簡介
福州文廟,又稱“先師廟”,俗稱“圣人殿”,在福州市鼓樓區圣廟(miao)(miao)路。唐(tang)大(da)歷八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元773年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))觀察使李椅將州儒學(xue)移建于此,后(hou)梁龍德元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元921年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))閩(min)王王審知(zhi)置四門(men)學(xue)。宋太平興國(guo)中轉(zhuan)運使楊克(ke)讓始作(zuo)孔子廟(miao)(miao)。景祐四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1037年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))權州事謝微表請于廟(miao)(miao)立學(xue)。其(qi)后(hou),郡守(shou)范亢、許宗(zong)壽踵其(qi)事,歷五載乃成(cheng)。明洪武七(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1374年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))構大(da)成(cheng)殿(dian),建明倫(lun)堂。永樂四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1406年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))以學(xue)廳為(wei)(wei)鄉賢(xian)祠,成(cheng)化十三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1477年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))大(da)修廟(miao)(miao)學(xue),鑿泮(pan)池(chi),為(wei)(wei)橋其(qi)上。弘(hong)治(zhi)初,改作(zuo)欞(ling)(ling)星門(men),易木為(wei)(wei)石。嘉靖(jing)十一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1532年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))詔廟(miao)(miao)稱先師(shi)廟(miao)(miao)。清康(kang)熙(xi)十一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1672年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))大(da)修廟(miao)(miao)學(xue)、欞(ling)(ling)星門(men)。咸(xian)豐元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1851年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))八月(yue)初三遭火災。現存廟(miao)(miao)宇建于咸(xian)豐元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)十二月(yue)至四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)六月(yue),按中軸線自(zi)南至北依(yi)次為(wei)(wei)外門(men)埕、欞(ling)(ling)星門(men),泮(pan)池(chi),左(zuo)右有(you)廊對列(lie),大(da)成(cheng)門(men)的樓廳,東、西有(you)殿(dian)廡對列(lie),月(yue)臺、大(da)成(cheng)殿(dian)、后(hou)照壁(bi)等(deng),占地7552平方(fang)米,建筑面積4000平方(fang)米。解(jie)放后(hou),曾(ceng)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)學(xue)校、紅衛(wei)商場、少年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)宮等(deng)場所。1961年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)9月(yue)被(bei)福州市(shi)人(ren)民(min)委員(yuan)會公布為(wei)(wei)第一批(pi)市(shi)級(ji)文物保(bao)護(hu)單位;1996年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)9月(yue)2日被(bei)福建省人(ren)民(min)政府公布為(wei)(wei)省級(ji)文物保(bao)護(hu)單位。
建筑
欞星門(men)(men)亦(yi)稱先師門(men)(men)。現存石(shi)構件屬明(ming)代(dai)所建。六(liu)柱三開間,對(dui)稱布局,每(mei)根柱腳用(yong)兩塊夾桿石(shi)前后對(dui)夾鎖固。東(dong)西兩翼墻上鑲嵌著“江漢秋陽”、“金聲玉振”聯句石(shi)刻,花(hua)崗巖,長2.62米、寬0.73米、楷書、陰文。
大(da)成(cheng)門古稱戟(ji)門,面(mian)闊五間(jian)(jian),進(jin)深二間(jian)(jian)。中三(san)間(jian)(jian)屋面(mian)高(gao)出兩邊間(jian)(jian),青石抱鼓石3對(dui),石檐柱(zhu)八(ba)根(gen)。大(da)成(cheng)門左內側(ce)豎著《咸(xian)豐元年(nian)重建(jian)福(fu)州文(wen)廟碑(bei)(bei)記》石碑(bei)(bei)二方,通高(gao)2.68米、寬0.84米、厚(hou)0.21米,郭柏蔭撰文(wen)并書寫190字碑(bei)(bei)文(wen),劉永松(song)篆書碑(bei)(bei)額,匠蔣(jiang)學心。站立二碑(bei)(bei)前(qian),靜心凝視陰(yin)刻的(de)碑(bei)(bei)文(wen)會逐漸地凸現出來(lai),呈(cheng)現陽(yang)文(wen)碑(bei)(bei)刻的(de)奇(qi)異效(xiao)果。左右出檐殿廡各(ge)11間(jian)(jian)連接大(da)成(cheng)殿是辟(pi)作《孔子圣跡展(zhan)》和(he)《福(fu)州教(jiao)育(yu)史展(zhan)》的(de)兩個展(zhan)廳。
大成殿(dian)前建有突出(chu)式長32米,寬9米,高出(chu)埕(cheng)面1.2l米,周邊飾以欄板欄桿的(de)月(yue)臺。臺面鋪作(zuo)大石板,內(nei)中(zhong)空。每當太陽(yang)東升西(xi)降(jiang)橫照月(yue)臺埕(cheng)面上(shang),人(ren)們可從(cong)欄桿下平視埕(cheng)面,可見石埕(cheng)面冉冉上(shang)升之瑞氣的(de)奇異(yi)景觀。
大成(cheng)殿(dian)雄踞于高出埕面(mian)(mian)1.46米的(de)石(shi)(shi)臺(tai)基(ji)上。面(mian)(mian)闊七(qi)間(jian),進深四間(jian),重(zhong)(zhong)檐(yan)歇山頂,穿斗式(shi)木(mu)(mu)結構鋪以石(shi)(shi)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),用石(shi)(shi)檐(yan)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)22根(gen),石(shi)(shi)內柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)8根(gen)。石(shi)(shi)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)頭之(zhi)上銜接木(mu)(mu)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),落地(di)木(mu)(mu)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)18根(gen)。上下檐(yan)之(zhi)間(jian)鋪作層(ceng)共(gong)有42攢五跳(tiao)八(ba)鋪作的(de)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)頭鋪作,補間(jian)鋪作和轉角(jiao)鋪作組(zu)成(cheng)。石(shi)(shi)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)碩大,按花崗巖每(mei)立方米2.8噸(dun)計(ji),石(shi)(shi)內柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)每(mei)根(gen)重(zhong)(zhong)達(da)約(yue)9噸(dun),石(shi)(shi)檐(yan)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)每(mei)根(gen)重(zhong)(zhong)達(da)8噸(dun)有奇。當年施工艱難由(you)此可見(jian)一斑(ban)。殿(dian)中上部藻(zao)井頂部有一精美的(de)古星象(xiang)圖,星座金光(guang)熠(yi)熠(yi),十分耀眼。
大殿內安放著新制青(qing)石(shi)雕刻(ke)(ke)孔子(zi)(zi)坐(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)像(xiang)(xiang),高25.51米(mi)(mi),基座1.18米(mi)(mi)。孔子(zi)(zi)坐(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)像(xiang)(xiang)左前側分(fen)別安放顏回,子(zi)(zi)思(si)青(qing)石(shi)雕刻(ke)(ke)坐(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)像(xiang)(xiang),通(tong)高3.45米(mi)(mi);右前側分(fen)別安放著曾參(can)、孟子(zi)(zi)青(qing)石(shi)雕刻(ke)(ke)坐(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)像(xiang)(xiang),通(tong)高3.45米(mi)(mi),東、西、北三面繞孔子(zi)(zi)坐(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)像(xiang)(xiang)立(li)七(qi)十二楨形態各異、栩(xu)栩(xu)如生的(de)七(qi)十二賢人(ren)青(qing)石(shi)雕刻(ke)(ke)造像(xiang)(xiang)。殿內的(de)儒(ru)家(jia)青(qing)石(shi)群雕造像(xiang)(xiang),在(zai)表(biao)現技法(fa)上注重質(zhi)感和比(bi)例,形神兼備,雕刻(ke)(ke)精美洗練。展(zhan)示了儒(ru)家(jia)現實生活(huo)氣(qi)息的(de)境界。形象豐(feng)滿圓潤,氣(qi)質(zhi)渾厚,衣(yi)飾簡素,具有輕快流暢的(de)特(te)色。
如此雄(xiong)偉壯觀的儒家青(qing)石群雕造像,實屬(shu)宇(yu)內罕有。
殿內(nei),懸掛重(zhong)新復制(zhi)的由康熙皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)以下五位皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)書(shu)(shu)寫的六面大匾額。以及康熙皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)、乾隆皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)書(shu)(shu)寫的楹聯,金字(zi)熠熠,滿(man)壁生(sheng)輝。移身殿內(nei),令人油然而生(sheng)崇仰肅穆(mu)之(zhi)情。