土工材料包含哪些

土工合成材料是土木工(gong)(gong)(gong)程應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)的(de)合成(cheng)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)總稱(cheng)。作(zuo)為一種(zhong)(zhong)土木工(gong)(gong)(gong)程材(cai)料(liao)(liao)，它是以人(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)合成(cheng)的(de)聚合物（如塑料(liao)(liao)、化纖(xian)、合成(cheng)橡(xiang)膠等(deng)）為原料(liao)(liao)，制(zhi)成(cheng)各種(zhong)(zhong)類型的(de)產品，置于(yu)土體(ti)內部(bu)、表面或(huo)各種(zhong)(zhong)土體(ti)之間，發(fa)揮加強或(huo)保護土體(ti)的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。《土工(gong)(gong)(gong)合成(cheng)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)技術規(gui)范》將土工(gong)(gong)(gong)合成(cheng)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)分為土工(gong)(gong)(gong)織物、土工(gong)(gong)(gong)膜、土工(gong)(gong)(gong)特種(zhong)(zhong)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)和(he)土工(gong)(gong)(gong)復合材(cai)料(liao)(liao)，土工(gong)(gong)(gong)網，玻纖(xian)網，土工(gong)(gong)(gong)墊等(deng)類型。

土工合成材料原料

土工合(he)成材(cai)料(liao)的(de)原(yuan)材(cai)料(liao)是(shi)高分子(zi)聚(ju)(ju)合(he)物（polymer）。它們是(shi)由(you)煤(mei)、石油、天然氣或石灰石中提煉出來的(de)化(hua)學物質(zhi)制(zhi)成，再進一步(bu)加工成纖維或合(he)成材(cai)料(liao)片材(cai)，最后制(zhi)成各種產品。制(zhi)造土工合(he)成材(cai)料(liao)的(de)聚(ju)(ju)合(he)物主(zhu)要有聚(ju)(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)（PE）、聚(ju)(ju)酯（PET）、聚(ju)(ju)酰胺（PER）、聚(ju)(ju)丙烯(xi)（PP）和聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)（PVC）、氯(lv)化(hua)聚(ju)(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)（CPE）、聚(ju)(ju)苯(ben)乙(yi)烯(xi)（EPS）等 。

土工材料的應用

土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)材(cai)料(liao)的(de)重要(yao)性土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)材(cai)料(liao)技術自(zi)20世紀70年代引入我(wo)國以后(hou)，在水(shui)利、土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)建、交通(tong)和(he)港口等領域得到了普遍的(de)應(ying)用。土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)坡中加(jia)入土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)材(cai)料(liao)(土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)格(ge)柵(zha)或土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)布(bu))可以將(jiang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)坡填筑得更(geng)陡一些。就加(jia)筋功能(neng)而(er)言，同針刺土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)布(bu)相比，土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)格(ge)柵(zha)和(he)有(you)紡土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)布(bu)可以在較小(xiao)的(de)應(ying)變(bian)下發揮作用。針刺土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)布(bu)則具(ju)有(you)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)格(ge)柵(zha)和(he)有(you)紡土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)布(bu)所不具(ju)有(you)的(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)合成材(cai)料(liao)平面內的(de)透水(shui)性。

近年來，土工(gong)(gong)材料在巖(yan)石(shi)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)，尤其是在防洪(hong)搶險工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)中的大量應用(yong)及(ji)其成效，引(yin)起了(le)廣大工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)人員的高度重視(shi)。對(dui)于土工(gong)(gong)合成材料的應用(yong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)，國家從防滲、反(fan)濾、排水(shui)、加筋(jin)、防護等(deng)方面，提出了(le)規范性(xing)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)要求，大大加快(kuai)了(le)新材料的推廣應用(yong)步(bu)伐(fa)。土工(gong)(gong)布與常規的砌石(shi)及(ji)砼(tong)材料防滲效果(guo)相比，具有投資低，施工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)簡(jian)單，工(gong)(gong)期(qi)短(duan)，防滲效果(guo)好，渠道有效利用(yong)系數高等(deng)優點。

土工材料應用的主要場合

(1)陡(dou)坡路(lu)堤加筋(jin)或挖方邊坡修復加筋(jin)，以(yi)形成較陡(dou)邊坡節省(sheng)占地(di)或適應(ying)特定的場地(di)要求；

(2)路(lu)基暗(an)溝排水、支擋結構的墻背排水、路(lu)面的層(ceng)間排水和邊緣(yuan)排水中，起過濾(lv)和排水作用(yong)；

(3)路(lu)基邊坡(po)防護(hu)中，防止雨水對邊坡(po)沖(chong)蝕(shi)，利(li)于(yu)植物(wu)的(de)生長(chang)。應(ying)用(yong)于(yu)沿河(he)路(lu)基邊坡(po)防護(hu)，防止河(he)流(liu)對路(lu)基的(de)沖(chong)刷，如采用(yong)土工(gong)網(wang)墊、土工(gong)織物(wu)、土工(gong)模袋等；

(4)路基(ji)開挖場(chang)地的臨時或永久防護，防止水土流失對環境(jing)和(he)路基(ji)路面結構的影響；

(5)舊路(lu)面罩面，防治(zhi)路(lu)面反射裂縫，延(yan)緩反射裂縫的發(fa)生和發(fa)展，應用(yong)于(yu)路(lu)面結構(gou)中，增強路(lu)面結構(gou)強度，減(jian)少車(che)轍；

(6)柔(rou)性路面(mian)的碎石基(ji)層(ceng)(ceng)或碎石底基(ji)層(ceng)(ceng)中，增(zeng)強基(ji)層(ceng)(ceng)或底基(ji)層(ceng)(ceng)的整體強度；

(7)構筑加筋土橋臺；

(8)軟(ruan)土(tu)(tu)地基和有問題地基中(zhong)，加速(su)地基的固結、提高地基的強(qiang)度(du)，如采用(yong)土(tu)(tu)工格(ge)室(shi)、土(tu)(tu)工排水板、土(tu)(tu)工織物或土(tu)(tu)工格(ge)柵(zha)形成的柔性墊層等；

(9)土釘、錨桿(gan)等錨固支擋結構中，和土釘、錨桿(gan)一起形成完整(zheng)的支擋結構；

(10)構筑加筋土擋(dang)墻。