一、食品機械的發展歷程分為哪幾個階段

我(wo)國食品(pin)工業及食品(pin)機械的(de)發展歷程大致可(ke)分(fen)為三個階段。

1、第一階段

20世紀50年代以(yi)(yi)前(qian)，食(shi)品的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)加工(gong)(gong)主要以(yi)(yi)手工(gong)(gong)操作為主，基(ji)本屬于傳統作坊生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)方式。僅在沿海(hai)一些大城市有少量工(gong)(gong)業化生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)方式的(de)(de)食(shi)品加工(gong)(gong)廠(chang)(chang)，所用的(de)(de)設備(bei)幾乎(hu)全(quan)是(shi)國(guo)外設備(bei)。而糧食(shi)加工(gong)(gong)廠(chang)(chang)情況略好于食(shi)品加工(gong)(gong)廠(chang)(chang)。此階段的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)業化生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)糧食(shi)加工(gong)(gong)廠(chang)(chang)主要是(shi)以(yi)(yi)面粉的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)業化生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)加工(gong)(gong)為主。但同樣(yang)(yang)，面粉廠(chang)(chang)所用的(de)(de)設備(bei)也幾乎(hu)全(quan)是(shi)國(guo)外設備(bei)。可以(yi)(yi)說50年代以(yi)(yi)前(qian)全(quan)國(guo)幾乎(hu)沒有一家像樣(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)專門生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)食(shi)品機械的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)廠(chang)(chang)。

2、第二階段

50-70年代，食品加工業及食品機械工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)得(de)到(dao)很大(da)(da)(da)的(de)發展，全國各地新建(jian)一第二(er)階段大(da)(da)(da)批(pi)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠，尤其是面粉、大(da)(da)(da)米、食(shi)用油的(de)生產(chan)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠。在多數(shu)主要的(de)糧(liang)食(shi)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠中基(ji)本(ben)上實(shi)現(xian)(xian)了(le)初步的(de)機械(xie)(xie)化工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)生產(chan)方式。但同期的(de)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠尚處于半(ban)機械(xie)(xie)半(ban)手(shou)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)生產(chan)方式，機械(xie)(xie)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)僅用于一些關鍵主要的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序中，而其他生產(chan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序仍沿(yan)用傳統的(de)手(shou)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)操作(zuo)方式。與此(ci)階段食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)發展相適應，食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)機械(xie)(xie)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)也得(de)到(dao)了(le)快速發展，全國各地新建(jian)了(le)一大(da)(da)(da)年(nian)的(de)發展，使(shi)得(de)國產(chan)批(pi)專門生產(chan)糧(liang)食(shi)和食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)機械(xie)(xie)的(de)制造廠。國內的(de)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)機械(xie)(xie)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)經過近30年(nian)的(de)發展，是的(de)國產(chan)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)機械(xie)(xie)基(ji)本(ben)能滿足我國食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)發展的(de)需(xu)求，為此(ci)階段實(shi)現(xian)(xian)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)化生產(chan)做出了(le)重大(da)(da)(da)貢獻，食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)機械(xie)(xie)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)已(yi)初步形成了(le)一個獨立的(de)機械(xie)(xie)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)。

3、第三階段

80年代(dai)以后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)改革年代(dai)以后(hou)，食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)得到迅猛發(fa)(fa)展。這(zhe)得益于進(jin)入(ru)第(di)三階(jie)(jie)段(duan)，開放政策，隨著外資的(de)(de)(de)(de)引入(ru)，出現(xian)了(le)很多外商(shang)獨資、合(he)資等(deng)形式的(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)加工(gong)(gong)企業(ye)。這(zhe)些企業(ye)在將(jiang)先進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)生產工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)引進(jin)國(guo)(guo)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時，也(ye)將(jiang)大量(liang)先進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)機(ji)械(xie)引入(ru)國(guo)(guo)內(nei)。受此影(ying)響，再(zai)加上社會對(dui)(dui)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)加工(gong)(gong)質量(liang)、品(pin)(pin)(pin)種、數量(liang)要求的(de)(de)(de)(de)提高(gao)，極大地推進(jin)了(le)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)及(ji)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)機(ji)械(xie)制造(zao)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展進(jin)程(cheng)及(ji)速度。此階(jie)(jie)段(duan)，通過消化吸收國(guo)(guo)外先進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)機(ji)械(xie)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)，使我(wo)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)機(ji)械(xie)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展水(shui)平得到很大提高(gao)。80年代(dai)中期，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)糧食(shi)(shi)加工(gong)(gong)業(ye)和(he)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)加工(gong)(gong)業(ye)實施了(le)第(di)一(yi)輪(lun)大規模(mo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)改造(zao)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)。經(jing)過這(zhe)一(yi)輪(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)改造(zao)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)，食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)全(quan)面(mian)實現(xian)了(le)機(ji)械(xie)化和(he)自動化。進(jin)入(ru)90年代(dai)以后(hou)，又進(jin)行了(le)新(xin)一(yi)輪(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)改造(zao)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)。在這(zhe)一(yi)輪(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)改中，許多糧食(shi)(shi)加工(gong)(gong)廠(chang)和(he)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)加工(gong)(gong)廠(chang)對(dui)(dui)設(she)備進(jin)行了(le)更新(xin)換代(dai)，或直接引進(jin)全(quan)套的(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)外先進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)備，或采(cai)用國(guo)(guo)內(nei)廠(chang)家(jia)消化吸收生產出的(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)型機(ji)械(xie)設(she)備。可以說這(zhe)兩輪(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)改工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)對(dui)(dui)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)機(ji)械(xie)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展起(qi)了(le)極大的(de)(de)(de)(de)推進(jin)作用，食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)機(ji)械(xie)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)已完全(quan)形成了(le)一(yi)個獨立的(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)械(xie)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)。

二、食品機械行業未來發展趨勢是什么

1、食品機械產品更加多樣化、系列化、成套化

隨著人(ren)們的(de)(de)(de)生活水平(ping)的(de)(de)(de)日益(yi)提高(gao)，食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)工(gong)業的(de)(de)(de)進一(yi)步(bu)發展，對(dui)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)機(ji)械也提出(chu)了更高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)要求。除傳統(tong)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)工(gong)業外(wai)，方(fang)便食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)（如方(fang)便飯(fan)、方(fang)便面、方(fang)便水餃等）、功能(neng)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)（如嬰幼兒食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)、老(lao)年人(ren)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)、野外(wai)軍用食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)、適合糖尿病人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)等）、保健食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)等等的(de)(de)(de)蓬(peng)勃(bo)發展，必將使(shi)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)機(ji)械的(de)(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種更加(jia)豐富，同時(shi)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)機(ji)械設備(bei)系列化、標(biao)準化程度(du)更高(gao)，成套性(xing)更強，較少(shao)單機(ji)操(cao)作，如從果(guo)皮(pi)中回收果(guo)膠的(de)(de)(de)果(guo)膠加(jia)工(gong)成套設備(bei)、蔬(shu)菜深加(jia)工(gong)技術、果(guo)汁香味回收設備(bei)將在國內廣泛采(cai)用。

2、生產自動化、管理智能化

在(zai)食品(pin)(pin)(pin)機械企業的生產(chan)(chan)上(shang)，將廣(guang)泛采用(yong)全自(zi)動的制造系統，生產(chan)(chan)過程程序(xu)化，對生產(chan)(chan)過程的產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)進(jin)行(xing)在(zai)線檢測，大(da)大(da)降(jiang)低廢品(pin)(pin)(pin)率。實行(xing)自(zi)上(shang)而(er)下的調度、數據(ju)的采集、處理(li)、輸出等(deng)計(ji)算(suan)機管理(li)，提高產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)質量，保證產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)性(xing)能的穩定。

3、高新技術廣泛應用

未來的(de)食(shi)品機械(xie)是(shi)集光、電、聲、磁、化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、生等(deng)于(yu)一體的(de)高(gao)(gao)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術、高(gao)(gao)智能產品，其(qi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術優勢(shi)主(zhu)要體現在產品高(gao)(gao)度自動化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、生產高(gao)(gao)效率、食(shi)品資源(yuan)高(gao)(gao)利用(yong)(yong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、產品高(gao)(gao)度節能化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)和高(gao)(gao)新技(ji)(ji)(ji)術實用(yong)(yong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。如(ru)(ru):超(chao)濾或反(fan)滲透的(de)膜分(fen)離技(ji)(ji)(ji)術、超(chao)臨(lin)界萃取(qu)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術（用(yong)(yong)于(yu)天然食(shi)品色素(su)、香料、香精等(deng)的(de)生產）、超(chao)微(wei)粉(fen)碎技(ji)(ji)(ji)術、食(shi)品冷殺(sha)(sha)菌(jun)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術（如(ru)(ru)短(duan)時脈(mo)沖高(gao)(gao)電壓殺(sha)(sha)菌(jun)、電磁場殺(sha)(sha)菌(jun)）、微(wei)膠(jiao)囊(nang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術。

4、生物技術與食品機械的結合應用

生物技術與食(shi)品機械相(xiang)結合，拓寬了食(shi)品機械的(de)(de)應用(yong)范圍。如(ru)用(yong)含有纖維(wei)素(su)酶(mei)和(he)半纖維(wei)素(su)酶(mei)的(de)(de)粗(cu)果(guo)(guo)膠酶(mei)制劑作(zuo)用(yong)于果(guo)(guo)實皮(pi)層，使之皮(pi)層細(xi)胞分離，結構(gou)破壞而(er)脫落，這種酶(mei)工(gong)程技術與傳統(tong)的(de)(de)機械脫皮(pi)機相(xiang)比，裝(zhuang)備不但(dan)簡單，而(er)且脫皮(pi)效(xiao)果(guo)(guo)好。又如(ru)：一種生物傳感(gan)器由固(gu)定化并具有化學分子識(shi)別功能(neng)的(de)(de)生物材(cai)料（酶(mei)、細(xi)胞、抗(kang)體等）、換能(neng)器件及信號放大裝(zhuang)置構(gou)成的(de)(de)分析工(gong)具或系統(tong)，將取代傳統(tong)的(de)(de)復雜的(de)(de)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)儀器(設備)，可(ke)(ke)快速檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)食(shi)品鮮度、滋味、熟度，同時可(ke)(ke)用(yong)于食(shi)品分析（如(ru)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)蛋(dan)白質、氨基酸、糖含量等），用(yong)于食(shi)品衛生檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)（如(ru)測(ce)(ce)定細(xi)菌(jun)、病原菌(jun)、毒素(su)、殘留農藥、食(shi)品添加劑）。