一、 燃料電池電動汽車的類型有哪些

1、按有無蓄能裝置分類

根據燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)是否配備蓄能裝置(zhi)，可把燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)分(fen)為純燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)和混合(he)型燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)兩(liang)大(da)類。

（1）純燃料電池電動汽車

純燃料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)的(de)燃料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)上(shang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)唯(wei)一來源。這種類型的(de)燃料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)要求燃料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)功率大，并(bing)且無法(fa)回收汽(qi)(qi)車(che)制動(dong)(dong)(dong)能量。因此，純燃料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)目前應(ying)用(yong)較少。

（2）混合型燃料電池電動汽車

混(hun)合(he)(he)型(xing)燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽車上除燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)外，還同時(shi)配備(bei)了蓄能(neng)(neng)裝(zhuang)置（如蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)、超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)或飛輪電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)等(deng)）。由(you)于蓄能(neng)(neng)裝(zhuang)置可協助供電(dian)(dian)，因而(er)可減小(xiao)燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的功率，且蓄能(neng)(neng)裝(zhuang)置還可用(yong)于汽車制動時(shi)的能(neng)(neng)量回收，所以可提高(gao)燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽車的能(neng)(neng)量利用(yong)率。因此，燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽車多采用(yong)混(hun)合(he)(he)型(xing)結構。

2、按燃料電池與蓄電池的結構關系分類

根據(ju)混合(he)型(xing)燃料(liao)電池(chi)電動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)中燃料(liao)電池(chi)和蓄電池(chi)的電路結構，可將混合(he)型(xing)燃料(liao)電池(chi)電動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)分為串(chuan)聯式和并聯式兩種。

（1）串聯式燃料電池電動汽車

串(chuan)(chuan)聯式燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)的(de)(de)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)相當于車(che)載(zai)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)置，通(tong)過(guo)DC/DC轉換器進行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓變換后(hou)對蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，再(zai)由(you)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機提供驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)輛的(de)(de)全部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力。串(chuan)(chuan)聯式燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)的(de)(de)特點與普(pu)通(tong)的(de)(de)串(chuan)(chuan)聯混合動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)相似。其優(you)點是可采用小(xiao)功率的(de)(de)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，但要(yao)(yao)求蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)容量(liang)和功率要(yao)(yao)足夠大，且燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)發出的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能需(xu)要(yao)(yao)經(jing)過(guo)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學轉換過(guo)程(cheng)，從中有(you)能量(liang)的(de)(de)轉換損失。目前，串(chuan)(chuan)聯式燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)較為少(shao)見。

（2）并聯式燃料電池電動汽車

并聯(lian)式燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)由燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)和(he)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)共同向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)動機提供(gong)(gong)動力(li)。根據燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)與蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)能(neng)量大小(xiao)的(de)配置不同，又可(ke)將其分為大燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)型和(he)小(xiao)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)型兩種電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)。大燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)主(zhu)要由燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)提供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)力(li)，蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)容(rong)量較(jiao)小(xiao)，只(zhi)是(shi)在電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)起(qi)步(bu)、加速、爬坡等行駛工況(kuang)時協助供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)，并在車(che)(che)輛減速與制(zhi)動時進(jin)行能(neng)量回(hui)收。小(xiao)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)則必須采用大容(rong)量的(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，由蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)提供(gong)(gong)主(zhu)要的(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)，而燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)只(zhi)是(shi)協助供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)。并聯(lian)式是(shi)目(mu)前燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)采用較(jiao)多的(de)形式。

3、按提供的燃料不同分類

根據燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)所提供的燃(ran)(ran)料不同，燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車又可分為直接燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車和重整燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車兩(liang)大類。

（1）直接燃料電池電動汽車

直接燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動汽車的燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)主要是純氫(qing)(qing)，也可以用(yong)(yong)甲醇等燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)。采用(yong)(yong)純氫(qing)(qing)作燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)的燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動汽車，其氫(qing)(qing)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)的儲存(cun)方式有壓(ya)縮(suo)氫(qing)(qing)氣、液態氫(qing)(qing)和(he)合金（碳(tan)納米管）吸附氫(qing)(qing)等幾(ji)種(zhong)。

（2）重整燃料電池電動汽車

重(zhong)整(zheng)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)(de)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)主(zhu)要有汽(qi)(qi)油(you)(you)、天然氣、甲(jia)(jia)醇、甲(jia)(jia)烷、液化石油(you)(you)氣等。重(zhong)整(zheng)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)(de)結構要比氫(qing)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)復雜得多。比如，甲(jia)(jia)醇重(zhong)整(zheng)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)需(xu)要對(dui)(dui)甲(jia)(jia)醇進行200℃左(zuo)右的(de)(de)加熱(re)以分(fen)(fen)解出氫(qing)，汽(qi)(qi)油(you)(you)重(zhong)整(zheng)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)也需(xu)要對(dui)(dui)汽(qi)(qi)油(you)(you)進行1000℃左(zuo)右的(de)(de)加熱(re)以分(fen)(fen)解出氫(qing)。無論采用(yong)什么(me)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)，重(zhong)整(zheng)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)都需(xu)設置重(zhong)整(zheng)裝(zhuang)置，將其他燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)轉化為燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)所需(xu)的(de)(de)氫(qing)。

直接以純氫為燃(ran)(ran)料的(de)(de)燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)對儲氫裝置的(de)(de)要求(qiu)較(jiao)高。但與重(zhong)整(zheng)(zheng)燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)相(xiang)比(bi)，直接燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)的(de)(de)結(jie)構(gou)簡(jian)單、質量輕、能量效率高、成(cheng)本低。因此(ci)，目前的(de)(de)燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)采用重(zhong)整(zheng)(zheng)技術(shu)的(de)(de)相(xiang)對較(jiao)少，大都以純氫為車(che)載氫源。

二、燃料電池汽車怎么選擇

在選(xuan)擇燃料電池汽車時，消(xiao)費者應該充分考(kao)慮(lv)自(zi)己(ji)的(de)需求和使用(yong)情況，并結合汽車的(de)性能、價格和售后服務等(deng)因(yin)素做出正(zheng)確的(de)決策。

1、需求和使用情況

消費者首先應該對自己(ji)的(de)需求和使用(yong)情況有一個清晰的(de)認(ren)識。如果(guo)是長途出行，需要考(kao)慮(lv)汽(qi)車的(de)續(xu)航里程和加氫(qing)設施的(de)覆蓋范圍；如果(guo)是市區(qu)代步(bu)，可考(kao)慮(lv)汽(qi)車的(de)動力性能和價(jia)格等因素。

2、汽車性能

燃料電(dian)池汽車的(de)(de)性能(neng)(neng)是選擇時的(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)參考因(yin)素。消費者可根據自己的(de)(de)使用(yong)需求和(he)對汽車性能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求，選擇續航里程更(geng)(geng)長、動力性能(neng)(neng)更(geng)(geng)優、充電(dian)速度更(geng)(geng)快的(de)(de)車型。

3、價格和售后服務

燃料電池汽車相對于傳統汽(qi)車價格(ge)更(geng)高，消費者(zhe)在選擇時需要根據(ju)自己的(de)經濟實力做(zuo)出決(jue)策。此外(wai)，還需要考慮廠家(jia)售(shou)后(hou)服務的(de)質量(liang)和(he)承諾(nuo)，確保(bao)汽(qi)車能夠得到及時有效(xiao)的(de)維(wei)修和(he)保(bao)養。