土工材料包含哪些

土工合成材料是土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)木工(gong)(gong)(gong)程應(ying)用(yong)的(de)合(he)成(cheng)材料(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)總稱。作為一種(zhong)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)木工(gong)(gong)(gong)程材料(liao)(liao)(liao)，它是以人(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)成(cheng)的(de)聚合(he)物（如塑料(liao)(liao)(liao)、化纖、合(he)成(cheng)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)等(deng)）為原料(liao)(liao)(liao)，制成(cheng)各種(zhong)類型的(de)產品，置于土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)體(ti)內部、表面(mian)或(huo)各種(zhong)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)體(ti)之間，發揮(hui)加(jia)強或(huo)保護土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)體(ti)的(de)作用(yong)。《土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)成(cheng)材料(liao)(liao)(liao)應(ying)用(yong)技術規范》將土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)成(cheng)材料(liao)(liao)(liao)分為土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)織物、土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)膜、土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)特種(zhong)材料(liao)(liao)(liao)和土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)復合(he)材料(liao)(liao)(liao)，土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)網(wang)，玻纖網(wang)，土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)墊等(deng)類型。

土工合成材料原料

土工(gong)合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)材(cai)料的(de)原材(cai)料是(shi)高分子聚(ju)合(he)物(wu)(wu)(wu)（polymer）。它(ta)們是(shi)由煤、石油、天(tian)然氣或石灰石中提煉出來的(de)化(hua)學物(wu)(wu)(wu)質制成(cheng)(cheng)，再進一步(bu)加工(gong)成(cheng)(cheng)纖維或合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)材(cai)料片材(cai)，最后制成(cheng)(cheng)各種(zhong)產(chan)品。制造土工(gong)合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)材(cai)料的(de)聚(ju)合(he)物(wu)(wu)(wu)主要有聚(ju)乙烯(xi)（PE）、聚(ju)酯（PET）、聚(ju)酰胺(an)（PER）、聚(ju)丙烯(xi)（PP）和聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)（PVC）、氯化(hua)聚(ju)乙烯(xi)（CPE）、聚(ju)苯乙烯(xi)（EPS）等 。

土工材料的應用

土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)材(cai)(cai)料的重要性土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)材(cai)(cai)料技術自20世紀(ji)70年代引入我國以(yi)后，在(zai)水(shui)利(li)、土(tu)建(jian)、交通(tong)和(he)港(gang)口(kou)等(deng)領域得到了普遍的應用(yong)。土(tu)坡(po)中加(jia)入土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)材(cai)(cai)料(土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)格柵(zha)或土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)布)可以(yi)將土(tu)坡(po)填筑得更陡(dou)一些。就加(jia)筋功能(neng)而言(yan)，同針刺土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)布相比，土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)格柵(zha)和(he)有(you)紡(fang)土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)布可以(yi)在(zai)較(jiao)小的應變下發揮作用(yong)。針刺土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)布則具(ju)有(you)土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)格柵(zha)和(he)有(you)紡(fang)土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)布所不具(ju)有(you)的土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)合成材(cai)(cai)料平(ping)面(mian)內的透水(shui)性。

近年來(lai)，土工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)材(cai)料在(zai)巖石(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)，尤(you)其是在(zai)防(fang)(fang)洪搶險工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)中的(de)大(da)量應(ying)用及(ji)其成(cheng)效(xiao)，引起了廣大(da)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)技術(shu)人員的(de)高(gao)度重(zhong)視。對于土工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)合成(cheng)材(cai)料的(de)應(ying)用技術(shu)，國家(jia)從防(fang)(fang)滲、反(fan)濾、排水、加筋、防(fang)(fang)護等方面，提出(chu)了規范性技術(shu)要求，大(da)大(da)加快了新材(cai)料的(de)推廣應(ying)用步伐。土工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)布與常規的(de)砌(qi)石(shi)(shi)及(ji)砼材(cai)料防(fang)(fang)滲效(xiao)果相(xiang)比，具有投資低，施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝簡單，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期短，防(fang)(fang)滲效(xiao)果好，渠道有效(xiao)利用系數(shu)高(gao)等優點。

土工材料應用的主要場合

(1)陡坡(po)路堤加(jia)筋(jin)或挖方(fang)邊坡(po)修(xiu)復加(jia)筋(jin)，以形成較陡邊坡(po)節省占地或適應(ying)特(te)定(ding)的場(chang)地要(yao)求；

(2)路(lu)基暗溝排(pai)水(shui)、支擋(dang)結構的(de)墻背排(pai)水(shui)、路(lu)面的(de)層間排(pai)水(shui)和邊緣排(pai)水(shui)中，起過濾(lv)和排(pai)水(shui)作用；

(3)路(lu)(lu)基(ji)邊坡防護中，防止(zhi)雨水對邊坡沖蝕，利于(yu)植(zhi)物(wu)的(de)生長。應用于(yu)沿河路(lu)(lu)基(ji)邊坡防護，防止(zhi)河流對路(lu)(lu)基(ji)的(de)沖刷，如(ru)采用土(tu)工網(wang)墊(dian)、土(tu)工織物(wu)、土(tu)工模(mo)袋(dai)等；

(4)路(lu)基開(kai)挖場地(di)的臨時或永久防護，防止水土流失對環境和路(lu)基路(lu)面(mian)結構(gou)的影響；

(5)舊路(lu)面(mian)罩面(mian)，防(fang)治路(lu)面(mian)反(fan)射裂縫(feng)，延緩反(fan)射裂縫(feng)的發生(sheng)和發展，應用(yong)于路(lu)面(mian)結構中(zhong)，增(zeng)強路(lu)面(mian)結構強度，減少車(che)轍；

(6)柔性(xing)路面的(de)碎石基(ji)層(ceng)或(huo)碎石底基(ji)層(ceng)中，增強基(ji)層(ceng)或(huo)底基(ji)層(ceng)的(de)整體強度；

(7)構筑加(jia)筋土(tu)橋臺；

(8)軟土地基(ji)和有(you)問(wen)題地基(ji)中(zhong)，加速地基(ji)的(de)固結、提高地基(ji)的(de)強度，如(ru)采用土工(gong)格室、土工(gong)排水板、土工(gong)織(zhi)物或土工(gong)格柵(zha)形成的(de)柔性墊層等；

(9)土釘、錨桿(gan)等錨固支擋結(jie)(jie)構中，和土釘、錨桿(gan)一(yi)起(qi)形成完整(zheng)的(de)支擋結(jie)(jie)構；

(10)構(gou)筑加筋土擋墻(qiang)。