一、 燃料電池電動汽車的類型有哪些

1、按有無蓄能裝置分類

根據(ju)燃料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)是否配備蓄能(neng)裝置，可把燃料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)分為純燃料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)和混合型燃料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)兩大(da)類。

（1）純燃料電池電動汽車

純(chun)燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車的(de)(de)(de)燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車上(shang)電(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)(de)唯(wei)一來源。這種(zhong)類(lei)型的(de)(de)(de)燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車要求燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)功率大，并且(qie)無法回收汽(qi)車制動(dong)(dong)能量。因此，純(chun)燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車目前應用較少。

（2）混合型燃料電池電動汽車

混合(he)型(xing)燃料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)上除燃料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池外(wai)，還同時(shi)配備了蓄(xu)(xu)能(neng)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置（如蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池、超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容或飛輪電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池等）。由于蓄(xu)(xu)能(neng)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置可(ke)(ke)協(xie)助供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，因(yin)而可(ke)(ke)減小燃料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的功率，且蓄(xu)(xu)能(neng)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置還可(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)于汽車(che)(che)制動(dong)時(shi)的能(neng)量回收，所以可(ke)(ke)提高(gao)燃料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)的能(neng)量利用(yong)(yong)率。因(yin)此，燃料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)多采用(yong)(yong)混合(he)型(xing)結構。

2、按燃料電池與蓄電池的結構關系分類

根據混(hun)合型燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)動汽車中燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池和(he)蓄電(dian)(dian)池的(de)電(dian)(dian)路結構，可(ke)將混(hun)合型燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)動汽車分為串聯式和(he)并聯式兩種。

（1）串聯式燃料電池電動汽車

串(chuan)聯式燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)的燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)相(xiang)當于車(che)(che)(che)載發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置(zhi)，通(tong)過DC/DC轉換器進行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓變換后對蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，再由蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)提(ti)供驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)(che)輛的全部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力。串(chuan)聯式燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)的特點(dian)與普通(tong)的串(chuan)聯混合(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)(che)相(xiang)似。其優點(dian)是可采(cai)用小功率的燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，但要(yao)求蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的容量和功率要(yao)足夠(gou)大，且燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)發(fa)(fa)出的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能需要(yao)經過蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學轉換過程，從中有能量的轉換損失。目前，串(chuan)聯式燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)較為少見。

（2）并聯式燃料電池電動汽車

并聯式(shi)燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)由燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)和(he)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)共同向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機提供動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力。根據燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)與蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)能量(liang)大小的(de)配置不同，又可將其分為(wei)大燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)型(xing)和(he)小燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)型(xing)兩種電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)。大燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)主要(yao)由燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)提供電(dian)(dian)力，蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)容量(liang)較(jiao)小，只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)在電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)起步、加速(su)、爬坡等行(xing)(xing)駛工況時協(xie)助供電(dian)(dian)，并在車(che)輛(liang)減速(su)與制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時進行(xing)(xing)能量(liang)回收。小燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)則必須采(cai)用(yong)大容量(liang)的(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，由蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)提供主要(yao)的(de)電(dian)(dian)力，而燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)協(xie)助供電(dian)(dian)。并聯式(shi)是(shi)(shi)目(mu)前燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)采(cai)用(yong)較(jiao)多(duo)的(de)形式(shi)。

3、按提供的燃料不同分類

根據燃料(liao)電池(chi)所(suo)提(ti)供的燃料(liao)不同，燃料(liao)電池(chi)電動汽(qi)車(che)(che)又可分為直接燃料(liao)電池(chi)電動汽(qi)車(che)(che)和重整燃料(liao)電池(chi)電動汽(qi)車(che)(che)兩大類。

（1）直接燃料電池電動汽車

直接燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車的(de)(de)燃(ran)料主(zhu)要是純(chun)氫(qing)(qing)，也(ye)可以用(yong)甲醇(chun)等(deng)燃(ran)料。采用(yong)純(chun)氫(qing)(qing)作(zuo)燃(ran)料的(de)(de)燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車，其(qi)氫(qing)(qing)燃(ran)料的(de)(de)儲(chu)存方式有壓縮氫(qing)(qing)氣、液態(tai)氫(qing)(qing)和合金（碳納米(mi)管）吸附氫(qing)(qing)等(deng)幾種。

（2）重整燃料電池電動汽車

重(zhong)(zhong)整燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)主要(yao)(yao)有汽(qi)油(you)、天然氣、甲醇、甲烷、液化石油(you)氣等。重(zhong)(zhong)整燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)結構要(yao)(yao)比氫(qing)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)復雜得多(duo)。比如，甲醇重(zhong)(zhong)整燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)對甲醇進行(xing)200℃左右的(de)加(jia)熱以分(fen)解出(chu)(chu)氫(qing)，汽(qi)油(you)重(zhong)(zhong)整燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)也需(xu)要(yao)(yao)對汽(qi)油(you)進行(xing)1000℃左右的(de)加(jia)熱以分(fen)解出(chu)(chu)氫(qing)。無論采用什么燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)，重(zhong)(zhong)整燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)都(dou)需(xu)設(she)置重(zhong)(zhong)整裝置，將其(qi)他燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)轉(zhuan)化為燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)所(suo)需(xu)的(de)氫(qing)。

直接以(yi)純氫為(wei)(wei)燃料的燃料電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)對儲氫裝置的要(yao)求(qiu)較高。但與重(zhong)整燃料電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)相(xiang)比，直接燃料電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)的結構簡單、質(zhi)量(liang)輕、能量(liang)效率高、成本(ben)低。因此，目前的燃料電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)采用(yong)重(zhong)整技術的相(xiang)對較少，大都以(yi)純氫為(wei)(wei)車(che)(che)載(zai)氫源。

二、燃料電池汽車怎么選擇

在選擇燃料電池汽車時，消費者應該充分考(kao)慮自己的需求和(he)使用情況，并(bing)結合汽車的性能、價格和(he)售后(hou)服(fu)務等(deng)因素做出正確的決(jue)策(ce)。

1、需求和使用情況

消費者首先應該(gai)對自己的需求和(he)使用情(qing)況有一(yi)個清晰的認識(shi)。如(ru)(ru)果是長途出(chu)行，需要考(kao)(kao)慮(lv)汽車的續航里程和(he)加氫設(she)施的覆蓋范圍(wei)；如(ru)(ru)果是市區代步，可考(kao)(kao)慮(lv)汽車的動力性(xing)能和(he)價格等因素。

2、汽車性能

燃(ran)料電池汽車(che)(che)的性能是選擇時的重(zhong)要參(can)考因(yin)素。消費者可根據自己的使用需求(qiu)和對(dui)汽車(che)(che)性能的要求(qiu)，選擇續(xu)航(hang)里(li)程更長、動力(li)性能更優、充電速度更快的車(che)(che)型。

3、價格和售后服務

燃料電池汽車相對于傳統汽車價格更(geng)高，消費(fei)者在(zai)選擇時需(xu)要根據自己的(de)經濟實力做出決策。此外，還需(xu)要考(kao)慮廠家售后服務的(de)質量和承諾，確保汽車能夠得到(dao)及時有效的(de)維修和保養。