三寶(bao)彝族(zu)(zu)鄉(xiang)位(wei)于貴州(zhou)省晴(qing)(qing)隆縣境南部,歷史上(shang)一(yi)直屬于邊(bian)遠少(shao)數民(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)貧困山(shan)區,故因自(zi)然(ran)環境處于較封閉的(de)(de)狀(zhuang)態,才使其(qi)民(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)優(you)秀傳統藝(yi)術(shu)形式(shi)較完整(zheng)保留下(xia)來。“阿(a)(a)(a)妹戚(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)托(tuo)(tuo)”源(yuan)遠流長。1956年(nian)(nian),“阿(a)(a)(a)妹戚(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)托(tuo)(tuo)”在(zai)參加貴州(zhou)省第一(yi)屆(jie)(jie)工(gong)(gong)(gong)農(nong)(nong)業余藝(yi)術(shu)會演(yan)(yan)并(bing)榮獲優(you)勝獎(jiang)后(hou)(hou),曾晉京在(zai)懷(huai)仁堂為中央領導演(yan)(yan)出(chu)。此后(hou)(hou),由于生(sheng)產、生(sheng)活、經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)貧困等因素制約,致使“阿(a)(a)(a)妹戚(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)托(tuo)(tuo)”漸之匿跡。落后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)條件(jian),竟將(jiang)“阿(a)(a)(a)妹戚(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)托(tuo)(tuo)”湮(yin)沒達二十(shi)余年(nian)(nian)。 中共十(shi)一(yi)屆(jie)(jie)三中全(quan)會召開后(hou)(hou),黨委和政府將(jiang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)重點轉移到(dao)(dao)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)建設上(shang)來,在(zai)地(di)(di)方(fang)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)逐(zhu)步(bu)發展的(de)(de)條件(jian)下(xia),搶救民(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)民(min)(min)(min)間文(wen)(wen)化(hua)遺產的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),被(bei)列入宣傳和文(wen)(wen)化(hua)部門工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)議事日程(cheng)。1981年(nian)(nian),晴(qing)(qing)隆縣文(wen)(wen)化(hua)館派出(chu)群眾文(wen)(wen)化(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)人(ren)員前(qian)往三寶(bao)鄉(xiang),在(zai)搶救“阿(a)(a)(a)妹戚(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)托(tuo)(tuo)”過程(cheng)中,學習這一(yi)彝族(zu)(zu)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)藝(yi)術(shu)標本。1986年(nian)(nian)秋,晴(qing)(qing)隆縣地(di)(di)方(fang)志辦(ban)公室在(zai)搜集整(zheng)理(li)地(di)(di)方(fang)民(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)藝(yi)術(shu)資料,方(fang)知會跳“阿(a)(a)(a)妹戚(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)托(tuo)(tuo)”者,僅存毛臺玉等幾人(ren),可謂鳳毛麟角,故將(jiang)“阿(a)(a)(a)妹(或譯(yi)米)戚(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)托(tuo)(tuo)”截入地(di)(di)方(fang)歷史文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)《晴(qing)(qing)隆縣志》,使之得以承傳。黔(qian)(qian)西(xi)南民(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)歌舞(wu)(wu)(wu)劇團(tuan)亦(yi)隨派遣鄭剛等人(ren)深入三寶(bao)采風,將(jiang)原生(sheng)態“阿(a)(a)(a)妹戚(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)托(tuo)(tuo)”進行整(zheng)理(li)創作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)搬上(shang)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)臺,受(shou)(shou)到(dao)(dao)本州(zhou)觀眾的(de)(de)歡迎(ying),使創作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)者們深受(shou)(shou)鼓舞(wu)(wu)(wu),進而細心加工(gong)(gong)(gong)。1992年(nian)(nian)時值(zhi)黔(qian)(qian)西(xi)南布依族(zu)(zu)苗族(zu)(zu)自(zi)治(zhi)州(zhou)建州(zhou)十(shi)周年(nian)(nian)慶典之際,晴(qing)(qing)隆縣文(wen)(wen)化(hua)局(ju)將(jiang)“阿(a)(a)(a)妹戚(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)托(tuo)(tuo)”帶出(chu)深山(shan),組成表(biao)演(yan)(yan)方(fang)隊。5月1日晴(qing)(qing)隆“阿(a)(a)(a)妹戚(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)托(tuo)(tuo)”原生(sheng)態舞(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈首次(ci)在(zai)州(zhou)府駐地(di)(di)興義體育(yu)場亮相。1995年(nian)(nian)曾參加意大利“世界民(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)民(min)(min)(min)間文(wen)(wen)藝(yi)會演(yan)(yan)”。隨著農(nong)(nong)村(cun)扶貧開發的(de)(de)深化(hua)及農(nong)(nong)村(cun)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)騰(teng)飛,“阿(a)(a)(a)妹戚(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)托(tuo)(tuo)”在(zai)其(qi)故鄉(xiang)的(de)(de)土(tu)地(di)(di)上(shang)無拘(ju)無束地(di)(di)展示其(qi)藝(yi)術(shu)魅力,逐(zhu)步(bu)發揚(yang)光大。
三(san)寶彝(yi)(yi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)間(jian)(jian)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化藝術表現形(xing)式(shi)(shi),主(zhu)要有民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)歌(ge)(ge)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)間(jian)(jian)故事(傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)說)和(he)舞(wu)蹈(dao)。民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)歌(ge)(ge)表現較為(wei)廣泛,故事或傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)說少許,其(qi)(qi)(qi)舞(wu)蹈(dao)極為(wei)稀(xi)罕(han),迄今(jin)僅發現“阿妹(mei)戚托(tuo)”。這(zhe)與該民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)生(sheng)活群體(ti)(ti)及(ji)其(qi)(qi)(qi)生(sheng)活環境有直(zhi)接的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)淵源關(guan)系(xi)(xi)。 追溯(su)這(zhe)支民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)群體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)祖先(xian),原系(xi)(xi)古(gu)代西(xi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)爨(cuan)(cuan)蠻(man)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)支系(xi)(xi),史(shi)(shi)稱“西(xi)爨(cuan)(cuan)白(bai)蠻(man)”,居于(yu)(yu)滇(dian)西(xi)北(另一(yi)支系(xi)(xi)稱“東爨(cuan)(cuan)烏(wu)蠻(man)”)。歷史(shi)(shi)上(shang)部(bu)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)(jian)屢生(sheng)戰(zhan)(zhan)事,西(xi)爨(cuan)(cuan)白(bai)蠻(man)戰(zhan)(zhan)敗,依(yi)照部(bu)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)協訂,敗者(zhe)淪為(wei)奴(nu)隸,勝者(zhe)則(ze)為(wei)主(zhu)人(ren)(ren)。唐(tang)朝天寶二年(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)751年(nian))烏(wu)蠻(man)反唐(tang),號(hao)稱“于(yu)(yu)矢部(bu)”,統(tong)(tong)治云、貴、川三(san)省交(jiao)界(jie)之(zhi)(zhi)大部(bu)地區,直(zhi)到元(yuan)代至(zhi)元(yuan)八(ba)年(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)1271年(nian))于(yu)(yu)矢部(bu)才降(jiang)附元(yuan)中央集權。其(qi)(qi)(qi)間(jian)(jian),部(bu)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)群體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)稱謂漸(jian)演變為(wei)“白(bai)彝(yi)(yi)”即原之(zhi)(zhi)烏(wu)蠻(man),(白(bai)彝(yi)(yi)黑彝(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)分,隨(sui)著民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)國(guo)告終而(er)結束,中華人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)共和(he)國(guo)成立后,國(guo)家取鼎彝(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)彝(yi)(yi)統(tong)(tong)稱為(wei)彝(yi)(yi))。由(you)于(yu)(yu)白(bai)彝(yi)(yi)先(xian)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)不甘忍受(shou)彝(yi)(yi)、漢統(tong)(tong)治者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)奴(nu)役(yi)、壓迫(po)和(he)剝(bo)削,于(yu)(yu)是舉家遷徙(xi),逃離(li)故土,跋山(shan)涉水進入(ru)北盤(pan)江流(liu)域,隱居深山(shan),并(bing)依(yi)靠山(shan)林謀生(sheng)計,與大千世(shi)(shi)界(jie)相(xiang)(xiang)對隔離(li),形(xing)成半封(feng)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)或甚至(zhi)封(feng)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)式(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)格(ge)局。其(qi)(qi)(qi)生(sheng)產形(xing)式(shi)(shi)為(wei)刀(dao)耕火種和(he)狩獵;其(qi)(qi)(qi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化藝術亦只能在這(zhe)種相(xiang)(xiang)對封(feng)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環境條件下,唯以(yi)言傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)身教方式(shi)(shi)進行文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化藝術承傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)。誠然,從民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化語(yu)(yu)言總(zong)體(ti)(ti)反映形(xing)式(shi)(shi)上(shang)看,彝(yi)(yi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)是一(yi)支享(xiang)有文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)字(彝(yi)(yi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen))使(shi)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)。但在該民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史(shi)(shi)上(shang),彝(yi)(yi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)被(bei)其(qi)(qi)(qi)統(tong)(tong)治者(zhe)完全(quan)掌握并(bing)嚴以(yi)控制,被(bei)剝(bo)削的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貧民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min),尤其(qi)(qi)(qi)是奴(nu)隸,是難以(yi)甚至(zhi)不能接觸和(he)使(shi)用其(qi)(qi)(qi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。于(yu)(yu)此可(ke)以(yi)推定“阿妹(mei)戚托(tuo)”無文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)字(書面語(yu)(yu)言和(he)圖解)記載之(zhi)(zhi)迷(mi)便不難破解了(le)。 所(suo)謂言傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)身教,則(ze)是祖母傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)母,母傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)女兒、女兒傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)外(wai)孫女,而(er)且只在母系(xi)(xi)中世(shi)(shi)代相(xiang)(xiang)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan),并(bing)以(yi)口碑傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)述(shu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)動作之(zhi)(zhi)含意和(he)要領,再以(yi)手把手教導其(qi)(qi)(qi)手之(zhi)(zhi)舞(wu)、足之(zhi)(zhi)蹈(dao),故而(er)令其(qi)(qi)(qi)動作規范(達(da)到教導者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要求),使(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)保持歷史(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、原滋原味的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藝術形(xing)態。
“阿(a)(a)(a)(a)妹(mei)(mei)戚(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)托(tuo)(tuo)”純(chun)屬無(wu)音樂(le)伴(ban)(ban)(ban)奏的(de)(de)彝(yi)族(zu)婚(hun)俗舞(wu)蹈(dao)(dao),是新婚(hun)姑娘臨出(chu)(chu)嫁時(shi),寨(zhai)(zhai)中及鄰寨(zhai)(zhai)女伴(ban)(ban)(ban)紛紛踏(ta)至為新娘送行,在與(yu)新娘離別(bie)之(zhi)(zhi)際,表達女伴(ban)(ban)(ban)們依(yi)依(yi)難(nan)舍(she)的(de)(de)心情,同時(shi)告誡新娘坐家之(zhi)(zhi)后,要勤儉(jian)持家、孝(xiao)敬公婆、相(xiang)夫教(jiao)子(zi)、尊重寨(zhai)(zhai)鄰;祝福新娘與(yu)丈夫全家和睦相(xiang)處(chu)、興旺發達。“阿(a)(a)(a)(a)妹(mei)(mei)戚(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)托(tuo)(tuo)”是彝(yi)族(zu)人(ren)民(min)在長(chang)期(qi)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)勞(lao)作(zuo)、日(ri)常生(sheng)(sheng)活及其(qi)民(min)族(zu)歷史文(wen)化(hua)(hua)發展(zhan)過(guo)程中逐(zhu)步(bu)形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)舞(wu)蹈(dao)(dao)。從“阿(a)(a)(a)(a)妹(mei)(mei)戚(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)托(tuo)(tuo)”獨(du)具風格的(de)(de)人(ren)文(wen)景觀(guan)中,尚(shang)能體現出(chu)(chu)該民(min)族(zu)古老的(de)(de)歷史文(wen)化(hua)(hua)信息及其(qi)本土文(wen)化(hua)(hua)內涵。 “阿(a)(a)(a)(a)妹(mei)(mei)戚(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)托(tuo)(tuo)”系(xi)女子(zi)群舞(wu),以(yi)(yi)偶(ou)數(shu)組成(cheng)隊形(xing),或(huo)呈直排(pai),或(huo)呈圓狀。以(yi)(yi)八人(ren)或(huo)十二(er)人(ren)或(huo)十六(liu)人(ren)不(bu)等(deng)為組,人(ren)員增(zeng)減(jian)以(yi)(yi)偶(ou)數(shu)計,手拉(la)手即可(ke)(ke)起舞(wu),舞(wu)蹈(dao)(dao)分為十二(er)小節(jie)(jie)(jie),即:彝(yi)語之(zhi)(zhi)傘踏(ta)(漢語譯(yi)為歡(huan)送出(chu)(chu)嫁)、西踏(ta)非踏(ta)母(勤儉(jian)持家)、含各(ge)勾(gou)梁(送鐮刀)、哄的(de)(de)(插秧(yang))、節(jie)(jie)(jie)根間(幸福靠勞(lao)動)、美(mei)(mei)液朵(薅秧(yang))、機(ji)堵(耕(geng)作(zuo))、吉踏(ta)吉摩踏(ta)(勞(lao)動快樂(le))、其(qi)醒然(祝新娘終生(sheng)(sheng)幸福),整個舞(wu)蹈(dao)(dao)肢體語言的(de)(de)形(xing)成(cheng)基因,無(wu)不(bu)來源于生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)活,并對未來寄予美(mei)(mei)好的(de)(de)向往。其(qi)動作(zuo)主要靠髖(kuan)關節(jie)(jie)(jie)、膝關節(jie)(jie)(jie)、踝關節(jie)(jie)(jie)部位的(de)(de)運動變化(hua)(hua)來展(zhan)示舞(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)美(mei)(mei)感(gan)。表演者相(xiang)互配(pei)合默(mo)契,可(ke)(ke)謂達到(dao)絲絲入(ru)扣的(de)(de)境界,使其(qi)動作(zuo)整齊無(wu)誤,干凈利落,腳(jiao)掌發出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)踢踏(ta)之(zhi)(zhi)聲,極為脆響,以(yi)(yi)足傳情,使人(ren)震撼(han),予觀(guan)者的(de)(de)視覺沖擊(ji)力(li)和藝(yi)術感(gan)染(ran)力(li),大可(ke)(ke)令(ling)人(ren)嘆為觀(guan)止。難(nan)怪有人(ren)給(gei)“阿(a)(a)(a)(a)妹(mei)(mei)戚(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)托(tuo)(tuo)”賦予“東方踢踏(ta)舞(wu)”之(zhi)(zhi)美(mei)(mei)譽。 晴隆彝(yi)族(zu)原生(sheng)(sheng)態婚(hun)俗舞(wu)蹈(dao)(dao)“阿(a)(a)(a)(a)妹(mei)(mei)戚(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)托(tuo)(tuo)”在2007年(nian)“多(duo)彩(cai)貴(gui)州”舞(wu)蹈(dao)(dao)大寨(zhai)(zhai)中,向世界遞(di)出(chu)(chu)了一張名(ming)片(pian)。現已(yi)申(shen)(shen)報列為“貴(gui)州省非物質(zhi)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)遺(yi)產(chan)保護名(ming)錄”,繼申(shen)(shen)報進(jin)入(ru)更(geng)高級別(bie)的(de)(de)“非物質(zhi)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)遺(yi)產(chan)保護名(ming)錄”。如今,“阿(a)(a)(a)(a)妹(mei)(mei)戚(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)托(tuo)(tuo)”已(yi)進(jin)入(ru)三寶彝(yi)族(zu)學校(xiao),作(zuo)為校(xiao)園的(de)(de)一門必修課加以(yi)(yi)傳播(bo),不(bu)難(nan)想象“阿(a)(a)(a)(a)妹(mei)(mei)戚(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)托(tuo)(tuo)”這支民(min)族(zu)民(min)間藝(yi)術奇葩將會(hui)更(geng)加璀璨奪目。