常(chang)(chang)(chang)州(zhou)(zhou)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)迄今為(wei)(wei)止(zhi),已有三(san)千(qian)年(nian)以(yi)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)承(cheng)歷史(shi)(shi)。考(kao)察其源流,最早可(ke)以(yi)追溯到先(xian)秦時(shi)(shi)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)地(di)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)唱(吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)),肇始于戰(zhan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)時(shi)(shi)代,經(jing)唐宋發(fa)展,明清走向繁盛(sheng)。常(chang)(chang)(chang)州(zhou)(zhou)古屬吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)地(di),吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)概念最先(xian)源于春(chun)秋后期(qi)五霸之一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo),當時(shi)(shi)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)疆(jiang)域(yu)大致在(zai)今天的(de)(de)(de)(de)蘇南太湖流域(yu)、浙(zhe)北地(di)區和皖東地(di)區,狹義上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)地(di)一(yi)般就是指(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)蘇南地(di)區(蘇錫(xi)常(chang)(chang)(chang))。關于吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)有許多(duo)(duo)記(ji)載(zai),最早出(chu)現在(zai)《戰(zhan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)策(ce)·秦策(ce)二》:“臣(chen)不知其思(si)與不思(si)。誠(cheng)思(si)則(ze)將吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)吟(yin)(yin)(yin),今軫將為(wei)(wei)王吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)。”吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)地(di)獨(du)(du)特(te)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)言和人(ren)文(wen)地(di)理,也造就了吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)地(di)獨(du)(du)特(te)的(de)(de)(de)(de)音(yin)樂(le)、語言和文(wen)學(xue)藝(yi)術,吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)基于吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)地(di)方(fang)(fang)言,有獨(du)(du)特(te)的(de)(de)(de)(de)音(yin)調,李白在(zai)他的(de)(de)(de)(de)詩文(wen)中(zhong)多(duo)(duo)次(ci)提到“吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)歌(ge))”,“我(wo)有吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)趨曲(qu),無(wu)人(ren)知此音(yin)”(《贈薛校書(shu)》)、“試發(fa)清秋興,因(yin)為(wei)(wei)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)會(hui)(hui)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)”(《送麹(qu)十(shi)少府》)、“昨夜誰為(wei)(wei)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)會(hui)(hui)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)?風生(sheng)萬壑振空林”(《夜泊(bo)黃山(shan)聞殷(yin)十(shi)四吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)》)等(deng)。所(suo)以(yi),后人(ren)說“平頭均楚(chu)制,長耳嗣吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)”。 常(chang)(chang)(chang)州(zhou)(zhou)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)與江南吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)地(di)先(xian)民的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)生(sheng)活方(fang)(fang)式(shi)密(mi)不可(ke)分,既凝聚了常(chang)(chang)(chang)州(zhou)(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)文(wen)歷史(shi)(shi),又飽含著(zhu)先(xian)輩們的(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)化基因(yin)。據載(zai),盛(sheng)唐時(shi)(shi)常(chang)(chang)(chang)州(zhou)(zhou)有著(zhu)名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“茶山(shan)境會(hui)(hui)”,宋代時(shi)(shi)常(chang)(chang)(chang)州(zhou)(zhou)每年(nian)春(chun)季借“勸(quan)農(nong)”之機舉(ju)行(xing)“春(chun)游詩酒會(hui)(hui)”,明代的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)候常(chang)(chang)(chang)州(zhou)(zhou)亦有“詩酒藝(yi)會(hui)(hui)”。但隨著(zhu)科舉(ju)制和私(si)塾的(de)(de)(de)(de)消(xiao)亡,傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)為(wei)(wei)西方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)朗誦(song)(song)(song)取代,漸趨沉寂。有幸(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是,在(zai)上(shang)(shang)世(shi)紀(ji)20年(nian)代國(guo)(guo)(guo)學(xue)大師趙(zhao)元任(ren)先(xian)生(sheng)首(shou)次(ci)研究吟(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song),1971年(nian)趙(zhao)元任(ren)先(xian)生(sheng)在(zai)美國(guo)(guo)(guo)康奈爾大學(xue)舉(ju)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)演(yan)唱文(wen)藝(yi)研究會(hui)(hui)”活動中(zhong),主講《各種不同(tong)形(xing)式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)》,并(bing)用(yong)常(chang)(chang)(chang)州(zhou)(zhou)方(fang)(fang)言示范吟(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)了多(duo)(duo)種不同(tong)形(xing)式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)古詩文(wen),并(bing)錄唱片,為(wei)(wei)后來的(de)(de)(de)(de)常(chang)(chang)(chang)州(zhou)(zhou)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)再(zai)次(ci)興起留下(xia)了火種。近(jin)現代以(yi)來,“常(chang)(chang)(chang)州(zhou)(zhou)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)”領域(yu)擁有諸多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)名(ming)家,先(xian)后出(chu)現了趙(zhao)元任(ren)、周有光、鄒(zou)宗(zong)浩、丁彥士、吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)玉良、史(shi)(shi)肇美、何祖述、陸汝挺、屠(tu)岸、羊(yang)淇、史(shi)(shi)曼倩(qian)、錢璱之、鄒(zou)醒國(guo)(guo)(guo)、惲(yun)正平、羊(yang)漢等(deng)一(yi)批代表性人(ren)物(wu),其影響(xiang)遍及(ji)(ji)海內外華(hua)人(ren)界與深(shen)受中(zhong)華(hua)文(wen)化影響(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)日本、韓(han)國(guo)(guo)(guo)及(ji)(ji)東南亞地(di)區。近(jin)年(nian)來,常(chang)(chang)(chang)州(zhou)(zhou)加大了非物(wu)質文(wen)化遺產(chan)保護的(de)(de)(de)(de)力度,成(cheng)立了常(chang)(chang)(chang)州(zhou)(zhou)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)藝(yi)術協會(hui)(hui),促(cu)進了研究和傳(chuan)承(cheng)工作的(de)(de)(de)(de)深(shen)入。
東漢(han)以(yi)前有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)歌有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)誦(song)(song)(song),是(shi)否有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)尚不明。盡管有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)個別文獻提到了(le)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin),但是(shi)語焉不詳。東漢(han)以(yi)后(hou)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)歌有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)誦(song)(song)(song)。凡詩文皆(jie)可吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song),歷代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)歌詩(詩、騷(sao)、樂府(fu)、詞、曲(qu)等(deng))在不能歌之(zhi)后(hou),亦(yi)用(yong)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)之(zhi)法(fa)傳(chuan)(chuan)承。凡文人皆(jie)會吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song),唱(chang)和酬(chou)答,教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)學習,皆(jie)用(yong)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)。歷史上有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)很多吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)名家(jia),如(ru)謝安、王陽明等(deng)。明清兩朝,吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)尤(you)為發達,更為學習詩詞文賦(fu)(fu)和八(ba)股文的(de)(de)(de)(de)方法(fa)。桐城(cheng)派(pai)創其(qi)(qi)獨特的(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)文吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)法(fa),倡(chang)導(dao)“因(yin)聲(sheng)求氣(qi)”,其(qi)(qi)法(fa)流傳(chuan)(chuan)至今。吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)主(zhu)要(yao)通過(guo)古(gu)(gu)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)系統(私(si)塾和公學,前者(zhe)為主(zhu))傳(chuan)(chuan)承。老師把對(dui)詩文的(de)(de)(de)(de)理解,灌注(zhu)在吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)之(zhi)中(zhong),整(zheng)個兒(er)傳(chuan)(chuan)給學生。所謂讀書聲(sheng),即吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)聲(sheng)。一般(ban)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)誦(song)(song)(song),詩詞多吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)而文賦(fu)(fu)多誦(song)(song)(song)。吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)在古(gu)(gu)代(dai),是(shi)如(ru)同(tong)識(shi)字、寫字一樣(yang),是(shi)文人的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本技能,只要(yao)上過(guo)幾(ji)年(nian)私(si)塾,就會吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)。因(yin)此,幾(ji)乎(hu)沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)人專(zhuan)門(men)研究吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song),幾(ji)乎(hu)沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)關(guan)于吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)的(de)(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)門(men)論(lun)述。我們對(dui)古(gu)(gu)代(dai)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)普及(ji)程度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)印(yin)象(xiang)也(ye)(ye)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)偏差。在古(gu)(gu)代(dai),農村普遍有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)族館村學,一般(ban)為三(san)年(nian)義務(wu)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)制(zhi),所以(yi)一些農民也(ye)(ye)會吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)。鄉鎮以(yi)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)地方,婦女也(ye)(ye)多可讀家(jia)館。文盲率(lv)竄(cuan)升,乃近代(dai)以(yi)后(hou)之(zhi)事,實是(shi)新學堂勃興之(zhi)后(hou),師資不繼,而私(si)塾消亡,所造成的(de)(de)(de)(de)惡果(guo)。吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)是(shi)完全口傳(chuan)(chuan)心授,純粹的(de)(de)(de)(de)口頭非物質文化。因(yin)此吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)也(ye)(ye)無(wu)(wu)定(ding)調,也(ye)(ye)無(wu)(wu)曲(qu)譜(pu)。日(ri)本、朝鮮、越(yue)南等(deng)國(guo)(guo),皆(jie)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)漢(han)詩文吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song),傳(chuan)(chuan)承達千年(nian)以(yi)上。有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)用(yong)轉(zhuan)讀音吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)的(de)(de)(de)(de),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)用(yong)漢(han)語吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)的(de)(de)(de)(de),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)用(yong)本國(guo)(guo)語吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)的(de)(de)(de)(de),各分流派(pai)。其(qi)(qi)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)調也(ye)(ye)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)雅俗樂之(zhi)別。
同時,吟(yin)誦(song)(song)也是一種語言形(xing)式,吟(yin)誦(song)(song)其實是吟(yin)和(he)誦(song)(song)的合稱(cheng),吟(yin),即吟(yin)詠;誦(song)(song),即誦(song)(song)讀。古代詩(shi)詞文賦大部分(fen)是使用吟(yin)誦(song)(song)方(fang)式創作,作為(wei)文化的有聲傳(chuan)承(cheng)方(fang)式,吟(yin)誦(song)(song)既不同于朗誦(song)(song),又不同于一般(ban)的歌唱。
趙元任首開以音樂(le)為(wei)視角對(dui)吟誦(song)進(jin)行(xing)理(li)論研究(jiu)的(de)先河,親自(zi)進(jin)行(xing)吟誦(song)錄音,記寫《靜夜(ye)思》、《楓橋夜(ye)泊》、《長恨歌(ge)》、《江城(cheng)子》等著名(ming)詩詞名(ming)篇的(de)吟誦(song)樂(le)譜,并頗具(ju)匠心地運用吟誦(song)音調創作(zuo)了《瓶花》、《聽雨》等歌(ge)曲。
吟誦是(shi)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)優(you)秀的(de)非(fei)物質文化(hua)遺產代表(biao)作,是(shi)公認的(de)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)文化(hua)獨特(te)魅(mei)力之(zhi)(zhi)一,在(zai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)上享(xiang)有(you)很高的(de)聲(sheng)譽。不(bu)(bu)僅華人吟誦,在(zai)日本(ben)、韓國(guo)(guo)(guo)、越南(nan)等很多國(guo)(guo)(guo)家中,吟誦漢詩(shi)的(de)傳統也一直流傳不(bu)(bu)衰。但是(shi),作為(wei)吟誦之(zhi)(zhi)根,遠為(wei)豐(feng)厚璀璨的(de)中華吟誦卻幾乎沒有(you)了傳承。
吟誦(song)通過私塾和官學(xue)教育體(ti)系(xi)口傳心授,流傳至(zhi)今。吟誦(song)的(de)內容是經典和詩文,吟誦(song)的(de)形式是依照漢語(yu)的(de)特點(dian)和詩詞格律而進行(xing),從內到外,都(dou)是中華(hua)文明精神的(de)結晶,體(ti)現著(zhu)大雅君子風范。它是中國(guo)傳統文化尤其(qi)是儒家禮樂文化的(de)重(zhong)要組(zu)成部分。常州吟誦(song)作為一項國(guo)家級非物質文化遺(yi)產(chan),是一種(zhong)集詩詞、音樂、語(yu)言于一體(ti)的(de)藝(yi)術形式,具有跨學(xue)科的(de)研究價值(zhi)和傳承(cheng)性的(de)保(bao)護價值(zhi)。