簡介
福州文廟，又稱“先師廟”，俗稱“圣人殿”，在福州市鼓樓區圣廟(miao)路。唐大(da)歷八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)773年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))觀察使李(li)椅(yi)將州(zhou)儒學(xue)移建于此，后(hou)(hou)(hou)梁龍德元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)921年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))閩王王審知置四門(men)(men)學(xue)。宋太(tai)平興國中轉運(yun)使楊克讓始作孔子(zi)廟(miao)。景祐(you)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1037年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))權(quan)州(zhou)事(shi)謝微表請于廟(miao)立學(xue)。其后(hou)(hou)(hou)，郡守范(fan)亢、許宗壽踵其事(shi)，歷五(wu)載乃成。明(ming)洪武七年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1374年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))構(gou)大(da)成殿，建明(ming)倫堂。永樂四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1406年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))以(yi)學(xue)廳為(wei)(wei)鄉賢祠(ci)，成化十(shi)(shi)三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1477年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))大(da)修廟(miao)學(xue)，鑿泮(pan)池，為(wei)(wei)橋其上。弘治初，改作欞星(xing)門(men)(men)，易木為(wei)(wei)石。嘉靖十(shi)(shi)一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1532年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))詔(zhao)廟(miao)稱(cheng)先師廟(miao)。清(qing)康熙十(shi)(shi)一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1672年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))大(da)修廟(miao)學(xue)、欞星(xing)門(men)(men)。咸(xian)(xian)豐(feng)(feng)元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1851年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))八(ba)月(yue)初三遭(zao)火災。現存(cun)廟(miao)宇(yu)建于咸(xian)(xian)豐(feng)(feng)元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)十(shi)(shi)二月(yue)至四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)六月(yue)，按中軸線自南至北(bei)依次為(wei)(wei)外門(men)(men)埕、欞星(xing)門(men)(men)，泮(pan)池，左右有廊對(dui)列，大(da)成門(men)(men)的樓(lou)廳，東、西有殿廡對(dui)列，月(yue)臺、大(da)成殿、后(hou)(hou)(hou)照(zhao)壁(bi)等，占(zhan)地7552平方米，建筑(zhu)面積4000平方米。解(jie)放后(hou)(hou)(hou)，曾作為(wei)(wei)學(xue)校(xiao)、紅衛商場、少年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)宮等場所。1961年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)9月(yue)被福州(zhou)市人(ren)民(min)委員會公(gong)布為(wei)(wei)第(di)一批市級文(wen)物保(bao)護單位；1996年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)9月(yue)2日被福建省人(ren)民(min)政府公(gong)布為(wei)(wei)省級文(wen)物保(bao)護單位。
建筑
欞星(xing)門(men)亦稱先(xian)師門(men)。現(xian)存石構件(jian)屬明代(dai)所建。六柱三開間，對稱布局，每根柱腳用兩塊(kuai)夾桿石前后對夾鎖固。東西(xi)兩翼墻上鑲嵌著“江漢(han)秋陽”、“金聲玉振”聯句石刻，花崗(gang)巖，長(chang)2．62米、寬0．73米、楷書、陰文。
大(da)(da)成(cheng)門古稱(cheng)戟門，面闊五間(jian)，進深二間(jian)。中三間(jian)屋面高(gao)出(chu)兩邊間(jian)，青石(shi)(shi)抱(bao)鼓石(shi)(shi)3對，石(shi)(shi)檐柱八根。大(da)(da)成(cheng)門左(zuo)內側豎著(zhu)《咸豐(feng)元(yuan)年重建(jian)福(fu)(fu)州(zhou)文廟碑記》石(shi)(shi)碑二方，通高(gao)2．68米、寬(kuan)0．84米、厚0．21米，郭(guo)柏蔭撰文并書寫(xie)190字(zi)碑文，劉永松篆書碑額(e)，匠蔣(jiang)學心。站立二碑前，靜心凝(ning)視(shi)陰刻(ke)的碑文會(hui)逐(zhu)漸地(di)凸現出(chu)來，呈現陽文碑刻(ke)的奇(qi)異效果。左(zuo)右出(chu)檐殿廡各11間(jian)連(lian)接大(da)(da)成(cheng)殿是辟作《孔(kong)子圣跡展(zhan)》和《福(fu)(fu)州(zhou)教育史展(zhan)》的兩個(ge)展(zhan)廳。
大成殿(dian)前(qian)建有突出式(shi)長(chang)32米(mi)，寬9米(mi)，高(gao)出埕(cheng)面(mian)(mian)1．2l米(mi)，周邊飾以欄(lan)板欄(lan)桿的月臺(tai)。臺(tai)面(mian)(mian)鋪作大石板，內中空。每當太(tai)陽東升(sheng)(sheng)西(xi)降(jiang)橫照月臺(tai)埕(cheng)面(mian)(mian)上，人們可從欄(lan)桿下(xia)平視埕(cheng)面(mian)(mian)，可見石埕(cheng)面(mian)(mian)冉(ran)冉(ran)上升(sheng)(sheng)之瑞氣的奇異(yi)景觀(guan)。
大成殿(dian)雄踞于高(gao)出埕(cheng)面(mian)1．46米的(de)石(shi)臺基上。面(mian)闊七間，進(jin)深四間，重檐(yan)(yan)歇山(shan)頂，穿斗式木(mu)結(jie)構鋪(pu)以石(shi)柱(zhu)(zhu)，用石(shi)檐(yan)(yan)柱(zhu)(zhu)22根(gen)(gen)，石(shi)內柱(zhu)(zhu)8根(gen)(gen)。石(shi)柱(zhu)(zhu)頭之上銜接木(mu)柱(zhu)(zhu)，落地(di)木(mu)柱(zhu)(zhu)18根(gen)(gen)。上下檐(yan)(yan)之間鋪(pu)作層共有42攢五跳八鋪(pu)作的(de)柱(zhu)(zhu)頭鋪(pu)作，補間鋪(pu)作和(he)轉角鋪(pu)作組(zu)成。石(shi)柱(zhu)(zhu)碩大，按花崗巖每立方米2．8噸(dun)計，石(shi)內柱(zhu)(zhu)每根(gen)(gen)重達約9噸(dun)，石(shi)檐(yan)(yan)柱(zhu)(zhu)每根(gen)(gen)重達8噸(dun)有奇。當年施(shi)工艱難由(you)此(ci)可見一(yi)(yi)斑。殿(dian)中上部藻井頂部有一(yi)(yi)精美的(de)古(gu)星(xing)象圖(tu)，星(xing)座金光(guang)熠熠，十分耀眼。
大殿內(nei)安(an)放著新制青(qing)石(shi)(shi)雕(diao)(diao)刻(ke)(ke)孔(kong)子(zi)坐像，高(gao)25．51米，基座(zuo)1．18米。孔(kong)子(zi)坐像左(zuo)前側(ce)分(fen)別(bie)安(an)放顏(yan)回，子(zi)思青(qing)石(shi)(shi)雕(diao)(diao)刻(ke)(ke)坐像，通(tong)高(gao)3．45米；右前側(ce)分(fen)別(bie)安(an)放著曾參、孟子(zi)青(qing)石(shi)(shi)雕(diao)(diao)刻(ke)(ke)坐像，通(tong)高(gao)3．45米，東、西、北(bei)三面繞孔(kong)子(zi)坐像立七十二楨形態各異、栩栩如生(sheng)的(de)七十二賢(xian)人(ren)青(qing)石(shi)(shi)雕(diao)(diao)刻(ke)(ke)造(zao)像。殿內(nei)的(de)儒(ru)家青(qing)石(shi)(shi)群雕(diao)(diao)造(zao)像，在表現(xian)技法上(shang)注重質感(gan)和比例，形神兼備(bei)，雕(diao)(diao)刻(ke)(ke)精美(mei)洗(xi)練。展(zhan)示了儒(ru)家現(xian)實(shi)生(sheng)活氣息(xi)的(de)境界(jie)。形象豐(feng)滿圓(yuan)潤，氣質渾厚(hou)，衣飾簡素，具(ju)有輕(qing)快(kuai)流(liu)暢的(de)特(te)色。
如此(ci)雄偉壯(zhuang)觀(guan)的儒(ru)家(jia)青石群雕(diao)造像，實(shi)屬宇內罕有。
殿內，懸掛重(zhong)新復制的(de)(de)(de)由(you)康(kang)熙(xi)皇(huang)帝(di)以(yi)下五位皇(huang)帝(di)書(shu)(shu)寫(xie)的(de)(de)(de)六面大匾額。以(yi)及康(kang)熙(xi)皇(huang)帝(di)、乾(qian)隆皇(huang)帝(di)書(shu)(shu)寫(xie)的(de)(de)(de)楹(ying)聯(lian)，金(jin)字(zi)熠(yi)熠(yi)，滿壁生輝。移(yi)身殿內，令人油然而(er)生崇仰肅穆之(zhi)情(qing)。
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