壽寧北路(lu)(lu)戲的(de)(de)(de)唱腔(qiang)除(chu)極少(shao)數具有(you)高腔(qiang)曲牌體特征外,大多數均屬板(ban)腔(qiang)體,曲調旋律優美,節奏歡(huan)快(kuai),行(xing)腔(qiang)順(shun)暢(chang),帶有(you)敘事性的(de)(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)現(xian)特征。其道白、唱腔(qiang)均使用(yong)普通話,這已成為北路(lu)(lu)戲的(de)(de)(de)一個突出特色。在(zai)數百年的(de)(de)(de)演(yan)(yan)出活(huo)動(dong)中(zhong),北路(lu)(lu)戲總(zong)結出一套深(shen)為廣大觀眾所(suo)喜愛的(de)(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)演(yan)(yan)形(xing)(xing)式(shi),不管什么腳色行(xing)當,都以手、眼、身、法、步等肢體語言來表(biao)(biao)現(xian)人物性格和心理活(huo)動(dong),推(tui)動(dong)劇情進展,這種(zhong)對形(xing)(xing)體動(dong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)強化和對人物內心活(huo)動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)外化與(yu)(yu)唱腔(qiang)緊(jin)密結合在(zai)一起,唱與(yu)(yu)做高度和諧,形(xing)(xing)成許多且歌(ge)且舞、兼(jian)文兼(jian)武的(de)(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)演(yan)(yan)藝術形(xing)(xing)式(shi),豐富了戲劇的(de)(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)現(xian)力。
壽寧北路戲唱(chang)(chang)腔(qiang)(qiang)介于聯曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)體與板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)腔(qiang)(qiang)體之間,以(yi)(yi)(yi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)腔(qiang)(qiang)體為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu),以(yi)(yi)(yi)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)正(zheng)、反(fan)(fan)調(diao)(diao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)其(qi)基(ji)(ji)本(ben)唱(chang)(chang)腔(qiang)(qiang),多數是(shi)上(shang)、下兩個樂句的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形式(shi)。唱(chang)(chang)腔(qiang)(qiang)節奏(zou)多變,尤其(qi)是(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)后半拍起(qi)音(yin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)音(yin)樂穿插在樂句中(zhong)和(he)大音(yin)程跳進等(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變化,使曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)調(diao)(diao)活潑奔放,優美動聽。唱(chang)(chang)腔(qiang)(qiang)可分為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)(san)(san)類(lei)(lei):一(yi)(yi)是(shi)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)正(zheng)調(diao)(diao)和(he)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)反(fan)(fan)調(diao)(diao)。平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)正(zheng)調(diao)(diao)有(you)頭(tou)萬(wan)、二(er)萬(wan)、三(san)(san)(san)萬(wan)(一(yi)(yi)作(zuo)“反(fan)(fan)頭(tou)犯(fan)”、“反(fan)(fan)二(er)犯(fan)”、“反(fan)(fan)三(san)(san)(san)犯(fan)”)以(yi)(yi)(yi)及“老撥(bo)子(zi)”、“秦腔(qiang)(qiang)”、“梆子(zi)”(后兩種為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)吹(chui)腔(qiang)(qiang)),均為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)橫哨戲中(zhong)常用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)本(ben)調(diao)(diao)。頭(tou)萬(wan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban),二(er)萬(wan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)慢板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban),三(san)(san)(san)萬(wan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)散板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)或柳絲緊板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)。反(fan)(fan)調(diao)(diao)如(ru)(ru)反(fan)(fan)二(er)萬(wan)與二(er)萬(wan),只在開(kai)頭(tou)樂句上(shang)有(you)正(zheng)反(fan)(fan)調(diao)(diao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)旋律(lv),無調(diao)(diao)性上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變化關(guan)系。二(er)是(shi)疊(die)(die)(die)(die)牌。此(ci)(ci)類(lei)(lei)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)牌旋律(lv)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)易暢,有(you)如(ru)(ru)說白,是(shi)一(yi)(yi)套(tao)由簡入繁的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同一(yi)(yi)音(yin)調(diao)(diao)不同節奏(zou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)體。如(ru)(ru) [三(san)(san)(san)字(zi)疊(die)(die)(die)(die)]、[五(wu)(wu)字(zi)疊(die)(die)(die)(die)]、[六字(zi)疊(die)(die)(die)(die)]、[七字(zi)疊(die)(die)(die)(die)]、[十(shi)字(zi)疊(die)(die)(die)(die)]、[急(ji)疊(die)(die)(die)(die)]、[溫州疊(die)(die)(die)(die)]、[卜(bu)子(zi)疊(die)(die)(die)(die)]、[廣(guang)(guang)(guang)東(dong)疊(die)(die)(die)(die)] 等(deng),較(jiao)帶(dai)沉思(si)抒情(qing)特點,不似(si)其(qi)他(ta)同類(lei)(lei)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)牌風趣活躍(yue)(yue)。三(san)(san)(san)是(shi)小(xiao)(xiao)調(diao)(diao)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)牌。如(ru)(ru) [溪江調(diao)(diao)]、[小(xiao)(xiao)補缸]、[小(xiao)(xiao)桃紅]、[葡萄(tao)架(jia)]、[走廣(guang)(guang)(guang)東(dong)]、[茉(mo)莉(li)花(hua)]、[廣(guang)(guang)(guang)明(ming)燈]、[游(you)花(hua)船(chuan)]、[平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)和(he)調(diao)(diao)]、[步步嬌(jiao)(jiao)]、[男(nan)辭(ci)(ci)]、[女辭(ci)(ci)]、[踢(ti)球花(hua)腔(qiang)(qiang)]、[小(xiao)(xiao)上(shang)紋(wen)]、[烏(wu)盆(pen)(pen)計(ji)(ji)調(diao)(diao)] 等(deng)。這些(xie)(xie)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)牌大多自(zi)其(qi)他(ta)劇種和(he)民間小(xiao)(xiao)戲吸收,有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)還來自(zi)某些(xie)(xie)流行劇目(mu)如(ru)(ru) [烏(wu)盆(pen)(pen)計(ji)(ji)調(diao)(diao)],是(shi)《烏(wu)盆(pen)(pen)計(ji)(ji)》中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)專曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)。 此(ci)(ci)類(lei)(lei)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)調(diao)(diao)格調(diao)(diao)較(jiao)雜,一(yi)(yi)般只作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“插曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)”運用(yong)。此(ci)(ci)外,板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)式(shi)有(you)導板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban),搖板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)和(he)頭(tou)萬(wan)散板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban),以(yi)(yi)(yi)及演皮黃(huang)戲時所用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)回龍,原(yuan)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban),散板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)等(deng)。這些(xie)(xie)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)調(diao)(diao)后來都成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)北路戲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輔(fu)助音(yin)樂曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)調(diao)(diao)。如(ru)(ru)[三(san)(san)(san)字(zi)疊(die)(die)(die)(die)]、[五(wu)(wu)字(zi)疊(die)(die)(die)(die)]、[六字(zi)疊(die)(die)(die)(die)]、[七字(zi)疊(die)(die)(die)(die)]、[十(shi)字(zi)疊(die)(die)(die)(die)]、[急(ji)疊(die)(die)(die)(die)]、[溫州疊(die)(die)(die)(die)]、[卜(bu)子(zi)疊(die)(die)(die)(die)]、[廣(guang)(guang)(guang)東(dong)疊(die)(die)(die)(die)]等(deng),較(jiao)帶(dai)沉思(si)抒情(qing)特點,不似(si)其(qi)他(ta)同類(lei)(lei)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)牌風趣活躍(yue)(yue)。三(san)(san)(san)是(shi)小(xiao)(xiao)調(diao)(diao)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)牌。如(ru)(ru)[溪江調(diao)(diao)]、[小(xiao)(xiao)補缸]、[小(xiao)(xiao)桃紅]、[葡萄(tao)架(jia)]、[走廣(guang)(guang)(guang)東(dong)]、[茉(mo)莉(li)花(hua)]、[廣(guang)(guang)(guang)明(ming)燈]、[游(you)花(hua)船(chuan)]、[平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)和(he)調(diao)(diao)]、[步步嬌(jiao)(jiao)]、[男(nan)辭(ci)(ci)]、[女辭(ci)(ci)]、[踢(ti)球花(hua)腔(qiang)(qiang)]、[小(xiao)(xiao)上(shang)紋(wen)]、[烏(wu)盆(pen)(pen)計(ji)(ji)調(diao)(diao)]等(deng)。 這些(xie)(xie)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)牌大多自(zi)其(qi)他(ta)劇種和(he)民間小(xiao)(xiao)戲吸收,有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)還來自(zi)某些(xie)(xie)流行劇目(mu)如(ru)(ru)[烏(wu)盆(pen)(pen)計(ji)(ji)調(diao)(diao)],是(shi)《烏(wu)盆(pen)(pen)計(ji)(ji)》中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)專曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)。 此(ci)(ci)類(lei)(lei)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)調(diao)(diao)格調(diao)(diao)較(jiao)雜,一(yi)(yi)般只作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“插曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)”運用(yong)。此(ci)(ci)外,板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)式(shi)有(you)導板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、搖板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)和(he)頭(tou)萬(wan)散板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban),以(yi)(yi)(yi)及演皮黃(huang)戲時所用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)回龍、原(yuan)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、散板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)等(deng)。這些(xie)(xie)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)調(diao)(diao)后來都成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)北路戲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輔(fu)助音(yin)樂曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)調(diao)(diao)。
壽(shou)寧北路戲音樂中的伴奏有(you)(you)琴串、吹牌兩種。琴串主要有(you)(you)[頭萬(wan)(wan)串]、[二萬(wan)(wan)串]、[三萬(wan)(wan)串]、[小(xiao)拉子(zi)(zi)]、[梳(shu)妝樓(lou)]、[大(da)八(ba)板]、[九環(huan)串]、[一(yi)枝春]、[一(yi)枝花]等(deng)(deng)。吹牌有(you)(you)[清如(ru)水(shui)(shui)]、[大(da)尾聲(sheng)]、[上(shang)酒樓(lou)]、[雙(shuang)貴子(zi)(zi)]、[龍(long)袍陣]、[風入松]等(deng)(deng)。鑼(luo)鼓經有(you)(you)[二萬(wan)(wan)頭]、[下山虎]、[火炮]、[緊沖]、[水(shui)(shui)花浪]、[浪淘沙]、[十(shi)九錘]、[九鼎環(huan)]等(deng)(deng)。
20世紀60年代初,在挖(wa)掘(jue)整理過(guo)程(cheng)中為(wei)突出以橫(heng)哨為(wei)主奏曲調的“北路調”。避(bi)免京劇化、經專(zhuan)家認可,音樂中去除了(le)[西皮](二簧)(四平調)等曲調。保留了(le)福建亂彈橫(heng)哨戲的特色,其音樂明(ming)快、爽朗、易被觀眾接受(shou)。
壽寧(ning)北路戲(xi)各行(xing)當角色,在唱(chang)(chang)曲前(qian)都(dou)有“叫介(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)”(或稱“叫頭”),如(ru)(ru)“哭介(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)”、“嘆(tan)介(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)”、“訴(su)介(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)”等(deng)類,均用拖長(chang)的聲(sheng)調唱(chang)(chang)念(nian),為無伴(ban)奏(zou)的干唱(chang)(chang),然后轉入唱(chang)(chang)腔(qiang)。“叫介(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)”用于(yu)不(bu)同場合,如(ru)(ru)公(gong)堂訴(su)苦用“哭介(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)”,徘徊(huai)悱惻用“嘆(tan)介(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)”,閑情自得(de)念(nian)詩詞用“吟介(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)”,敘述(shu)情由用“訴(su)介(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)”等(deng)。行(xing)當不(bu)同,“叫介(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)”聲(sheng)調各異。此外(wai),大將出場登場高時,有時唱(chang)(chang)高腔(qiang),演(yan)員干唱(chang)(chang),無音樂(le)伴(ban)奏(zou),由幕后幫腔(qiang)。
伴奏樂(le)器主要是(shi)長膜笛,佐(zuo)以麻胡(hu)(毛竹筒作(zuo)琴(qin)筒,也稱“大京(jing)胡(hu)”)、板胡(hu)、三弦、月琴(qin)、嗩吶等。打擊(ji)樂(le)器與京(jing)劇相似。
壽(shou)寧北路戲男女分(fen)腔(qiang),各行當(dang)各有特色,如(ru)小(xiao)生(sheng)用(yong)子喉(假嗓發(fa)聲)。音(yin)色明亮、清脆,行腔(qiang)蕭灑自如(ru)。武生(sheng)接近小(xiao)生(sheng)者用(yong)子喉,如(ru)《白門(men)樓(lou)》之(zhi)呂布、《三氣周(zhou)瑜》之(zhi)周(zhou)瑜;而(er)短(duan)打武生(sheng)如(ru)《上酒樓(lou)》之(zhi)石秀則用(yong)本嗓發(fa)聲。
青(qing)衣,子喉發(fa)聲。按傳統,青(qing)衣由(you)男(nan)性(xing)扮(ban)演(yan),其(qi)音色凝重悲切,行腔深(shen)沉(chen)委(wei)婉。
花旦(dan),子喉發(fa)聲(sheng)。音(yin)色甜脆(cui),行腔跳躍,婉轉(zhuan)亮(liang)麗。亦有(you)以本(ben)嗓發(fa)聲(sheng)。
老生(sheng),原喉(真嗓(sang))發聲(sheng)。音色蒼勁洪亮,行(xing)腔悲愴蒼涼(liang)。
紅生,原喉發聲亦(yi)有與子喉行腔結合的如《龍虎斗》趙匡胤。聲音有穿透力,行腔抑揚頓(dun)挫、高亢寬亮。
大花(hua),原喉發聲。音(yin)色濃重粗獷,以(yi)鼻音(yin)、腦后音(yin)為主,間用炸音(yin)。
三花,原喉發聲。音色清(qing)澈明亮,行腔詼諧活潑,常夾念、白于行腔中。
壽寧北路戲(xi)的樂隊俗稱“后臺(tai)”,有“軟(ruan)件”、“硬介”之分。由6人(ren)組成,俗稱“六條椅”。樂隊地(di)位(wei)以鼓板為(wei)尊(zun),正吹次之,正吹即北路戲(xi)主(zhu)奏(zou)者,除了拉(la)頭把(麻胡)外,還主(zhu)奏(zou)橫哨、嗩吶。“六條椅”座位(wei)編制(zhi)為(wei):
1、硬介:鼓板、大鑼、小鑼(兼檢場)、大鈸
2、軟介:正(zheng)吹(chui)一橫哨、嗩(suo)吶、麻(ma)胡(hu)
副吹(chui)一嗩吶、月琴或二胡
三把一三弦
壽寧(ning)北(bei)(bei)路(lu)戲唱腔以橫哨(長(chang)膜笛)為(wei)主要伴奏(zou)樂器,配之以麻胡。橫哨構造與(yu)曲笛相(xiang)似(si),長(chang)60厘米,笛管(guan)口(kou)徑2.5厘米。正(zheng)調吹(chui)奏(zou)筒音(yin)“6”反調吹(chui)奏(zou)筒音(yin)“2”。音(yin)色柔和,活潑而悠揚(yang),在(zai)北(bei)(bei)路(lu)戲平板(ban)類唱腔和秦腔中應(ying)用。
麻胡,用麻竹(zhu)制作,琴(qin)桿(gan)為(wei)小竹(zhu)根部制成(cheng),長(chang)600mm,琴(qin)筒長(chang)130mm,厚10mm,口徑65mm,以(yi)蛇皮(pi)蒙(meng)面,以(yi)竹(zhu)做(zuo)碼。弓長(chang)760mm,絲線為(wei)弦。音域寬廣、高亮。橫哨(shao)與麻胡為(wei)北路戲(xi)富有特色的主(zhu)奏(zou)樂器。
壽寧北路(lu)戲伴(ban)奏音樂(le)由琴串與嗩吶(na)吹(chui)牌組成:
琴串(chuan)(chuan)以(yi)橫哨、麻(ma)胡、二(er)胡、月琴伴奏,適應于(yu)生(sheng)、旦(dan)人物動作表演。主要有(you)[頭犯串(chuan)(chuan)]、[二(er)犯串(chuan)(chuan)]、[三犯串(chuan)(chuan)]、[小拉子(zi)]、[梳妝樓]、[大八板]、[九環串(chuan)(chuan)]、[一(yi)枝春]、[一(yi)枝花]、[朝天子(zi)]、[天蛾仔]、[柳條金]、[夜青蛇串(chuan)(chuan)]、[洞房串(chuan)(chuan)]、[八叉串(chuan)(chuan)]、[金石榴]、[小魚(yu)兒]、[安南串(chuan)(chuan)]、[西皮跳龍(long)(long)門]、[反跳龍(long)(long)門]、[到春來]等曲調。
嗩(suo)吶吹(chui)(chui)牌用于升(sheng)堂、出征(zheng)、喜慶、迎送之類(lei)劇情,有[清水(shui)令(ling)]、[醉太平]、[滿堂紅]、[上小樓]、[雙貴子]、[步步嬌]、[水(shui)里魚(yu)]、[風入松(song)]、[游(you)街]、[過場(chang)仔]、[文點絳]、[武點絳]、[北相桂]、[小河歡(huan)]、[萬年歡(huan)]、[泣顏回]、[洞房(fang)吹(chui)(chui)]、[大過場(chang)]等。
鑼(luo)鼓(gu)(gu):壽寧(ning)北路(lu)戲鑼(luo)鼓(gu)(gu)分(fen)唱腔(qiang)鑼(luo)鼓(gu)(gu)與身段鑼(luo)鼓(gu)(gu)。唱腔(qiang)鑼(luo)鼓(gu)(gu)為行腔(qiang)前的鑼(luo)鼓(gu)(gu)引板(ban),如[頭(tou)犯]鑼(luo)鼓(gu)(gu)點為“格大(da)大(da)”,[反頭(tou)犯]鑼(luo)鼓(gu)(gu)點為“乙大(da)、大(da)大(da)大(da)大(da)”。身段鑼(luo)鼓(gu)(gu)用于(yu)人物上下(xia)場、行軍、對陣等(deng)情節(jie),有(you)[下(xia)山虎]、[火(huo)炮(pao)]、[急(ji)急(ji)風]、[緊沖]、[長(chang)錘(chui)]、[三擊頭(tou)]、[水(shui)花浪]、[浪淘沙]、[十九(jiu)(jiu)錘(chui)]、[九(jiu)(jiu)鼎(ding)環]等(deng),多(duo)數與京劇鑼(luo)鼓(gu)(gu)大(da)同小異。
北(bei)路戲的代表性劇目主要有(you)《探(tan)陰山》、《對珠環》、《紙馬(ma)記(ji)》、《鳳嬌與李(li)旦》等。
作(zuo)為福(fu)建有影響的珍稀劇(ju)種(zhong)之一,北路(lu)戲有著極深(shen)的文化內涵和極高(gao)的歷史價值(zhi)。