一、食品機械的發展歷程分為哪幾個階段

我國食品(pin)工業及食品(pin)機械(xie)的(de)發展歷程大致可分為三個(ge)階段(duan)。

1、第一階段

20世紀50年代以(yi)前，食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)的(de)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)加工(gong)(gong)主要(yao)以(yi)手工(gong)(gong)操作為(wei)(wei)主，基本屬于傳統作坊生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)方式。僅在(zai)沿海一些大城(cheng)市有少量工(gong)(gong)業(ye)化(hua)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)方式的(de)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)加工(gong)(gong)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)，所用的(de)設備(bei)幾(ji)(ji)乎全是國(guo)外(wai)設備(bei)。而糧食(shi)(shi)加工(gong)(gong)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)情況略好(hao)于食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)加工(gong)(gong)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)。此階段的(de)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)化(hua)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)糧食(shi)(shi)加工(gong)(gong)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)主要(yao)是以(yi)面粉的(de)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)化(hua)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)加工(gong)(gong)為(wei)(wei)主。但同樣，面粉廠(chang)(chang)(chang)所用的(de)設備(bei)也(ye)幾(ji)(ji)乎全是國(guo)外(wai)設備(bei)。可以(yi)說50年代以(yi)前全國(guo)幾(ji)(ji)乎沒(mei)有一家像樣的(de)專(zhuan)門生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)機械的(de)工(gong)(gong)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)。

2、第二階段

50-70年代，食品加工業及食品機械工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)得(de)到很大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，全(quan)國(guo)各地新建(jian)一第二階段大(da)批(pi)食品(pin)(pin)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)(chang)，尤其是面粉、大(da)米、食用油的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)(chang)。在多數主要的(de)(de)(de)(de)糧食加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)(chang)中基(ji)本上實現(xian)了(le)(le)初(chu)步(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)化工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)方(fang)式(shi)。但(dan)同期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)食品(pin)(pin)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)(chang)尚(shang)處于半(ban)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)半(ban)手工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)方(fang)式(shi)，機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)僅用于一些關鍵(jian)主要的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序中，而其他(ta)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序仍(reng)沿用傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)手工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)操作方(fang)式(shi)。與此階段食品(pin)(pin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)相適(shi)應，食品(pin)(pin)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)也得(de)到了(le)(le)快速發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，全(quan)國(guo)各地新建(jian)了(le)(le)一大(da)年的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，使(shi)得(de)國(guo)產(chan)批(pi)專門生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)糧食和(he)食品(pin)(pin)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)制造廠(chang)(chang)。國(guo)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)食品(pin)(pin)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)經過(guo)近30年的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，是的(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)產(chan)食品(pin)(pin)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)基(ji)本能(neng)滿足我國(guo)食品(pin)(pin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)求，為此階段實現(xian)食品(pin)(pin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)化生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)做出了(le)(le)重大(da)貢獻，食品(pin)(pin)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)已(yi)初(chu)步(bu)形成了(le)(le)一個獨立的(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)。

3、第三階段

80年代(dai)以(yi)(yi)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)改(gai)革年代(dai)以(yi)(yi)后(hou)，食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)得(de)到迅猛發(fa)展(zhan)。這(zhe)得(de)益于進(jin)(jin)入第三階(jie)段(duan)，開放政策，隨(sui)著外資(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)引(yin)(yin)入，出現了(le)(le)很多外商獨(du)(du)資(zi)、合資(zi)等形式的(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企業(ye)(ye)。這(zhe)些(xie)企業(ye)(ye)在將(jiang)(jiang)先(xian)進(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)生產工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)引(yin)(yin)進(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)同時，也將(jiang)(jiang)大(da)(da)(da)量先(xian)進(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)機(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)引(yin)(yin)入國(guo)(guo)內。受此影響，再加(jia)(jia)上社(she)會對食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量、品(pin)(pin)種、數量要求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)，極(ji)大(da)(da)(da)地推進(jin)(jin)了(le)(le)我國(guo)(guo)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)及食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)機(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)制造業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)進(jin)(jin)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)及速度。此階(jie)段(duan)，通過消化(hua)吸(xi)收國(guo)(guo)外先(xian)進(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)機(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)，使我國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)機(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)水平得(de)到很大(da)(da)(da)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)。80年代(dai)中期(qi)，我國(guo)(guo)糧(liang)食(shi)(shi)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)和食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)實施了(le)(le)第一(yi)(yi)輪(lun)大(da)(da)(da)規(gui)模的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)改(gai)造工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。經過這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)輪(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)改(gai)造工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)全面實現了(le)(le)機(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)化(hua)和自(zi)動化(hua)。進(jin)(jin)入90年代(dai)以(yi)(yi)后(hou)，又進(jin)(jin)行了(le)(le)新一(yi)(yi)輪(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)改(gai)造工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。在這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)輪(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)改(gai)中，許多糧(liang)食(shi)(shi)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠和食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠對設備(bei)進(jin)(jin)行了(le)(le)更新換代(dai)，或直接引(yin)(yin)進(jin)(jin)全套的(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)外先(xian)進(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)設備(bei)，或采用國(guo)(guo)內廠家消化(hua)吸(xi)收生產出的(de)(de)(de)(de)新型(xing)機(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)設備(bei)。可以(yi)(yi)說這(zhe)兩(liang)輪(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)改(gai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)對食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)機(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)起了(le)(le)極(ji)大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)推進(jin)(jin)作用，食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)機(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)已完(wan)全形成了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)個獨(du)(du)立的(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)。

二、食品機械行業未來發展趨勢是什么

1、食品機械產品更加多樣化、系列化、成套化

隨著(zhu)人(ren)們(men)的(de)(de)生活水平(ping)的(de)(de)日益提(ti)高，食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)工業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)進一(yi)步(bu)發展，對食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)機械也提(ti)出了更(geng)(geng)高的(de)(de)要求(qiu)。除(chu)傳統食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)工業(ye)(ye)外，方(fang)便食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)（如(ru)(ru)方(fang)便飯、方(fang)便面、方(fang)便水餃(jiao)等）、功能食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)（如(ru)(ru)嬰幼(you)兒食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)、老(lao)年人(ren)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)、野(ye)外軍(jun)用(yong)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)、適合糖尿病人(ren)的(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)等）、保健食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)等等的(de)(de)蓬勃發展，必將使食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)機械的(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)種更(geng)(geng)加豐富(fu)，同時食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)機械設備(bei)系列化(hua)、標準化(hua)程度更(geng)(geng)高，成(cheng)套(tao)性更(geng)(geng)強，較少單機操作(zuo)，如(ru)(ru)從果(guo)(guo)皮(pi)中回收果(guo)(guo)膠的(de)(de)果(guo)(guo)膠加工成(cheng)套(tao)設備(bei)、蔬菜深加工技術、果(guo)(guo)汁香味回收設備(bei)將在國內廣泛采用(yong)。

2、生產自動化、管理智能化

在食品機械企業(ye)的(de)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)上，將(jiang)廣(guang)泛采用(yong)全自動的(de)制造系統(tong)，生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)過程程序化，對(dui)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)過程的(de)產(chan)(chan)品進行(xing)在線檢測，大大降低廢(fei)品率。實行(xing)自上而下的(de)調度、數據的(de)采集、處理、輸出(chu)等(deng)計算機管理，提高產(chan)(chan)品質量，保(bao)證產(chan)(chan)品性能的(de)穩定。

3、高新技術廣泛應用

未來的(de)(de)食品(pin)機械是(shi)集光、電、聲、磁(ci)、化(hua)、生等于一體的(de)(de)高技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、高智能產(chan)品(pin)，其技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)優勢主要體現在產(chan)品(pin)高度(du)自動(dong)化(hua)、生產(chan)高效率、食品(pin)資源高利(li)用化(hua)、產(chan)品(pin)高度(du)節能化(hua)和高新技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)實用化(hua)。如:超濾或反滲透的(de)(de)膜分離技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、超臨(lin)界(jie)萃取技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)（用于天然食品(pin)色素、香料、香精等的(de)(de)生產(chan)）、超微粉碎技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、食品(pin)冷殺菌(jun)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)（如短(duan)時脈沖高電壓殺菌(jun)、電磁(ci)場殺菌(jun)）、微膠囊化(hua)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)。

4、生物技術與食品機械的結合應用

生(sheng)物技術與(yu)食品(pin)機械(xie)(xie)相結(jie)合(he)，拓寬了食品(pin)機械(xie)(xie)的(de)應用(yong)范圍(wei)。如用(yong)含有纖(xian)維素酶和半纖(xian)維素酶的(de)粗果(guo)膠酶制劑作用(yong)于(yu)果(guo)實皮(pi)層(ceng)，使(shi)之皮(pi)層(ceng)細(xi)胞分離，結(jie)構破(po)壞而脫(tuo)落，這種酶工程技術與(yu)傳(chuan)統的(de)機械(xie)(xie)脫(tuo)皮(pi)機相比，裝備不但簡單，而且(qie)脫(tuo)皮(pi)效果(guo)好。又如：一(yi)種生(sheng)物傳(chuan)感器(qi)由固定化(hua)并具(ju)有化(hua)學分子識別功能的(de)生(sheng)物材料(liao)（酶、細(xi)胞、抗體等(deng)）、換能器(qi)件及信號放大裝置構成的(de)分析(xi)(xi)工具(ju)或系統，將取代傳(chuan)統的(de)復雜的(de)檢(jian)(jian)測儀器(qi)(設備)，可快速檢(jian)(jian)測食品(pin)鮮度、滋味、熟度，同時可用(yong)于(yu)食品(pin)分析(xi)(xi)（如檢(jian)(jian)測蛋白(bai)質、氨基酸、糖含量等(deng)），用(yong)于(yu)食品(pin)衛生(sheng)檢(jian)(jian)測（如測定細(xi)菌(jun)、病原菌(jun)、毒素、殘留農藥、食品(pin)添加劑）。