(de)結構要(yao)比氫(qing)(qing)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車復(fu)雜得多。比如，甲醇重整(zheng)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車需要(yao)對甲醇進行(xing)200℃左(zuo)右的(de)(de)加熱(re)以分解出氫(qing)(qing)，汽(qi)(qi)油(you)重整(zheng)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車也需要(yao)對汽(qi)(qi)油(you)進行(xing)1000℃左(zuo)右的(de)(de)加熱(re)以分解出氫(qing)(qing)。無論(lun)采用什么燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)，重整(zheng)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車都需設(she)置(zhi)重整(zheng)裝置(zhi)，將其他燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)轉化(hua)為(wei)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)所需的(de)(de)氫(qing)(qing)。

直(zhi)接以純氫為(wei)(wei)燃料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)燃料(liao)(liao)電池(chi)電動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車對(dui)儲氫裝置(zhi)的(de)(de)要(yao)求較高。但與重整燃料(liao)(liao)電池(chi)電動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車相比(bi)，直(zhi)接燃料(liao)(liao)電池(chi)電動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車的(de)(de)結構(gou)簡單、質量輕、能量效率(lv)高、成(cheng)本低。因(yin)此，目前的(de)(de)燃料(liao)(liao)電池(chi)電動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車采(cai)用重整技術的(de)(de)相對(dui)較少，大都以純氫為(wei)(wei)車載氫源。

二、燃料電池汽車怎么選擇

在(zai)選(xuan)擇燃料電池汽(qi)車(che)(che)時，消費(fei)者應該(gai)充(chong)分考慮自己的(de)需求和(he)使用(yong)情況，并結合(he)汽(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)性(xing)能(neng)、價格和(he)售后服(fu)務(wu)等(deng)因素做出正(zheng)確的(de)決策。

1、需求和使用情況

消(xiao)費者首(shou)先應該對自己的需求(qiu)和使用(yong)情(qing)況有(you)一個清晰的認識。如果是長途出行，需要考慮汽(qi)車的續航里(li)程和加氫設施(shi)的覆蓋范圍；如果是市區代步，可考慮汽(qi)車的動力性能和價格(ge)等(deng)因素。

2、汽車性能

燃料電(dian)池汽車的(de)性(xing)能是選擇時的(de)重要(yao)參考因(yin)素。消費(fei)者(zhe)可根(gen)據自己的(de)使用需求和對汽車性(xing)能的(de)要(yao)求，選擇續航里(li)程(cheng)更(geng)(geng)長、動力性(xing)能更(geng)(geng)優、充電(dian)速度(du)更(geng)(geng)快的(de)車型。

3、價格和售后服務

燃料電池汽車相對于傳統汽(qi)車價格(ge)更高，消費者在選擇時需要(yao)根據自己的經濟實力做出決策(ce)。此外，還需要(yao)考(kao)慮(lv)廠(chang)家售(shou)后(hou)服(fu)務(wu)的質量和(he)承諾，確保汽(qi)車能夠得(de)到及時有效(xiao)的維(wei)修(xiu)和(he)保養。