壽寧北(bei)路(lu)(lu)戲(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)唱(chang)腔(qiang)(qiang)除極少數(shu)具有高(gao)腔(qiang)(qiang)曲(qu)(qu)牌體(ti)特征外,大多數(shu)均(jun)屬板(ban)腔(qiang)(qiang)體(ti),曲(qu)(qu)調旋律優(you)美,節奏歡快,行(xing)腔(qiang)(qiang)順暢,帶有敘(xu)事(shi)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)現特征。其(qi)道(dao)白(bai)、唱(chang)腔(qiang)(qiang)均(jun)使(shi)用普通話,這(zhe)已成為(wei)北(bei)路(lu)(lu)戲(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一個突出(chu)特色。在數(shu)百年的(de)(de)(de)(de)演出(chu)活動(dong)(dong)中(zhong),北(bei)路(lu)(lu)戲(xi)總結出(chu)一套深為(wei)廣大觀眾(zhong)所喜愛的(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)演形式(shi),不管什么腳色行(xing)當,都以(yi)手、眼(yan)、身、法、步(bu)等(deng)肢體(ti)語言來表(biao)現人物(wu)性(xing)格和心理活動(dong)(dong),推動(dong)(dong)劇(ju)情進展,這(zhe)種對形體(ti)動(dong)(dong)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)強(qiang)化和對人物(wu)內心活動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)外化與唱(chang)腔(qiang)(qiang)緊(jin)密(mi)結合在一起(qi),唱(chang)與做高(gao)度和諧,形成許多且歌且舞、兼(jian)文(wen)兼(jian)武的(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)演藝術形式(shi),豐富了戲(xi)劇(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)現力。
壽寧北(bei)(bei)路戲(xi)唱腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)介于聯(lian)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)體與(yu)(yu)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)體之間(jian),以(yi)(yi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)體為(wei)(wei)(wei)主,以(yi)(yi)平(ping)(ping)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)正(zheng)(zheng)、反(fan)(fan)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)其(qi)基本唱腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang),多數(shu)是(shi)上(shang)、下(xia)兩個(ge)樂(le)句的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)式(shi)(shi)。唱腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)節奏多變(bian),尤其(qi)是(shi)以(yi)(yi)后半拍起音(yin)(yin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)音(yin)(yin)樂(le)穿插在(zai)樂(le)句中(zhong)和(he)(he)大音(yin)(yin)程跳進等的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua),使曲(qu)(qu)(qu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)活(huo)潑奔(ben)放(fang),優美(mei)動聽。唱腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)可分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)(san)類(lei):一(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)平(ping)(ping)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)正(zheng)(zheng)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)和(he)(he)平(ping)(ping)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)反(fan)(fan)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)。平(ping)(ping)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)正(zheng)(zheng)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)有頭(tou)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)、二萬(wan)(wan)(wan)、三(san)(san)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(一(yi)(yi)(yi)作(zuo)(zuo)“反(fan)(fan)頭(tou)犯(fan)”、“反(fan)(fan)二犯(fan)”、“反(fan)(fan)三(san)(san)犯(fan)”)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)“老(lao)撥子(zi)(zi)”、“秦腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)”、“梆子(zi)(zi)”(后兩種(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)吹腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)),均為(wei)(wei)(wei)橫哨戲(xi)中(zhong)常用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)。頭(tou)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)平(ping)(ping)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban),二萬(wan)(wan)(wan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)慢(man)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban),三(san)(san)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)散(san)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)或柳絲(si)緊板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)。反(fan)(fan)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)如(ru)反(fan)(fan)二萬(wan)(wan)(wan)與(yu)(yu)二萬(wan)(wan)(wan),只(zhi)在(zai)開(kai)頭(tou)樂(le)句上(shang)有正(zheng)(zheng)反(fan)(fan)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)旋(xuan)律(lv),無(wu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)性上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua)關系。二是(shi)疊(die)(die)牌(pai)。此(ci)類(lei)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)牌(pai)旋(xuan)律(lv)平(ping)(ping)易(yi)暢,有如(ru)說(shuo)白,是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)套由簡入繁的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)音(yin)(yin)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)不(bu)同(tong)節奏的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)體。如(ru) [三(san)(san)字(zi)(zi)疊(die)(die)]、[五(wu)字(zi)(zi)疊(die)(die)]、[六字(zi)(zi)疊(die)(die)]、[七(qi)字(zi)(zi)疊(die)(die)]、[十(shi)字(zi)(zi)疊(die)(die)]、[急疊(die)(die)]、[溫州(zhou)疊(die)(die)]、[卜(bu)子(zi)(zi)疊(die)(die)]、[廣(guang)東疊(die)(die)] 等,較(jiao)帶沉(chen)思抒情特點,不(bu)似其(qi)他同(tong)類(lei)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)牌(pai)風(feng)趣(qu)活(huo)躍(yue)。三(san)(san)是(shi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)牌(pai)。如(ru) [溪(xi)江(jiang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)]、[小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)補(bu)缸]、[小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)桃紅(hong)]、[葡(pu)萄架]、[走廣(guang)東]、[茉莉花(hua)(hua)]、[廣(guang)明(ming)燈]、[游花(hua)(hua)船(chuan)]、[平(ping)(ping)和(he)(he)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)]、[步(bu)步(bu)嬌(jiao)(jiao)]、[男辭]、[女(nv)辭]、[踢(ti)球(qiu)花(hua)(hua)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)]、[小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)上(shang)紋(wen)]、[烏(wu)盆計(ji)(ji)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)] 等。這(zhe)些(xie)(xie)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)牌(pai)大多自(zi)其(qi)他劇(ju)種(zhong)(zhong)和(he)(he)民(min)間(jian)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)戲(xi)吸收,有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)還來自(zi)某些(xie)(xie)流行劇(ju)目(mu)如(ru) [烏(wu)盆計(ji)(ji)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)],是(shi)《烏(wu)盆計(ji)(ji)》中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)專曲(qu)(qu)(qu)。 此(ci)類(lei)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)格(ge)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)較(jiao)雜,一(yi)(yi)(yi)般只(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“插曲(qu)(qu)(qu)”運(yun)用(yong)。此(ci)外,板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)式(shi)(shi)有導(dao)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban),搖(yao)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)和(he)(he)頭(tou)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)散(san)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban),以(yi)(yi)及(ji)演(yan)皮黃(huang)戲(xi)時(shi)所(suo)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)回(hui)(hui)龍,原板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban),散(san)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)等。這(zhe)些(xie)(xie)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)后來都成為(wei)(wei)(wei)北(bei)(bei)路戲(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輔助音(yin)(yin)樂(le)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)。如(ru)[三(san)(san)字(zi)(zi)疊(die)(die)]、[五(wu)字(zi)(zi)疊(die)(die)]、[六字(zi)(zi)疊(die)(die)]、[七(qi)字(zi)(zi)疊(die)(die)]、[十(shi)字(zi)(zi)疊(die)(die)]、[急疊(die)(die)]、[溫州(zhou)疊(die)(die)]、[卜(bu)子(zi)(zi)疊(die)(die)]、[廣(guang)東疊(die)(die)]等,較(jiao)帶沉(chen)思抒情特點,不(bu)似其(qi)他同(tong)類(lei)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)牌(pai)風(feng)趣(qu)活(huo)躍(yue)。三(san)(san)是(shi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)牌(pai)。如(ru)[溪(xi)江(jiang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)]、[小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)補(bu)缸]、[小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)桃紅(hong)]、[葡(pu)萄架]、[走廣(guang)東]、[茉莉花(hua)(hua)]、[廣(guang)明(ming)燈]、[游花(hua)(hua)船(chuan)]、[平(ping)(ping)和(he)(he)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)]、[步(bu)步(bu)嬌(jiao)(jiao)]、[男辭]、[女(nv)辭]、[踢(ti)球(qiu)花(hua)(hua)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)]、[小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)上(shang)紋(wen)]、[烏(wu)盆計(ji)(ji)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)]等。 這(zhe)些(xie)(xie)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)牌(pai)大多自(zi)其(qi)他劇(ju)種(zhong)(zhong)和(he)(he)民(min)間(jian)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)戲(xi)吸收,有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)還來自(zi)某些(xie)(xie)流行劇(ju)目(mu)如(ru)[烏(wu)盆計(ji)(ji)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)],是(shi)《烏(wu)盆計(ji)(ji)》中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)專曲(qu)(qu)(qu)。 此(ci)類(lei)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)格(ge)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)較(jiao)雜,一(yi)(yi)(yi)般只(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“插曲(qu)(qu)(qu)”運(yun)用(yong)。此(ci)外,板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)式(shi)(shi)有導(dao)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、搖(yao)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)和(he)(he)頭(tou)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)散(san)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban),以(yi)(yi)及(ji)演(yan)皮黃(huang)戲(xi)時(shi)所(suo)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)回(hui)(hui)龍、原板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、散(san)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)等。這(zhe)些(xie)(xie)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)后來都成為(wei)(wei)(wei)北(bei)(bei)路戲(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輔助音(yin)(yin)樂(le)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)。
壽(shou)寧北路戲音(yin)樂中的(de)伴奏(zou)有(you)琴(qin)串、吹(chui)牌兩種。琴(qin)串主要有(you)[頭(tou)萬(wan)串]、[二(er)萬(wan)串]、[三萬(wan)串]、[小(xiao)拉子]、[梳妝樓]、[大(da)八板]、[九(jiu)環串]、[一(yi)枝春]、[一(yi)枝花]等。吹(chui)牌有(you)[清如水]、[大(da)尾聲]、[上酒樓]、[雙貴(gui)子]、[龍袍陣]、[風入松]等。鑼鼓經有(you)[二(er)萬(wan)頭(tou)]、[下山虎]、[火炮]、[緊沖]、[水花浪(lang)]、[浪(lang)淘(tao)沙]、[十九(jiu)錘]、[九(jiu)鼎環]等。
20世紀60年代(dai)初(chu),在挖掘整理過程中為突出以橫哨(shao)為主奏曲(qu)調(diao)的“北路調(diao)”。避免京劇化、經專家認可,音(yin)樂中去(qu)除(chu)了[西皮](二簧)(四(si)平調(diao))等曲(qu)調(diao)。保留了福建亂彈橫哨(shao)戲的特(te)色,其(qi)音(yin)樂明快(kuai)、爽(shuang)朗、易(yi)被觀(guan)眾(zhong)接受。
壽寧北路(lu)戲各行當角(jiao)色,在唱(chang)曲前都有“叫介(jie)”(或稱“叫頭”),如(ru)“哭介(jie)”、“嘆介(jie)”、“訴介(jie)”等類,均(jun)用(yong)(yong)(yong)拖長(chang)的聲調唱(chang)念(nian),為無伴奏的干(gan)(gan)唱(chang),然后(hou)轉入唱(chang)腔。“叫介(jie)”用(yong)(yong)(yong)于不(bu)(bu)同場合(he),如(ru)公堂訴苦用(yong)(yong)(yong)“哭介(jie)”,徘徊悱惻用(yong)(yong)(yong)“嘆介(jie)”,閑情自得(de)念(nian)詩詞用(yong)(yong)(yong)“吟介(jie)”,敘述情由(you)(you)用(yong)(yong)(yong)“訴介(jie)”等。行當不(bu)(bu)同,“叫介(jie)”聲調各異(yi)。此外,大將出場登場高時,有時唱(chang)高腔,演員干(gan)(gan)唱(chang),無音樂伴奏,由(you)(you)幕后(hou)幫腔。
伴奏樂器主要是長膜(mo)笛,佐(zuo)以麻胡(毛竹筒作琴(qin)筒,也(ye)稱“大京(jing)(jing)胡”)、板胡、三弦(xian)、月(yue)琴(qin)、嗩吶(na)等(deng)。打(da)擊(ji)樂器與(yu)京(jing)(jing)劇相似。
壽(shou)寧北路戲男女分腔,各(ge)行當各(ge)有特色,如(ru)小(xiao)生用(yong)子(zi)喉(hou)(假嗓發聲(sheng)(sheng))。音色明亮(liang)、清脆,行腔蕭灑自如(ru)。武生接近小(xiao)生者(zhe)用(yong)子(zi)喉(hou),如(ru)《白門(men)樓》之呂(lv)布、《三氣周(zhou)瑜》之周(zhou)瑜;而短打武生如(ru)《上酒樓》之石秀(xiu)則(ze)用(yong)本嗓發聲(sheng)(sheng)。
青(qing)(qing)衣,子喉(hou)發(fa)聲。按傳統,青(qing)(qing)衣由(you)男性扮演,其音色(se)凝重悲切,行腔(qiang)深沉委婉(wan)。
花旦,子喉發聲(sheng)。音色甜脆,行腔跳躍,婉(wan)轉(zhuan)亮(liang)麗。亦有以本(ben)嗓(sang)發聲(sheng)。
老生,原喉(真(zhen)嗓)發聲。音色(se)蒼勁洪亮,行(xing)腔(qiang)悲愴(chuang)蒼涼。
紅生(sheng),原喉發聲亦有與(yu)子喉行腔(qiang)結合(he)的如《龍虎斗》趙(zhao)匡胤。聲音有穿透(tou)力,行腔(qiang)抑(yi)揚頓挫、高亢寬(kuan)亮。
大花,原喉(hou)發(fa)聲。音色濃重粗獷(guang),以鼻音、腦后音為主,間用炸音。
三花,原喉(hou)發聲。音色清澈明亮(liang),行腔詼諧(xie)活潑,常夾念、白于行腔中(zhong)。
壽寧(ning)北(bei)路(lu)戲的樂隊俗(su)稱“后(hou)臺”,有“軟件”、“硬介(jie)”之分。由6人組成(cheng),俗(su)稱“六條椅(yi)”。樂隊地位以鼓板(ban)為尊(zun),正(zheng)吹次之,正(zheng)吹即北(bei)路(lu)戲主奏者,除了拉頭(tou)把(麻胡)外(wai),還(huan)主奏橫(heng)哨(shao)、嗩吶。“六條椅(yi)”座位編制為:
1、硬介:鼓(gu)板、大鑼(luo)、小鑼(luo)(兼檢場(chang))、大鈸
2、軟介(jie):正吹一橫哨、嗩吶(na)、麻胡(hu)
副吹一嗩吶、月琴(qin)或二胡
三把一三弦
壽(shou)寧北路(lu)戲唱(chang)腔以(yi)橫哨(長(chang)膜笛)為主要伴奏樂(le)器,配(pei)之以(yi)麻(ma)胡。橫哨構造與曲笛相似,長(chang)60厘(li)米(mi)(mi),笛管口徑(jing)2.5厘(li)米(mi)(mi)。正(zheng)調吹奏筒音(yin)“6”反調吹奏筒音(yin)“2”。音(yin)色(se)柔和,活(huo)潑而悠揚,在北路(lu)戲平(ping)板類唱(chang)腔和秦腔中應(ying)用(yong)。
麻(ma)胡(hu),用麻(ma)竹制作,琴桿為小竹根部制成(cheng),長600mm,琴筒長130mm,厚10mm,口(kou)徑(jing)65mm,以蛇皮蒙面,以竹做(zuo)碼。弓長760mm,絲(si)線(xian)為弦。音域寬廣、高(gao)亮。橫哨與麻(ma)胡(hu)為北(bei)路(lu)戲富有特色(se)的主奏樂(le)器(qi)。
壽寧(ning)北路(lu)戲(xi)伴奏音樂(le)由琴串與嗩吶(na)吹牌(pai)組成(cheng):
琴(qin)串(chuan)以(yi)橫哨、麻胡、二胡、月琴(qin)伴奏,適應于生、旦人物動作表(biao)演(yan)。主要有[頭犯串(chuan)]、[二犯串(chuan)]、[三(san)犯串(chuan)]、[小(xiao)拉子]、[梳妝樓]、[大八板(ban)]、[九(jiu)環(huan)串(chuan)]、[一(yi)枝春(chun)(chun)]、[一(yi)枝花]、[朝天(tian)子]、[天(tian)蛾仔(zi)]、[柳條金(jin)]、[夜青(qing)蛇串(chuan)]、[洞(dong)房串(chuan)]、[八叉串(chuan)]、[金(jin)石榴]、[小(xiao)魚兒]、[安(an)南串(chuan)]、[西(xi)皮(pi)跳(tiao)龍門(men)]、[反跳(tiao)龍門(men)]、[到春(chun)(chun)來]等曲調。
嗩吶吹牌(pai)用于升堂(tang)、出征、喜慶、迎送(song)之類劇情,有[清水令]、[醉太平]、[滿(man)堂(tang)紅]、[上(shang)小樓(lou)]、[雙貴子]、[步(bu)步(bu)嬌]、[水里魚]、[風入松]、[游街]、[過場仔(zi)]、[文點絳(jiang)]、[武點絳(jiang)]、[北相桂]、[小河歡]、[萬年歡]、[泣顏回]、[洞房吹]、[大過場]等。
鑼(luo)(luo)鼓(gu):壽寧北路戲鑼(luo)(luo)鼓(gu)分唱腔(qiang)鑼(luo)(luo)鼓(gu)與身(shen)段鑼(luo)(luo)鼓(gu)。唱腔(qiang)鑼(luo)(luo)鼓(gu)為(wei)行腔(qiang)前(qian)的鑼(luo)(luo)鼓(gu)引板,如[頭犯]鑼(luo)(luo)鼓(gu)點為(wei)“格(ge)大(da)大(da)”,[反頭犯]鑼(luo)(luo)鼓(gu)點為(wei)“乙大(da)、大(da)大(da)大(da)大(da)”。身(shen)段鑼(luo)(luo)鼓(gu)用于人物上下場、行軍、對陣等情節,有[下山虎]、[火炮]、[急急風]、[緊沖]、[長錘]、[三(san)擊頭]、[水(shui)花浪]、[浪淘沙]、[十九錘]、[九鼎(ding)環(huan)]等,多數與京劇鑼(luo)(luo)鼓(gu)大(da)同小異。
北(bei)路(lu)戲(xi)的代表性劇目(mu)主要有《探陰山》、《對(dui)珠(zhu)環》、《紙馬記》、《鳳(feng)嬌與(yu)李旦》等。
作為福建有(you)影響的珍(zhen)稀劇種(zhong)之(zhi)一(yi),北路(lu)戲(xi)有(you)著極深的文化內(nei)涵和(he)極高的歷史價值。