1、賽龍舟(湖南省),編號:Ⅵ-65
(1)批(pi)(pi)次/類型:2011年(第三(san)批(pi)(pi)),新增項目
(2)申報地區或單位:湖南省(sheng)沅陵縣
(3)保(bao)護單(dan)位:沅陵縣文化(hua)館
2、賽龍舟(廣東省),編號:Ⅵ-65
(1)批次/類型:2011年(nian)(第三批),新增(zeng)項目
(2)申報地區或單位:廣東(dong)省東(dong)莞市
(3)保護(hu)單位:東莞市萬江區文(wen)化服務中心
3、賽龍舟(貴州省),編號:Ⅵ-65
(1)批(pi)(pi)次(ci)/類型(xing):2011年(第三批(pi)(pi)),新增(zeng)項目
(2)申報地區或單(dan)位:貴州(zhou)省銅仁市
(3)保護單位:銅(tong)仁市(shi)碧江區體育(yu)事業(ye)發(fa)展中心
4、賽龍舟(貴州省),編號:Ⅵ-65
(1)批次/類型:2011年(第三批),新增項目(mu)
(2)申報(bao)地區或單位:貴州省鎮遠縣(xian)
(3)保護(hu)單位:鎮(zhen)遠縣非物質文化遺(yi)產保護(hu)中心
據《史記》“屈(qu)原(yuan)賈生列傳”記載,屈(qu)原(yuan)是(shi)戰國(guo)時期楚懷(huai)王的大臣。其倡導(dao)舉(ju)賢授能、富(fu)國(guo)強兵、聯齊抗秦(qin)遭(zao)(zao)到貴族子蘭等(deng)人強烈反對,屈(qu)原(yuan)遭(zao)(zao)饞(chan)去職,被趕出了(le)都城,流(liu)放到沅和湘流(liu)域。他(ta)在流(liu)放了(le)的情況下,寫(xie)下憂國(guo)憂民的《離騷》和《天問(wen)》、《九歌》等(deng)不朽詩篇。公元(yuan)前(qian)278年,秦(qin)軍攻破了(le)楚國(guo)京(jing)都,屈(qu)原(yuan)始(shi)終不忍舍(she)棄自己祖國(guo),于五月初五在寫(xie)下絕筆作《懷(huai)沙》之后,抱石投汨羅江身死。
傳說屈(qu)原(yuan)死后(hou),楚國百姓哀痛異常(chang),紛(fen)紛(fen)涌到(dao)汨羅江(jiang)邊去憑(ping)吊(diao)屈(qu)原(yuan)。漁(yu)夫們劃(hua)起船只,在(zai)江(jiang)上來(lai)回打撈他(ta)(ta)的真身。他(ta)(ta)們爭先恐后(hou),追(zhui)至洞庭湖時不(bu)見蹤(zong)跡(ji)。之后(hou)每年五(wu)月五(wu)日劃(hua)龍(long)舟以紀(ji)念(nian)之。借(jie)劃(hua)龍(long)舟驅散(san)江(jiang)中(zhong)之魚(yu),以免(mian)魚(yu)吃掉屈(qu)原(yuan)的身體。
在(zai)湖(hu)南(nan)汨(mi)羅(luo)市,競(jing)渡(du)前(qian)必(bi)先往屈(qu)子祠朝廟,將龍頭供在(zai)祠中神(shen)翁祭拜,披紅布于龍頭上,再安龍頭于船(chuan)上競(jing)渡(du),既拜龍神(shen),又(you)紀(ji)念屈(qu)原(yuan)。而在(zai)湖(hu)北的屈(qu)原(yuan)家鄉秭歸,也有祭拜屈(qu)原(yuan)的儀式流傳。祭屈(qu)原(yuan)之(zhi)俗在(zai)《隋書·地理志(zhi)》中有記載:“其(qi)迅(xun)楫(ji)齊馳,棹歌亂響,喧振水陸(lu),觀者如云。”唐劉禹(yu)錫《競(jing)渡(du)曲》自注:“競(jing)渡(du)始(shi)于武陵(ling),及今舉楫(ji)而相和之(zhi),其(qi)音咸呼云:‘何在(zai)’,斯沼(zhao)屈(qu)之(zhi)義(yi)。”
早在屈原之前,沅(yuan)(yuan)陵(ling)就有了龍(long)舟(zhou)。沅(yuan)(yuan)陵(ling)龍(long)舟(zhou)發(fa)源(yuan)于遠(yuan)古,祭祀的(de)對(dui)象是五(wu)溪(xi)各族(zu)共同的(de)始祖盤(pan)瓠。盤(pan)瓠曾落戶沅(yuan)(yuan)陵(ling)半溪(xi)石(shi)穴(xue),生六(liu)兒(er)六(liu)女,兒(er)女互婚(hun)配,繁(fan)衍成苗、瑤(yao)、侗、土、畬、黎(li)六(liu)個民族(zu)。盤(pan)瓠死后(hou),六(liu)族(zu)人宴巫(wu)請神,為(wei)其(qi)招魂(hun)。因沅(yuan)(yuan)陵(ling)山多水(shui)密(mi),巫(wu)師不(bu)知他魂(hun)落何處,就讓各族(zu)打造(zao)一只龍(long)舟(zhou),逐溪(xi)逐河尋找呼喊,以至演變成后(hou)來的(de)劃船招魂(hun)的(de)祭巫(wu)活(huo)動。
浙(zhe)(zhe)江(jiang)地(di)區,是以龍舟競渡紀念曹娥。《后漢書·列女傳》中載,曹娥是投江(jiang)死(si)去的(de),民(min)(min)間則傳說她下江(jiang)尋找父尸。浙(zhe)(zhe)江(jiang)地(di)區多祭祀之,《點石齋畫報(bao)·虔祀曹娥》即描繪會稽地(di)區人民(min)(min)祭祀曹娥之景(jing)象。兼(jian)有紀念當地(di)出(chu)生(sheng)的(de)近(jin)代女民(min)(min)主革(ge)命(ming)家秋瑾的(de)意義。
《清嘉錄》中記吳地(江蘇(su)一帶)競(jing)渡(du),是源于紀(ji)(ji)念伍子(zi)胥(xu),蘇(su)州因(yin)此有端午(wu)祭伍子(zi)胥(xu)之舊習(xi),并于水上舉行競(jing)渡(du)以示紀(ji)(ji)念。另外還(huan)有廣(guang)西的紀(ji)(ji)念馬(ma)援、福(fu)州的紀(ji)(ji)念閻王王審知(zhi)等儀式。
清乾隆二十九(jiu)年(1736年),臺灣開始舉(ju)行(xing)龍舟(zhou)競(jing)渡(du)。當時臺灣知府蔣元君曾在臺南市法華寺半(ban)月池(chi)主(zhu)持(chi)友誼賽。臺灣每年五月五日(ri)都(dou)舉(ju)行(xing)龍舟(zhou)競(jing)賽。在香港,也舉(ju)行(xing)競(jing)渡(du)。
“龍(long)舟(zhou)競(jing)渡(du)”是在戰國時代就(jiu)已有的習俗(su)。戰國時期,人(ren)們在急鼓聲中劃刻成(cheng)龍(long)形的獨(du)木舟(zhou),做競(jing)渡(du)游戲,以娛神與(yu)樂(le)人(ren),此時的龍(long)舟(zhou)競(jing)渡(du)是祭儀中半宗教(jiao)性(xing)、半娛樂(le)性(xing)的節目。在兩湖地區,祭屈(qu)原(yuan)與(yu)賽龍(long)舟(zhou)是緊(jin)密相關的。可能屈(qu)原(yuan)及曹娥、伍子胥等逝去后,當地人(ren)民也曾(ceng)用(yong)魂舟(zhou)送其(qi)靈魂歸(gui)葬,故(gu)有此俗(su)。但(dan)賽龍(long)舟(zhou)除紀念屈(qu)原(yuan)之外(wai),在各地人(ren)們還賦予(yu)了不同的寓(yu)意(yi)。
龍(long)船(chuan)競渡前,先要(yao)請(qing)龍(long)、祭(ji)神。如廣(guang)東龍(long)舟,在(zai)(zai)(zai)端(duan)午(wu)前要(yao)從水下起(qi)出,祭(ji)過在(zai)(zai)(zai)南海神廟(miao)中的(de)南海神后,安上(shang)龍(long)頭(tou)(tou)、龍(long)尾,再準備競渡。并且買一(yi)對紙制小公雞置(zhi)龍(long)船(chuan)上(shang),認(ren)為(wei)可(ke)保佑船(chuan)平安。閩、臺則往媽祖廟(miao)祭(ji)拜。有的(de)直接在(zai)(zai)(zai)河邊祭(ji)龍(long)頭(tou)(tou),殺雞滴血(xue)于龍(long)頭(tou)(tou)之上(shang),如四川、貴州等個別(bie)地區。
賽龍(long)舟(zhou)前(qian)會舉行各(ge)種祭(ji)祀、紀(ji)念之儀式,一(yi)般(ban)都是點香燭,燒紙(zhi)錢(qian),供以雞(ji)、米(mi)、肉(rou)、供果、粽子等。如今這些含有迷(mi)信色彩朗儀式已很少見,但在(zai)過去,人們(men)(men)祭(ji)祀龍(long)神廟時氣氛很嚴肅,多祈求農(nong)業豐收、風調雨順、去邪祟(sui)、攘災異(yi)、事事如意,也(ye)保佑劃船平安。用(yong)人們(men)(men)的(de)話說,“圖個吉利”,表達人們(men)(men)內心良好的(de)愿望。
龍舟競賽作(zuo)為一項水上運動,經(jing)歷了(le)功(gong)利性、紀念性和競技性三種基本形態。
功利型的龍舟競(jing)渡(du)(du),是指(zhi)起始萌生階段的龍舟競(jing)渡(du)(du),從時(shi)間上講,大致(zhi)在先(xian)秦(qin)。原始時(shi)期的先(xian)民,在水(shui)上捕撈、渡(du)(du)水(shui)勞動,特別是在水(shui)患中(zhong)的逃命、救人和水(shui)上爭斗中(zhong),爭相競(jing)渡(du)(du)。
紀念型的(de)龍(long)舟競渡(du)(du),形成(cheng)于(yu)漢魏(wei)六(liu)朝,延續(xu)至今。吳國(guo)人周處(chu)《風土記》是最早(zao)記錄端午競渡(du)(du)的(de)文獻,說明(ming)三(san)國(guo)時,“端午競渡(du)(du)”已(yi)成(cheng)為風氣(qi)。而記錄龍(long)舟競渡(du)(du)是為了紀念屈原的(de)最早(zao)文獻,是梁代吳均、宗懔和唐代魏(wei)征(zheng)留下的(de)資料。其(qi)中(zhong)魏(wei)征(zheng)在(zai)《志》中(zhong)寫道:“屈原五月望日(ri)赴汨羅,土人追至洞庭(ting)不見,湖(hu)上(shang)船小,莫得濟者,乃歌曰‘何由得渡(du)(du)湖(hu)?’因而鼓(gu)掉(diao)爭歸,競會亭上(shang),習以相傳,為競渡(du)(du)之(zhi)戲。其(qi)迅楫齊驅,梢歌亂響(xiang),喧振水陸,觀者如云,諸(zhu)郡率(lv)然。”自此(ci),端午競渡(du)(du)這一(yi)民(min)俗統一(yi)在(zai)“紀念屈原”這個具(ju)有凝聚力的(de)主題上(shang)。
競技型龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)競渡(du),形(xing)成(cheng)于(yu)20世紀(ji)70年(nian)代至(zhi)90年(nian)代,其(qi)發展(zhan)可追溯(su)至(zhi)1976年(nian)舉(ju)行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)香港(gang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)邀請賽,此(ci)(ci)后(hou),龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)競賽成(cheng)為(wei)現代體(ti)(ti)育項目(mu),熱潮席卷全球30多(duo)個國(guo)家(jia)。在(zai)國(guo)際上(shang),龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)運動(dong)基(ji)本上(shang)是一(yi)種(zhong)競技型的(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)育項目(mu)。1980年(nian),賽龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)被列入(ru)中(zhong)國(guo)國(guo)家(jia)體(ti)(ti)育比賽項目(mu),并(bing)每年(nian)舉(ju)行(xing)(xing)“屈原杯”龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)賽。1991年(nian)6月(yue)16日(農(nong)歷(li)五月(yue)初五),在(zai)屈原的(de)(de)第二故鄉中(zhong)國(guo)湖(hu)南岳陽市(shi),舉(ju)行(xing)(xing)首屆國(guo)際龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)節。在(zai)競渡(du)前,舉(ju)行(xing)(xing)了既保存傳統儀式又注入(ru)新的(de)(de)現代因素的(de)(de)“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)祭”。 “龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)”被抬(tai)入(ru)屈子祠內(nei),由運動(dong)員(yuan)給龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)“上(shang)紅(hong)”(披紅(hong)帶)后(hou),主祭人(ren)宣讀祭文,并(bing)為(wei)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)“開光”(即點睛(jing))。然后(hou),參加祭龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)全體(ti)(ti)人(ren)員(yuan)三鞠躬,龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)即被抬(tai)去汨(mi)羅江,奔向(xiang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)賽場。此(ci)(ci)次參加比賽、交易(yi)會和聯歡活動(dong)的(de)(de)多(duo)達60余(yu)萬人(ren)。爾后(hou),湖(hu)南省(sheng)汨(mi)羅市(shi)便(bian)于(yu)每年(nian)農(nong)歷(li)五月(yue)初五端午節舉(ju)辦(ban)國(guo)際龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)節。
2010年(nian)5月18日,中(zhong)國(guo)文化部公布了第三(san)批國(guo)家(jia)級(ji)非(fei)物質文化遺產(chan)名錄推薦(jian)項目(mu)名單(dan)(新(xin)入選(xuan)項目(mu))。湖南省(sheng)沅陵縣,廣(guang)東省(sheng)東莞市(shi)萬(wan)江(jiang)區,貴州省(sheng)銅仁市(shi)、鎮遠縣聯合申報的“賽龍舟(zhou)”入選(xuan),列入傳統體育、游藝與雜技(ji)項目(mu)類的非(fei)物質文化遺產(chan)。
東(dong)(dong)莞龍(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)月(yue)(yue),是(shi)(shi)東(dong)(dong)莞影響面最廣(guang)、參加人數(shu)最多的傳統文化活(huo)動(dong)。東(dong)(dong)莞人賽龍(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)兩天,而是(shi)(shi)一(yi)個月(yue)(yue),故稱龍(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)月(yue)(yue)。龍(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)月(yue)(yue)的主(zhu)要活(huo)動(dong)是(shi)(shi)龍(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)競(jing)(jing)渡。從每(mei)年的農(nong)歷五月(yue)(yue)初一(yi)開始(shi),東(dong)(dong)莞就開始(shi)為(wei)(wei)期一(yi)個月(yue)(yue)的龍(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)競(jing)(jing)渡,東(dong)(dong)莞市水鄉片(pian)及東(dong)(dong)江沿岸地區(qu)各鎮(街(jie)),根據當地潮(chao)(chao)汐大小(xiao),定出本村龍(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)景觀(guan)的日(ri)子(zi)。設標的稱競(jing)(jing)渡,即比賽;不(bu)(bu)設標的叫趁景。 [民國] 《東(dong)(dong)莞縣(xian)志》記載(zai):“五月(yue)(yue)朔(初一(yi)),飲(yin)菖蒲雄黃酒,以(yi)辟不(bu)(bu)祥。食角黍,為(wei)(wei)龍(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)競(jing)(jing)渡。至(zhi)五日(ri),會者益眾。以(yi)節物薦于(yu)家(jia)祠(ci)。自朔至(zhi)望(wang),競(jing)(jing)渡最盛,龍(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)長至(zhi)十余(yu)丈。中(zhong)為(wei)(wei)錦亭,畫船云集,首尾相(xiang)銜,乘潮(chao)(chao)下上。日(ri)暮管弦未歇,鼓(gu)鎮內為(wei)(wei)巨(ju)觀(guan)。”
明末清初廣東著(zhu)名學者(zhe)(zhe)屈大均《廣東新語》卷十(shi)(shi)八記(ji)載:“五月(yue)時,洪流滂濞,放于百里。鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)人(ren)為(wei)龍(long)(long)舟(zhou)之會,觀者(zhe)(zhe)畫(hua)船(chuan)云合,首尾相(xiang)銜,士女如山,乘潮(chao)下上,日已暮而未散。龍(long)(long)舟(zhou)長(chang)十(shi)(shi)余丈(zhang),高七八尺,龍(long)(long)髯(ran)去水(shui)(shui)二(er)尺。額(e)與(yu)項坐(zuo)六七人(ren)。中(zhong)有錦(jin)亭,坐(zuo)倍之。旗者(zhe)(zhe)、蓋者(zhe)(zhe)、鉦鼓者(zhe)(zhe)、揮橈擊枻者(zhe)(zhe),不(bu)(bu)下七八十(shi)(shi)人(ren)。競渡則驚濤涌起(qi),雷雨(yu)交馳。舟(zhou)去而水(shui)(shui)痕久(jiu)不(bu)(bu)能合。斯亦游觀之至侈者(zhe)(zhe)。廣中(zhong)龍(long)(long)船(chuan),惟東莞(guan)最(zui)盛。自(zi)(zi)五月(yue)朔(shuo)(shuo)至晦,鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)有之。如彭峽(xia)者(zhe)(zhe)可紀也。……廣中(zhong)(珠江三角洲)龍(long)(long)船(chuan),惟東莞(guan)最(zui)盛。自(zi)(zi)五月(yue)朔(shuo)(shuo)至晦(從初一到(dao)三十(shi)(shi)),鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)有之。”
[民國] 《東莞縣志》記載(zai):“五月朔(初一),飲菖蒲(pu)雄黃酒,以(yi)辟(pi)不祥(xiang)。食角黍,為龍(long)舟競渡。至五日,會者(zhe)益眾。以(yi)節物(wu)薦于家祠。”“邑人(ren)多紉小(xiao)香囊,曰午時袋(dai)。”“自朔至望,競渡最盛,龍(long)舟長至十余丈。中為錦亭(ting),畫(hua)船云集,首尾(wei)相銜,乘潮下(xia)上。日暮(mu)管弦未(wei)歇,鼓鎮內為巨觀。”
自(zi)宋以來(lai),每年農(nong)歷四月(yue)初(chu)八開始,到五(wu)月(yue)三十(shi)(shi)(shi)日(ri),東(dong)(dong)莞人們(men)劃龍(long)(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),洗龍(long)(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)水,趁龍(long)(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)景(jing)(jing),吃龍(long)(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)餅(bing),食龍(long)(long)(long)(long)船飯,唱龍(long)(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)歌,沿襲至(zhi)今(jin),稱為(wei)(wei)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)月(yue)。每年農(nong)歷五(wu)月(yue)初(chu)一(yi)(yi),萬江(jiang)舉行大型(xing)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)錦標賽,被譽為(wei)(wei)“東(dong)(dong)莞龍(long)(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)第(di)一(yi)(yi)景(jing)(jing)”,有詩歌云“五(wu)月(yue)初(chu)一(yi)(yi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)抬頭,萬江(jiang)河(he)上賽龍(long)(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)”。 “東(dong)(dong)莞龍(long)(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)第(di)一(yi)(yi)景(jing)(jing)”之后(hou),各(ge)地互相約定,定出自(zi)已的龍(long)(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)景(jing)(jing)日(ri)子如(ru)五(wu)月(yue)初(chu)四“汾(fen)溪景(jing)(jing)”、五(wu)月(yue)初(chu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)“新城景(jing)(jing)”、五(wu)月(yue)十(shi)(shi)(shi)四“新村(cun)景(jing)(jing)”,萬江(jiang)區(qu)內各(ge)村(cun)舉辦龍(long)(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)競渡,各(ge)具特色(se)、全民參與,直至(zhi)月(yue)底,萬江(jiang)人民即以“東(dong)(dong)莞龍(long)(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)第(di)一(yi)(yi)景(jing)(jing)”為(wei)(wei)榮(rong),保(bao)持至(zhi)今(jin),定為(wei)(wei)傳統日(ri)。