廣東省(sheng)清(qing)(qing)遠(yuan)市(shi)清(qing)(qing)新縣特產(chan)烏(wu)鬃(zong)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e),其(qi)肉(rou)質鮮美(mei),體(ti)質結(jie)實(shi),體(ti)形適(shi)中,骨骼小(xiao),肉(rou)嫩而多(duo)汁。清(qing)(qing)遠(yuan)特產(chan)的(de)純種烏(wu)鬃(zong)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)被列為廣東省(sheng)四大名(ming)優(you)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)種之一。清(qing)(qing)遠(yuan)烏(wu)鬃(zong)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)又(you)稱黑鬃(zong)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e),屬(shu)小(xiao)型鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)種,因其(qi)頸至背鬃(zong)毛(mao)有一明(ming)顯(xian)黑色羽(yu)毛(mao)帶,故稱清(qing)(qing)遠(yuan)烏(wu)鬃(zong)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e);是(shi)珠三角(jiao)及港澳地區烹飪燒鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)的(de)上乘(cheng)原料,故深受歡(huan)迎并久(jiu)負(fu)盛(sheng)名(ming)。早在20世紀50年代前,清(qing)(qing)遠(yuan)烏(wu)鬃(zong)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)就享譽海內外,是(shi)出口港澳和(he)東南亞的(de)主要鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)種。
生長環境
清遠河流(liu)眾(zhong)多(duo),水(shui)資源豐富(fu),水(shui)草(cao)繁茂,土地(di)肥(fei)沃,適宜養鵝業,故當地(di)農民有(you)養鵝的(de)(de)習(xi)慣。據《清遠縣志》記載,自宋(song)代起烏(wu)鬃(zong)鵝就為當地(di)群眾(zhong)飼養,鵝在清遠人生活中占(zhan)有(you)極其重要的(de)(de)位置,特別是逢(feng)年過節(jie),喜慶(qing)筵席必備鵝,使養鵝、吃鵝的(de)(de)傳統得(de)以代代相傳。
清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)遠(yuan)(yuan)氣候(hou)溫和,日(ri)照長而強烈。由于氣候(hou)的(de)(de)(de)炎熱(re),使得清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)遠(yuan)(yuan)烏(wu)(wu)(wu)鬃(zong)(zong)(zong)鵝(e)多(duo)在(zai)水(shui)面(mian)活動,多(duo)吃水(shui)草(cao)(cao),長肉(rou)緩(huan)慢,體型偏小(xiao)。宜在(zai)地勢高燥、背風向(xiang)陽的(de)(de)(de)平坦或緩(huan)坡地帶飼(si)養(yang)(yang)。土質(zhi)則以(yi)透水(shui)性(xing)好的(de)(de)(de)沙壤為(wei)宜。在(zai)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)新(xin)(xin)(xin)縣,當(dang)(dang)地群眾采用放養(yang)(yang)及投(tou)喂以(yi)當(dang)(dang)地苦麥菜為(wei)主的(de)(de)(de)青(qing)粗料飼(si)養(yang)(yang)烏(wu)(wu)(wu)鬃(zong)(zong)(zong)鵝(e)的(de)(de)(de)習慣,同時,烏(wu)(wu)(wu)鬃(zong)(zong)(zong)鵝(e)喜(xi)歡(huan)吃當(dang)(dang)地河(he)堤(di)遍布的(de)(de)(de)連根(gen)草(cao)(cao),造就清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)遠(yuan)(yuan)烏(wu)(wu)(wu)鬃(zong)(zong)(zong)鵝(e)耐粗飼(si),具有(you)充分利用草(cao)(cao)中營養(yang)(yang)物質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)能力(li),在(zai)不(bu)用精(jing)飼(si)料情況下,鵝(e)也(ye)可(ke)以(yi)在(zai)100天內達到上(shang)市體重。清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)遠(yuan)(yuan)烏(wu)(wu)(wu)鬃(zong)(zong)(zong)鵝(e)在(zai)飼(si)養(yang)(yang)過程中離不(bu)開(kai)水(shui),清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)新(xin)(xin)(xin)縣內河(he)涌(yong)、水(shui)塘(tang)密布,水(shui)質(zhi)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)澈,水(shui)草(cao)(cao)肥(fei)嫩,自然(ran)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)烏(wu)(wu)(wu)鬃(zong)(zong)(zong)鵝(e)生(sheng)長的(de)(de)(de)最優(you)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)。有(you)數據顯示,北(bei)江(jiang)水(shui)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)新(xin)(xin)(xin)縣河(he)段(duan)水(shui)質(zhi)優(you)于國家一級(ji)水(shui)標準。烏(wu)(wu)(wu)鬃(zong)(zong)(zong)鵝(e)對(dui)自然(ran)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)較高,清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)遠(yuan)(yuan)烏(wu)(wu)(wu)鬃(zong)(zong)(zong)鵝(e)的(de)(de)(de)形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),首先(xian)得益于上(shang)述優(you)越的(de)(de)(de)自然(ran)條件。反過來也(ye)形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)其對(dui)生(sheng)長的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)比較高,要(yao)(yao)在(zai)沒(mei)有(you)污(wu)染而且有(you)青(qing)草(cao)(cao)、水(shui)源(yuan)干凈的(de)(de)(de)地方(fang)才能健康成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)長。否則其成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)活率較低,飼(si)養(yang)(yang)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本偏高,且也(ye)難保持原(yuan)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)肉(rou)質(zhi)風味。
產地范圍
清遠烏(wu)鬃鵝屬小型品種。因頸背部(bu)有一條由大漸小的(de)深褐色(se)鬃狀羽(yu)毛而得名,也稱墨鬃鵝。原產于廣(guang)東(dong)省清遠市。主產于廣(guang)東(dong)省北江大河兩岸和(he)縣城附近。此外,廣(guang)州(zhou)、番(fan)禺、佛山、南海、順德(de)、三水、從(cong)化、花縣、高鶴、四會、佛岡、高要、斗門、肇慶、英(ying)德(de)等(deng)地也有分(fen)布。廣(guang)東(dong)省清遠縣建有保種場。
生物特性
該(gai)品種鵝(e)(e)體(ti)緊湊寬短,頭小(xiao),頸(jing)細,腿矮。公鵝(e)(e)體(ti)型較大,呈欖核(he)形,母鵝(e)(e)呈楔(xie)形。羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)大部(bu)(bu)分呈烏棕(zong)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se),從頭頂部(bu)(bu)到最后頸(jing)椎有(you)一條(tiao)(tiao)鬃狀(zhuang)黑褐色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)帶。頸(jing)部(bu)(bu)兩側的(de)(de)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)為白色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se),翼羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)、肩羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)、背羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)和尾(wei)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)為黑色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se),羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)末(mo)端有(you)明顯(xian)的(de)(de)棕(zong)褐色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)鑲邊(bian)。胸羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)灰白色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)或灰色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se),腹羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)灰白色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)或白色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)。在(zai)背部(bu)(bu)兩邊(bian)有(you)一條(tiao)(tiao)起自肩部(bu)(bu)直至尾(wei)根(gen)的(de)(de)2厘米寬的(de)(de)白色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)帶,在(zai)尾(wei)翼間(jian)未被覆蓋(gai)部(bu)(bu)分呈現白色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)圈帶。青年鵝(e)(e)的(de)(de)各(ge)部(bu)(bu)位羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)顏色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)比成年鵝(e)(e)較深。虹彩棕(zong)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)。喙、肉瘤、脛、蹼均為黑色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)。
清(qing)遠(yuan)烏鬃鵝(e)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)初生(sheng)重95克(ke); 90日齡 3170克(ke);成年(nian)公鵝(e)3420克(ke),母(mu)鵝(e)2860克(ke)。成年(nian)公鵝(e)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)半凈(jing)膛屠宰率(lv)87.4%,母(mu)鵝(e)87.5%;成年(nian)公鵝(e)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)全凈(jing)膛屠宰率(lv)77.4%,母(mu)鵝(e)78.1%。母(mu)鵝(e)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)開產日齡130天。平(ping)(ping)均(jun)年(nian)產蛋(dan)29枚,平(ping)(ping)均(jun)蛋(dan)重147克(ke)。平(ping)(ping)均(jun)蛋(dan)形(xing)指(zhi)數1.48。蛋(dan)殼白色。公鵝(e)在80~90天有性行(xing)為,母(mu)鵝(e)就(jiu)巢(chao)性很強,每(mei)產完一窩蛋(dan)后就(jiu)巢(chao)1次,年(nian)就(jiu)巢(chao)4次。
飼養管理
飼(si)養期為90~120天(tian)(tian)。出(chu)殼(ke)后的雛(chu)(chu)鵝(e)(e),頭(tou)5天(tian)(tian)喂小鵝(e)(e)料(liao)拌米飯(fan),6~15天(tian)(tian)喂小鵝(e)(e)料(liao)拌開(kai)(kai)口(kou)谷(gu)(gu),15~35天(tian)(tian)喂大鵝(e)(e)料(liao)拌谷(gu)(gu),36天(tian)(tian)后至(zhi)出(chu)欄(lan)前(qian)喂稻谷(gu)(gu)。烏鬃鵝(e)(e)的育(yu)雛(chu)(chu)期天(tian)(tian)熱時為7天(tian)(tian),天(tian)(tian)冷時為10~20天(tian)(tian),從雛(chu)(chu)鵝(e)(e)離開(kai)(kai)育(yu)雛(chu)(chu)室(shi)開(kai)(kai)始放(fang)牧至(zhi)圈養育(yu)肥前(qian),實行天(tian)(tian)天(tian)(tian)放(fang)牧,約60天(tian)(tian)。鵝(e)(e)苗(miao)出(chu)殼(ke)后至(zhi)開(kai)(kai)口(kou)前(qian)要注射小鵝(e)(e)瘟(wen)疫苗(miao),10~15天(tian)(tian)要注射禽流感疫苗(miao);每隔20天(tian)(tian)用(yong)清熱解毒的中草藥(yao)水浸谷(gu)(gu)喂鵝(e)(e)一次,欄(lan)舍每天(tian)(tian)應清洗一次,每月消毒一次。
每年4月(yue)要對(dui)留養的種(zhong)鵝實行拔毛育(yu)肥,目的是促其在7月(yue)開始(shi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)蛋。平時(shi)對(dui)種(zhong)鵝每日(ri)喂谷兩套,下蛋時(shi)喂谷拌種(zhong)鵝料,并加(jia)喂青飼料。不產(chan)(chan)(chan)蛋時(shi)全日(ri)放牧(mu),產(chan)(chan)(chan)蛋期(qi)實行早晚放牧(mu),育(yu)肥期(qi)不放牧(mu)。拔毛后(hou)的種(zhong)鵝30天(tian)內(nei)注射(she)小鵝瘟(wen)、大鵝瘟(wen)、禽(qin)流(liu)感(gan)(gan)疫(yi)苗(miao),半年后(hou)注射(she)蛋子(zi)瘟(wen)、禽(qin)流(liu)感(gan)(gan)疫(yi)苗(miao),每隔(ge)10天(tian)用清(qing)熱解毒的中草藥水浸谷喂鵝一次(ci),欄(lan)舍(she)每天(tian)清(qing)潔一次(ci),每月(yue)消毒一次(ci)。