簡介
福州文廟，又稱“先師廟”，俗稱“圣人殿”，在福州市鼓樓區圣廟(miao)(miao)路。唐(tang)大(da)(da)歷八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元773年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))觀察使李(li)椅將(jiang)州儒學移(yi)建于此，后(hou)梁(liang)龍德(de)元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元921年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))閩王(wang)王(wang)審(shen)知置四(si)(si)門學。宋太平(ping)興國中(zhong)轉(zhuan)運(yun)使楊克讓始作(zuo)孔子廟(miao)(miao)。景祐四(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1037年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))權州事(shi)謝微表請于廟(miao)(miao)立學。其后(hou)，郡守范(fan)亢、許(xu)宗(zong)壽踵其事(shi)，歷五載乃成。明(ming)(ming)洪武七年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1374年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))構大(da)(da)成殿(dian)，建明(ming)(ming)倫堂。永樂四(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1406年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))以學廳(ting)為(wei)(wei)(wei)鄉賢祠，成化十(shi)(shi)三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1477年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))大(da)(da)修(xiu)廟(miao)(miao)學，鑿(zao)泮(pan)池，為(wei)(wei)(wei)橋其上。弘治初，改作(zuo)欞(ling)星(xing)門，易木(mu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)石。嘉靖(jing)十(shi)(shi)一(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1532年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))詔廟(miao)(miao)稱先師廟(miao)(miao)。清康熙十(shi)(shi)一(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1672年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))大(da)(da)修(xiu)廟(miao)(miao)學、欞(ling)星(xing)門。咸豐(feng)元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1851年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))八月(yue)(yue)初三遭火災。現存廟(miao)(miao)宇建于咸豐(feng)元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)十(shi)(shi)二月(yue)(yue)至四(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)六月(yue)(yue)，按中(zhong)軸(zhou)線自南至北(bei)依(yi)次為(wei)(wei)(wei)外門埕、欞(ling)星(xing)門，泮(pan)池，左(zuo)右有廊對列，大(da)(da)成門的(de)樓廳(ting)，東、西有殿(dian)廡對列，月(yue)(yue)臺、大(da)(da)成殿(dian)、后(hou)照壁(bi)等，占地(di)7552平(ping)方米，建筑面積4000平(ping)方米。解(jie)放后(hou)，曾作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)學校、紅(hong)衛商場、少(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)宮等場所。1961年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)9月(yue)(yue)被福州市人民委員會公(gong)布為(wei)(wei)(wei)第一(yi)批(pi)市級文物保護(hu)單位(wei)；1996年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)9月(yue)(yue)2日被福建省人民政(zheng)府公(gong)布為(wei)(wei)(wei)省級文物保護(hu)單位(wei)。
建筑
欞星門亦稱先師門。現存石構件(jian)屬明代所(suo)建。六柱(zhu)三(san)開間，對(dui)稱布(bu)局，每根柱(zhu)腳(jiao)用兩塊夾桿(gan)石前后對(dui)夾鎖固。東(dong)西兩翼(yi)墻上鑲嵌著“江漢秋陽(yang)”、“金聲玉(yu)振”聯句石刻，花崗巖，長2．62米(mi)、寬0．73米(mi)、楷書、陰(yin)文。
大(da)成(cheng)門古稱戟門，面闊五間，進深(shen)二間。中三間屋面高(gao)(gao)出兩(liang)邊間，青石抱鼓(gu)石3對(dui)，石檐(yan)柱八根。大(da)成(cheng)門左(zuo)內側豎(shu)著《咸豐元年重建福(fu)州文(wen)廟碑記》石碑二方，通高(gao)(gao)2．68米(mi)、寬0．84米(mi)、厚0．21米(mi)，郭柏蔭(yin)撰文(wen)并書(shu)寫190字碑文(wen)，劉永松(song)篆書(shu)碑額，匠蔣(jiang)學心。站立二碑前，靜(jing)心凝視(shi)陰刻(ke)的碑文(wen)會逐漸(jian)地凸現出來，呈(cheng)現陽文(wen)碑刻(ke)的奇(qi)異效果(guo)。左(zuo)右出檐(yan)殿廡各11間連接大(da)成(cheng)殿是辟作《孔子圣(sheng)跡展》和《福(fu)州教(jiao)育史展》的兩(liang)個(ge)展廳。
大成殿前建(jian)有突出(chu)式長32米(mi)，寬9米(mi)，高出(chu)埕面1．2l米(mi)，周邊(bian)飾以欄板欄桿的月臺(tai)。臺(tai)面鋪作大石板，內中(zhong)空。每(mei)當太陽東升西(xi)降橫照月臺(tai)埕面上，人(ren)們可從(cong)欄桿下(xia)平視埕面，可見石埕面冉(ran)冉(ran)上升之(zhi)瑞氣的奇異景觀。
大(da)成殿(dian)(dian)雄踞(ju)于(yu)高(gao)出埕面(mian)(mian)1．46米的(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)臺(tai)基上(shang)。面(mian)(mian)闊七間(jian)，進(jin)深(shen)四間(jian)，重(zhong)檐(yan)歇(xie)山頂，穿斗式木結(jie)構(gou)鋪(pu)以石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)柱(zhu)，用石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)檐(yan)柱(zhu)22根，石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內柱(zhu)8根。石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)柱(zhu)頭之(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)銜接木柱(zhu)，落地木柱(zhu)18根。上(shang)下檐(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)鋪(pu)作層共(gong)有(you)42攢五跳八鋪(pu)作的(de)柱(zhu)頭鋪(pu)作，補(bu)間(jian)鋪(pu)作和轉角鋪(pu)作組成。石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)柱(zhu)碩大(da)，按花崗巖每立方米2．8噸(dun)(dun)計，石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內柱(zhu)每根重(zhong)達(da)約9噸(dun)(dun)，石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)檐(yan)柱(zhu)每根重(zhong)達(da)8噸(dun)(dun)有(you)奇。當年(nian)施工艱難由(you)此可見一斑。殿(dian)(dian)中上(shang)部藻井頂部有(you)一精美的(de)古星象(xiang)圖(tu)，星座金光熠熠，十(shi)分耀眼。
大殿(dian)內(nei)安放著新(xin)制青(qing)石雕(diao)(diao)(diao)刻(ke)孔子(zi)(zi)坐像，高(gao)25．51米(mi)，基座1．18米(mi)。孔子(zi)(zi)坐像左前(qian)側分(fen)別安放顏回，子(zi)(zi)思(si)青(qing)石雕(diao)(diao)(diao)刻(ke)坐像，通高(gao)3．45米(mi)；右前(qian)側分(fen)別安放著曾參(can)、孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)青(qing)石雕(diao)(diao)(diao)刻(ke)坐像，通高(gao)3．45米(mi)，東、西、北(bei)三(san)面繞孔子(zi)(zi)坐像立(li)七十二楨形(xing)態各異(yi)、栩栩如生的七十二賢(xian)人青(qing)石雕(diao)(diao)(diao)刻(ke)造像。殿(dian)內(nei)的儒家(jia)(jia)青(qing)石群雕(diao)(diao)(diao)造像，在表現(xian)技法上注重質(zhi)(zhi)感(gan)和(he)比例，形(xing)神兼(jian)備，雕(diao)(diao)(diao)刻(ke)精美洗練。展示了儒家(jia)(jia)現(xian)實生活氣息的境界。形(xing)象豐滿圓潤，氣質(zhi)(zhi)渾厚，衣飾簡素，具(ju)有(you)輕快流暢的特色。
如此雄偉壯觀的儒(ru)家青石群雕造像，實屬宇(yu)內罕(han)有(you)。
殿(dian)內，懸掛重新復制(zhi)的(de)由康(kang)熙(xi)皇(huang)帝(di)(di)以(yi)下五位(wei)皇(huang)帝(di)(di)書寫(xie)(xie)的(de)六面大匾額。以(yi)及康(kang)熙(xi)皇(huang)帝(di)(di)、乾隆皇(huang)帝(di)(di)書寫(xie)(xie)的(de)楹聯，金字熠熠，滿壁(bi)生輝。移身殿(dian)內，令人油(you)然而生崇仰肅穆之(zhi)情(qing)。
給生活一把琴 
