一、 燃料電池電動汽車的類型有哪些

1、按有無蓄能裝置分類

根據燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)(che)是否(fou)配(pei)備(bei)蓄能裝置，可把燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)(che)分為純燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)(che)和(he)混合型燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)(che)兩大類。

（1）純燃料電池電動汽車

純(chun)燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)的(de)燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)是電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)上電(dian)(dian)能的(de)唯(wei)一來源(yuan)。這種類型的(de)燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)要求燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)功率大，并且無法回(hui)收汽車(che)制動(dong)能量。因此，純(chun)燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)目前應用較(jiao)少(shao)。

（2）混合型燃料電池電動汽車

混合(he)型燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)上除燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)外，還同時配備了蓄(xu)能(neng)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)（如(ru)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)容或飛輪(lun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)等）。由于蓄(xu)能(neng)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)可協助供電(dian)(dian)(dian)，因而(er)可減小(xiao)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)功率，且蓄(xu)能(neng)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)還可用于汽(qi)車(che)制動(dong)(dong)時的(de)能(neng)量回收(shou)，所以可提(ti)高(gao)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)的(de)能(neng)量利用率。因此，燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)多采用混合(he)型結(jie)構。

2、按燃料電池與蓄電池的結構關系分類

根據混合型燃料(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)動(dong)汽車中(zhong)燃料(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)和蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)電(dian)路結構，可將混合型燃料(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)動(dong)汽車分為串(chuan)聯式和并聯式兩種。

（1）串聯式燃料電池電動汽車

串(chuan)聯(lian)式(shi)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)的(de)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)相當于車(che)載發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置，通(tong)過DC/DC轉換(huan)(huan)(huan)器進行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓變(bian)換(huan)(huan)(huan)后對蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，再由蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機提供驅動(dong)(dong)車(che)輛的(de)全部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力。串(chuan)聯(lian)式(shi)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)的(de)特點與普通(tong)的(de)串(chuan)聯(lian)混合動(dong)(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)相似。其優(you)點是可采(cai)用小(xiao)功(gong)率(lv)的(de)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，但要(yao)求蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)容量和功(gong)率(lv)要(yao)足夠(gou)大，且燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)發出的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)需要(yao)經過蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學轉換(huan)(huan)(huan)過程，從中有(you)能(neng)量的(de)轉換(huan)(huan)(huan)損失。目前，串(chuan)聯(lian)式(shi)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)較為少見(jian)。

（2）并聯式燃料電池電動汽車

并聯式燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)由(you)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)和(he)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)共(gong)同向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機提(ti)供(gong)(gong)動(dong)(dong)力(li)。根據燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)與(yu)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)能量(liang)(liang)大(da)小(xiao)的(de)(de)配置不同，又(you)可將(jiang)其(qi)分(fen)為大(da)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)型和(he)小(xiao)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)型兩種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)。大(da)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)主(zhu)要由(you)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)提(ti)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)容量(liang)(liang)較(jiao)小(xiao)，只是(shi)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)起步(bu)、加速(su)、爬坡(po)等行駛工況時協助(zhu)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，并在車(che)(che)輛減(jian)速(su)與(yu)制動(dong)(dong)時進行能量(liang)(liang)回收。小(xiao)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)則必須(xu)采用(yong)大(da)容量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，由(you)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)提(ti)供(gong)(gong)主(zhu)要的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)，而燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)只是(shi)協助(zhu)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。并聯式是(shi)目(mu)前燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)采用(yong)較(jiao)多的(de)(de)形式。

3、按提供的燃料不同分類

根據燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)所(suo)提供的燃料(liao)不同，燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)又可分(fen)為直接燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)和重整燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)兩大類。

（1）直接燃料電池電動汽車

直(zhi)接燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料電(dian)池電(dian)動汽車的(de)(de)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料主要是純(chun)氫(qing)，也可以用甲醇等燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料。采(cai)用純(chun)氫(qing)作(zuo)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料的(de)(de)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料電(dian)池電(dian)動汽車，其氫(qing)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料的(de)(de)儲存方式有壓縮氫(qing)氣、液態氫(qing)和合金(jin)（碳納米(mi)管(guan)）吸附氫(qing)等幾種。

（2）重整燃料電池電動汽車

重(zhong)整燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)的燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)主(zhu)要有汽(qi)(qi)(qi)油(you)(you)、天然氣、甲醇(chun)、甲烷、液化石(shi)油(you)(you)氣等。重(zhong)整燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)的結構要比氫(qing)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)復雜得多(duo)。比如，甲醇(chun)重(zhong)整燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)需(xu)(xu)要對甲醇(chun)進(jin)(jin)行200℃左右的加熱(re)以分(fen)解(jie)出氫(qing)，汽(qi)(qi)(qi)油(you)(you)重(zhong)整燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)也需(xu)(xu)要對汽(qi)(qi)(qi)油(you)(you)進(jin)(jin)行1000℃左右的加熱(re)以分(fen)解(jie)出氫(qing)。無論采(cai)用什么燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)，重(zhong)整燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)都(dou)需(xu)(xu)設置(zhi)重(zhong)整裝(zhuang)置(zhi)，將(jiang)其他燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)轉化為燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)所需(xu)(xu)的氫(qing)。

直(zhi)接(jie)以(yi)純(chun)(chun)氫為燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)的燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)池電(dian)動汽車對儲氫裝置(zhi)的要(yao)求較高(gao)。但與重整(zheng)(zheng)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)池電(dian)動汽車相(xiang)比，直(zhi)接(jie)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)池電(dian)動汽車的結構簡單、質量輕、能量效率高(gao)、成本低。因此，目(mu)前的燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)池電(dian)動汽車采用重整(zheng)(zheng)技術的相(xiang)對較少，大都以(yi)純(chun)(chun)氫為車載氫源。

二、燃料電池汽車怎么選擇

在選擇(ze)燃(ran)料電(dian)池(chi)汽車(che)時(shi)，消費者應該(gai)充分(fen)考慮自己(ji)的(de)需(xu)求和使用情況，并結合(he)汽車(che)的(de)性能、價(jia)格和售后服務等(deng)因素做出正(zheng)確的(de)決策(ce)。

1、需求和使用情況

消(xiao)費(fei)者首(shou)先應該對自(zi)己的(de)(de)需求和使用情況(kuang)有(you)一個清晰的(de)(de)認識。如果是長途(tu)出行(xing)，需要考慮(lv)汽(qi)車的(de)(de)續航里程和加氫設(she)施(shi)的(de)(de)覆蓋范圍；如果是市區代步(bu)，可考慮(lv)汽(qi)車的(de)(de)動力性能和價格等因素。

2、汽車性能

燃(ran)料電(dian)池汽(qi)車(che)的(de)(de)性能是選擇時的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)參考因素(su)。消費者可根(gen)據自(zi)己的(de)(de)使用需求和對汽(qi)車(che)性能的(de)(de)要(yao)求，選擇續航里程更長、動力(li)性能更優、充電(dian)速度更快的(de)(de)車(che)型。

3、價格和售后服務

燃料電池汽車相對于(yu)傳統汽(qi)車價格更高，消費(fei)者在選擇時(shi)需要根據自己(ji)的經濟(ji)實力做出(chu)決策。此外，還需要考慮廠家售后(hou)服務的質量和(he)承諾，確(que)保汽(qi)車能夠得到及時(shi)有效的維(wei)修和(he)保養。