一、食品機械的發展歷程分為哪幾個階段

我國食品工業及食品機械的發(fa)展歷程大致可分為三個階段。

1、第一階段

20世紀(ji)50年代以前，食(shi)品(pin)的(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)主(zhu)要(yao)以手工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)操作為主(zhu)，基本屬于傳(chuan)統作坊生(sheng)產(chan)方式。僅在沿(yan)海一(yi)些大(da)城市有(you)少量工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業化生(sheng)產(chan)方式的(de)(de)食(shi)品(pin)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)(chang)，所(suo)用的(de)(de)設備幾乎(hu)全(quan)是(shi)國(guo)外設備。而糧食(shi)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)(chang)情(qing)況略(lve)好于食(shi)品(pin)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)(chang)。此階段(duan)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業化生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)糧食(shi)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)(chang)主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)以面粉的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業化生(sheng)產(chan)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)為主(zhu)。但同樣，面粉廠(chang)(chang)所(suo)用的(de)(de)設備也幾乎(hu)全(quan)是(shi)國(guo)外設備。可(ke)以說50年代以前全(quan)國(guo)幾乎(hu)沒有(you)一(yi)家像樣的(de)(de)專門生(sheng)產(chan)食(shi)品(pin)機械的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)(chang)。

2、第二階段

50-70年代，食品加工業及食品機械工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)得(de)到(dao)很大(da)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展，全國(guo)(guo)各(ge)地新建一第二階段(duan)大(da)批(pi)食(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠，尤其是面粉、大(da)米、食(shi)(shi)(shi)用油的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠。在多數主(zhu)要的(de)(de)(de)糧食(shi)(shi)(shi)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠中基(ji)(ji)本(ben)上實現了(le)(le)初步(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)化工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產方式。但同期的(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠尚處于半機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)半手(shou)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產方式，機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)僅用于一些關鍵主(zhu)要的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序中，而其他生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序仍沿用傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)(de)手(shou)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)操作方式。與此階段(duan)食(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)發(fa)(fa)展相適應，食(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)也得(de)到(dao)了(le)(le)快速發(fa)(fa)展，全國(guo)(guo)各(ge)地新建了(le)(le)一大(da)年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展，使得(de)國(guo)(guo)產批(pi)專門生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產糧食(shi)(shi)(shi)和食(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)的(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)造廠。國(guo)(guo)內的(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)經過近30年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展，是的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)產食(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)基(ji)(ji)本(ben)能滿足我(wo)國(guo)(guo)食(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)發(fa)(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)需求(qiu)，為此階段(duan)實現食(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)化生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產做出了(le)(le)重大(da)貢獻，食(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)已初步(bu)(bu)形成了(le)(le)一個(ge)獨(du)立的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)。

3、第三階段

80年代以(yi)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)年代以(yi)后，食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業得到(dao)迅猛發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)得益(yi)于進(jin)(jin)入(ru)第(di)三階段，開(kai)放(fang)政策，隨(sui)著(zhu)外(wai)(wai)資的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)引(yin)入(ru)，出現了(le)(le)很(hen)多(duo)外(wai)(wai)商獨資、合資等形(xing)式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企業。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)企業在(zai)將先(xian)進(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)生產(chan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝技(ji)術(shu)(shu)引(yin)進(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同時(shi)，也將大(da)量(liang)先(xian)進(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)機械(xie)(xie)引(yin)入(ru)國(guo)(guo)內。受此影響，再(zai)加(jia)上社會對(dui)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量(liang)、品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種、數量(liang)要求的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提高(gao)，極大(da)地(di)推進(jin)(jin)了(le)(le)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業及(ji)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)機械(xie)(xie)制(zhi)造業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)進(jin)(jin)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)及(ji)速度。此階段，通過消(xiao)化(hua)(hua)吸(xi)收國(guo)(guo)外(wai)(wai)先(xian)進(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)機械(xie)(xie)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)，使我(wo)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)機械(xie)(xie)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)水平得到(dao)很(hen)大(da)提高(gao)。80年代中期，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)糧食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業和食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業實施(shi)了(le)(le)第(di)一(yi)輪(lun)大(da)規(gui)模的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)改(gai)(gai)造工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。經過這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)輪(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)改(gai)(gai)造工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業全面實現了(le)(le)機械(xie)(xie)化(hua)(hua)和自動化(hua)(hua)。進(jin)(jin)入(ru)90年代以(yi)后，又進(jin)(jin)行了(le)(le)新一(yi)輪(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)改(gai)(gai)造工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。在(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)輪(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)改(gai)(gai)中，許多(duo)糧食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠和食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠對(dui)設備(bei)進(jin)(jin)行了(le)(le)更新換代，或直(zhi)接引(yin)進(jin)(jin)全套的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)外(wai)(wai)先(xian)進(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設備(bei)，或采用(yong)國(guo)(guo)內廠家消(xiao)化(hua)(hua)吸(xi)收生產(chan)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新型機械(xie)(xie)設備(bei)。可以(yi)說這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)兩輪(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)改(gai)(gai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)對(dui)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)機械(xie)(xie)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)起了(le)(le)極大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)推進(jin)(jin)作用(yong)，食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)機械(xie)(xie)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業已完全形(xing)成了(le)(le)一(yi)個獨立的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機械(xie)(xie)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業。

二、食品機械行業未來發展趨勢是什么

1、食品機械產品更加多樣化、系列化、成套化

隨(sui)著人們的(de)生活水平的(de)日益提高，食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)工業(ye)的(de)進(jin)一步(bu)發展，對(dui)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)機(ji)(ji)械也(ye)提出了更高的(de)要求。除(chu)傳統食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)工業(ye)外(wai)，方便食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)（如方便飯、方便面(mian)、方便水餃等(deng)）、功(gong)能食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)（如嬰幼兒食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)、老年人食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)、野外(wai)軍用食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)、適合糖尿病(bing)人的(de)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)等(deng)）、保健食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)等(deng)等(deng)的(de)蓬勃發展，必(bi)將(jiang)使食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)機(ji)(ji)械的(de)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)更加(jia)豐(feng)富(fu)，同時食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)機(ji)(ji)械設備(bei)系列(lie)化(hua)、標準化(hua)程度更高，成套性更強，較(jiao)少單機(ji)(ji)操作，如從果皮中回(hui)收果膠的(de)果膠加(jia)工成套設備(bei)、蔬菜深加(jia)工技術、果汁香味(wei)回(hui)收設備(bei)將(jiang)在(zai)國(guo)內廣泛采(cai)用。

2、生產自動化、管理智能化

在食品(pin)(pin)機械企(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)生產上(shang)，將廣泛(fan)采用(yong)全自動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)造系統，生產過程(cheng)(cheng)程(cheng)(cheng)序化，對生產過程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)產品(pin)(pin)進行(xing)在線檢測，大(da)大(da)降低廢(fei)品(pin)(pin)率。實行(xing)自上(shang)而(er)下的(de)(de)(de)調度、數據的(de)(de)(de)采集、處(chu)理(li)、輸出等計算機管(guan)理(li)，提高(gao)產品(pin)(pin)質量，保證產品(pin)(pin)性能的(de)(de)(de)穩定(ding)。

3、高新技術廣泛應用

未來的(de)食品(pin)(pin)機械是集光(guang)、電(dian)、聲、磁、化、生(sheng)等(deng)于一體的(de)高(gao)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、高(gao)智能產(chan)品(pin)(pin)，其技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)優勢主要體現在(zai)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)高(gao)度(du)自動化、生(sheng)產(chan)高(gao)效率、食品(pin)(pin)資源高(gao)利用(yong)化、產(chan)品(pin)(pin)高(gao)度(du)節能化和高(gao)新技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)實用(yong)化。如(ru):超(chao)濾或(huo)反滲透的(de)膜(mo)分離技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、超(chao)臨界萃取技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)（用(yong)于天然食品(pin)(pin)色(se)素(su)、香料、香精(jing)等(deng)的(de)生(sheng)產(chan)）、超(chao)微粉碎技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、食品(pin)(pin)冷殺(sha)菌(jun)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)（如(ru)短時脈(mo)沖高(gao)電(dian)壓殺(sha)菌(jun)、電(dian)磁場殺(sha)菌(jun)）、微膠(jiao)囊化技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)。

4、生物技術與食品機械的結合應用

生(sheng)物技術與食(shi)品機(ji)械(xie)相結合，拓寬了食(shi)品機(ji)械(xie)的(de)應(ying)用范圍。如(ru)用含有(you)纖(xian)維素酶(mei)和半纖(xian)維素酶(mei)的(de)粗果膠酶(mei)制劑作用于(yu)果實(shi)皮(pi)層，使(shi)之皮(pi)層細胞分(fen)離，結構破壞而脫(tuo)落，這種酶(mei)工(gong)程技術與傳統的(de)機(ji)械(xie)脫(tuo)皮(pi)機(ji)相比，裝備不但(dan)簡單(dan)，而且脫(tuo)皮(pi)效果好。又如(ru)：一(yi)種生(sheng)物傳感器(qi)由(you)固定化(hua)并具(ju)有(you)化(hua)學(xue)分(fen)子識別功能(neng)(neng)的(de)生(sheng)物材料（酶(mei)、細胞、抗體等(deng)）、換能(neng)(neng)器(qi)件及信(xin)號放大裝置構成的(de)分(fen)析工(gong)具(ju)或系(xi)統，將取(qu)代傳統的(de)復(fu)雜的(de)檢測(ce)儀器(qi)(設備)，可(ke)快速檢測(ce)食(shi)品鮮度、滋味(wei)、熟度，同時可(ke)用于(yu)食(shi)品分(fen)析（如(ru)檢測(ce)蛋白(bai)質、氨基酸(suan)、糖含量等(deng)），用于(yu)食(shi)品衛生(sheng)檢測(ce)（如(ru)測(ce)定細菌(jun)、病(bing)原菌(jun)、毒(du)素、殘(can)留農(nong)藥、食(shi)品添加劑）。