1、童謠(北京童謠),編號:Ⅰ-78
(1)批次/類型:2008年(第二批),新增項目
(2)申報地區或單位:北京市宣武區
(3)保護單位:北京市宣武師范學校附屬第一小學
2、童謠(紹興童謠),編號:Ⅰ-78
(1)批次/類型:2014年(第四批),擴展項目
(2)申報地區或單位:浙江省紹興市
(3)保護單位:紹興市文化館、紹興市非物質文化遺產保護中心
3、童謠(閩南童謠),編號:Ⅰ-78
(1)批次/類型:2008年(第二批),新增項目
(2)申報地區或單位:福建省廈門市
(3)保護單位:廈門市集美區灌口小學(福建省廈門實驗小學集美分校)
4、童謠(納西族童謠),編號:Ⅰ-78
(1)批次/類型:2021年(第五批),擴展項目
(2)申報(bao)地(di)區或單(dan)位(wei):云(yun)南(nan)省麗(li)江(jiang)市(shi)古城(cheng)區
童謠(yao)(yao)(yao)指傳唱于兒童之口的沒有(you)樂譜的歌謠(yao)(yao)(yao),是(shi)流傳于全國各地(di)的一種由特殊群體念唱、傳播,具有(you)特殊意義(yi)的民(min)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)種類。童謠(yao)(yao)(yao)在我(wo)國已有(you)千年(nian)的歷史(shi),歷朝官修正史(shi)及雜傳、筆記(ji)、小說中不乏童謠(yao)(yao)(yao)的記(ji)錄。童謠(yao)(yao)(yao)主要有(you)書(shu)面、口頭兩種傳承方(fang)式,其(qi)語言淺顯易懂,內容樸實自然(ran),是(shi)民(min)間文學藝術的優(you)秀(xiu)代表。童謠(yao)(yao)(yao)中積(ji)淀了優(you)秀(xiu)的民(min)族文化,蘊涵著豐富的教育內容。
北京童謠表現了各時期北京的城市性格和北京人的思想感情,承載著我國幾千年的歷史,感染滲透力強,是可挖掘、可借鑒的寶貴教育資源。北京(jing)童(tong)謠按內容(rong)可分為(wei)三類:第(di)一(yi)(yi)類是(shi)長輩、父母為(wei)教育(yu)兒童(tong)而編唱的童(tong)謠;第(di)二類是(shi)描述(shu)成人生活、情(qing)感(gan)、觀念、見(jian)解的童(tong)謠;第(di)三類是(shi)根據(ju)古代儀式中(zhong)的慣用語或歷史題材加工而成的童(tong)謠。童(tong)謠有多(duo)種表現(xian)形式,包括頂針格(ge)、串話、繞口令(ling)、謠諺格(ge)、搖籃曲、謎語格(ge)、連(lian)鎖調(diao)、數數歌、問答歌、排比格(ge)等。在創作過程中(zhong)要合轍(che)押韻(yun)(yun),包括雙句(ju)押韻(yun)(yun)、句(ju)句(ju)押韻(yun)(yun)、每兩句(ju)一(yi)(yi)押韻(yun)(yun)等押韻(yun)(yun)方(fang)式。如《東直(zhi)門掛著(zhu)匾》、《大頭兒大》、《一(yi)(yi)園青(qing)菜成了精》、《過水(shui)面》、《風婆(po)婆(po)》、《金箍嚕棒》等。
如今,北京(jing)童謠(yao)這種(zhong)反(fan)映孩(hai)子們(men)童真童趣(qu)、對無數(shu)人的(de)(de)(de)成長產生過重要(yao)影響的(de)(de)(de)文學樣式正逐(zhu)漸淡(dan)出(chu)孩(hai)子們(men)的(de)(de)(de)生活,千百(bai)年來一(yi)直為(wei)人們(men)傳(chuan)唱(chang)的(de)(de)(de)耳(er)熟(shu)能詳的(de)(de)(de)童謠(yao)已開始為(wei)今天的(de)(de)(de)孩(hai)子們(men)所遺(yi)忘。必須立即著手保護、傳(chuan)承、發展北京(jing)童謠(yao)這一(yi)民族瑰寶,使之更好地為(wei)少年兒(er)童的(de)(de)(de)成長服務。
閩南童(tong)謠是以(yi)閩南方(fang)言創作和傳唱的(de)兒童(tong)歌謠,流(liu)行于閩南、臺(tai)灣地區和東南亞華僑華裔居住地,是歷代(dai)閩南百姓根據兒童(tong)的(de)理(li)解(jie)能(neng)力、心(xin)理(li)特點,用閩南方(fang)言復雜而富(fu)有音(yin)樂(le)美(mei)的(de)韻語和平仄節奏創作,并在(zai)傳唱過程中不斷修改、補(bu)充而形(xing)成的(de)民間文學(xue)形(xing)式。
閩南(nan)(nan)(nan)童謠(yao)的起(qi)源、沿革沒有詳細(xi)的文(wen)字記載,但從福建地方(fang)典籍中(zhong)看,唐代(dai)(dai)閩地的民間童謠(yao)《月光(guang)光(guang)》與今天閩南(nan)(nan)(nan)各地流(liu)傳(chuan)的同名童謠(yao)雖然文(wen)字上存在(zai)差異,但主題和結構(gou)十分相似,因(yin)此閩南(nan)(nan)(nan)童謠(yao)在(zai)唐代(dai)(dai)已經出(chu)現。明(ming)朝中(zhong)葉(xie)以(yi)后,隨著閩南(nan)(nan)(nan)人大批過臺(tai)灣、下(xia)南(nan)(nan)(nan)洋,閩南(nan)(nan)(nan)童謠(yao)也隨之傳(chuan)播到(dao)臺(tai)灣、南(nan)(nan)(nan)洋。
閩南童(tong)謠(yao)按其內容可(ke)(ke)分為時政(zheng)(如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)《拍(pai)日本》)、育(yu)兒(er)(如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)《搖啊搖》)、游戲(如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)《拍(pai)手歌(ge)》)、動(dong)物(wu)(如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)《小蜜蜂》)、植(zhi)物(wu)(如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)《果(guo)子歌(ge)》)、知識(如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)《一二三》)、民(min)俗(如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)《圍爐過年》)、趣味(如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)《阿不倒》)等(deng)類。按其形式(shi)則可(ke)(ke)分為搖籃(lan)曲(如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)《唔唔嚶》)、敘述式(shi)(如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)《和順歌(ge)》)、問答歌(ge)(如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)《草蜢公》)、連鎖調(如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)《白鷺鷥》)、謎語(如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)《一點一畫長》)、繞(rao)口(kou)令(如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)《銅(tong)釘釘銅(tong)板》)等(deng)類。按表演形式(shi)又(you)可(ke)(ke)分為念謠(yao)(即口(kou)頭朗讀或吟誦)、唱謠(yao)(將童(tong)謠(yao)配曲來唱)、戲謠(yao)(在做(zuo)游戲時念童(tong)謠(yao))、舞謠(yao)(邊念童(tong)謠(yao)邊舞蹈)等(deng)種(zhong)類。
閩(min)(min)(min)南(nan)童謠(yao)是(shi)一(yi)座豐富的(de)知識寶庫,是(shi)幫(bang)助(zhu)兒(er)童學習(xi)語言、認識社會、認識生(sheng)活(huo)的(de)重要手段之一(yi)。由于現代(dai)文化(hua)的(de)沖擊和(he)方(fang)言的(de)流失,閩(min)(min)(min)南(nan)童謠(yao)正漸(jian)(jian)漸(jian)(jian)遠離少年兒(er)童,必須采(cai)取各種有力措施(shi),做好閩(min)(min)(min)南(nan)童謠(yao)的(de)搶救和(he)保護工作(zuo)。
紹(shao)(shao)(shao)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)童(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)是流傳(chuan)(chuan)于古越(yue)地(di)中(zhong)心紹(shao)(shao)(shao)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)及周邊一帶(dai),兒(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)為傳(chuan)(chuan)唱主體的(de)歌(ge)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),是中(zhong)國民(min)間(jian)文(wen)(wen)學寶(bao)庫的(de)重要(yao)組成(cheng)部(bu)分(fen)。目前廣(guang)泛流傳(chuan)(chuan)于紹(shao)(shao)(shao)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)童(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)約有(you)(you)400首(shou),題(ti)材包羅萬象,主要(yao)有(you)(you)游(you)戲(xi)童(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)、教誨(hui)童(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)、敘(xu)事體物童(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)等,以繞口令、謎語歌(ge)、數數歌(ge)、連鎖歌(ge)、字頭歌(ge)、顛倒歌(ge)、問答歌(ge)等多種(zhong)形式表(biao)(biao)現(xian)。紹(shao)(shao)(shao)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)市位于浙江(jiang)省中(zhong)北(bei)部(bu),以獨特的(de)地(di)理環境、悠久的(de)發展歷史、深厚的(de)文(wen)(wen)化底(di)蘊、豐富(fu)的(de)文(wen)(wen)化表(biao)(biao)現(xian)形式聞名海(hai)內(nei)外,為童(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)滋(zi)生和發展提供(gong)了(le)(le)充足的(de)養分(fen)。紹(shao)(shao)(shao)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)童(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)歷史悠久。南朝范曄《后漢(han)書·張霸傳(chuan)(chuan)》載(zai)有(you)(you)《會(hui)稽(ji)童(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)》:“棄我戟,捐我矛(mao),盜賊(zei)盡,吏皆休。”西(xi)晉陳壽《益(yi)都(dou)耆舊(jiu)傳(chuan)(chuan)》又載(zai)有(you)(you)《會(hui)稽(ji)童(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)歌(ge)》,為《會(hui)稽(ji)童(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)》的(de)同(tong)題(ti)異文(wen)(wen)歌(ge)。清(qing)悟癡生(會(hui)稽(ji)人)編《廣(guang)天籟集(ji)》,收(shou)錄(lu)(lu)浙江(jiang)兒(er)(er)歌(ge)23首(shou);清(qing)范寅編《越(yue)諺》,收(shou)錄(lu)(lu)紹(shao)(shao)(shao)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)童(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)55首(shou)。1922年(nian)至1923年(nian),共(gong)有(you)(you)69首(shou)紹(shao)(shao)(shao)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)童(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)分(fen)別被錄(lu)(lu)入《繪(hui)圖(tu)童(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)大觀》、《各省童(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)集(ji)》;1928年(nian)至1934年(nian),婁子匡出(chu)版的(de)《紹(shao)(shao)(shao)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)歌(ge)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)》、《越(yue)歌(ge)百(bai)曲》及陶茂康創辦的(de)《民(min)間(jian)》叢刊,記錄(lu)(lu)了(le)(le)大量的(de)紹(shao)(shao)(shao)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)童(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao);民(min)國初年(nian),周作人在紹(shao)(shao)(shao)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)征集(ji)童(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),后加入北(bei)大歌(ge)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)研究(jiu)會(hui),發表(biao)(biao)《(紹(shao)(shao)(shao)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)兒(er)(er)歌(ge)述(shu)略)序》等多篇文(wen)(wen)章,又收(shou)集(ji)紹(shao)(shao)(shao)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)童(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)223首(shou)收(shou)錄(lu)(lu)在《童(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)研究(jiu)手稿》中(zhong)。以上(shang)活(huo)動,奠定了(le)(le)紹(shao)(shao)(shao)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)童(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)在民(min)間(jian)文(wen)(wen)學界的(de)重要(yao)地(di)位。