常(chang)(chang)州(zhou)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)迄(qi)今為止(zhi)，已有(you)三(san)千年(nian)(nian)以(yi)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳承(cheng)(cheng)歷(li)史(shi)。考察(cha)其(qi)源流(liu)，最早(zao)可以(yi)追溯到(dao)先(xian)秦時(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)地吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)唱(chang)（吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)），肇(zhao)始(shi)于戰國(guo)時(shi)代(dai)(dai)，經(jing)唐宋(song)(song)發展，明(ming)清走向繁盛。常(chang)(chang)州(zhou)古(gu)屬吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)地，吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)地的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概念(nian)最先(xian)源于春(chun)秋后期五霸之(zhi)一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)，當時(shi)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)疆域(yu)大(da)致在(zai)今天的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蘇(su)南太(tai)湖流(liu)域(yu)、浙(zhe)北地區(qu)(qu)和(he)(he)皖東地區(qu)(qu)，狹義上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)地一(yi)般就(jiu)是指的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蘇(su)南地區(qu)(qu)（蘇(su)錫(xi)常(chang)(chang)）。關于吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)有(you)許(xu)多(duo)(duo)(duo)記(ji)載(zai)，最早(zao)出現(xian)(xian)在(zai)《戰國(guo)策·秦策二》：“臣(chen)不(bu)知(zhi)其(qi)思(si)與不(bu)思(si)。誠思(si)則將吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)，今軫將為王吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)。”吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)地獨(du)特(te)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方言(yan)(yan)和(he)(he)人文(wen)(wen)地理(li)，也造就(jiu)了(le)(le)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)地獨(du)特(te)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)音樂、語言(yan)(yan)和(he)(he)文(wen)(wen)學藝(yi)術，吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)基于吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)地方言(yan)(yan)，有(you)獨(du)特(te)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)音調(diao)，李白在(zai)他的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)詩(shi)文(wen)(wen)中(zhong)多(duo)(duo)(duo)次提(ti)到(dao)“吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)歌)”，“我有(you)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)趨(qu)曲(qu),無人知(zhi)此音”(《贈(zeng)薛校(xiao)書》)、“試發清秋興(xing),因為吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)會吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)”(《送麹十少府》)、“昨夜誰為吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)會吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)?風生萬(wan)壑振(zhen)空(kong)林”(《夜泊(bo)黃山聞(wen)殷(yin)十四吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)》)等。所以(yi)，后人說“平頭(tou)均楚制，長耳(er)嗣吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)”。 常(chang)(chang)州(zhou)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)與江南吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)地先(xian)民的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)生活(huo)方式(shi)密不(bu)可分，既凝聚了(le)(le)常(chang)(chang)州(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人文(wen)(wen)歷(li)史(shi)，又飽含著(zhu)先(xian)輩(bei)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)基因。據載(zai)，盛唐時(shi)常(chang)(chang)州(zhou)有(you)著(zhu)名的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“茶山境(jing)會”，宋(song)(song)代(dai)(dai)時(shi)常(chang)(chang)州(zhou)每年(nian)(nian)春(chun)季(ji)借(jie)“勸(quan)農”之(zhi)機舉行“春(chun)游詩(shi)酒會”，明(ming)代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候常(chang)(chang)州(zhou)亦有(you)“詩(shi)酒藝(yi)會”。但(dan)隨著(zhu)科舉制和(he)(he)私塾(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)消亡，傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)為西方的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)朗誦(song)(song)(song)取(qu)代(dai)(dai)，漸趨(qu)沉寂。有(you)幸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是，在(zai)上世紀20年(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)國(guo)學大(da)師(shi)趙(zhao)元任(ren)先(xian)生首次研究吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)，1971年(nian)(nian)趙(zhao)元任(ren)先(xian)生在(zai)美國(guo)康奈(nai)爾(er)大(da)學舉行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“中(zhong)國(guo)演唱(chang)文(wen)(wen)藝(yi)研究會”活(huo)動中(zhong)，主講《各種(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)同形式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)》，并(bing)用常(chang)(chang)州(zhou)方言(yan)(yan)示(shi)范吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)了(le)(le)多(duo)(duo)(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)同形式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)詩(shi)文(wen)(wen)，并(bing)錄唱(chang)片，為后來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)常(chang)(chang)州(zhou)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)再次興(xing)起留下了(le)(le)火種(zhong)(zhong)。近(jin)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)以(yi)來，“常(chang)(chang)州(zhou)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)”領(ling)域(yu)擁有(you)諸多(duo)(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)名家，先(xian)后出現(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)趙(zhao)元任(ren)、周有(you)光、鄒(zou)宗浩、丁彥(yan)士(shi)、吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)玉良、史(shi)肇(zhao)美、何祖述、陸汝挺、屠岸、羊(yang)淇(qi)、史(shi)曼倩、錢(qian)璱之(zhi)、鄒(zou)醒國(guo)、惲正平、羊(yang)漢等一(yi)批代(dai)(dai)表(biao)性人物(wu)，其(qi)影(ying)響遍(bian)及海(hai)內(nei)外華人界(jie)與深受(shou)中(zhong)華文(wen)(wen)化(hua)影(ying)響的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日本、韓(han)國(guo)及東南亞地區(qu)(qu)。近(jin)年(nian)(nian)來，常(chang)(chang)州(zhou)加大(da)了(le)(le)非物(wu)質文(wen)(wen)化(hua)遺產(chan)保護的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力度，成立了(le)(le)常(chang)(chang)州(zhou)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)藝(yi)術協(xie)會，促進了(le)(le)研究和(he)(he)傳承(cheng)(cheng)工作的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深入(ru)。
東(dong)漢(han)以(yi)前有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)歌(ge)(ge)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)，是(shi)否(fou)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)吟(yin)(yin)尚不明(ming)。盡管有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)個別文(wen)(wen)(wen)獻提到了吟(yin)(yin)，但是(shi)語焉不詳。東(dong)漢(han)以(yi)后(hou)(hou)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)歌(ge)(ge)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)吟(yin)(yin)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)。凡(fan)詩(shi)(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)皆(jie)(jie)(jie)可(ke)吟(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)，歷代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歌(ge)(ge)詩(shi)(shi)(詩(shi)(shi)、騷、樂府、詞、曲(qu)等(deng)(deng))在(zai)(zai)不能歌(ge)(ge)之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)，亦用(yong)吟(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)之(zhi)(zhi)法傳(chuan)承(cheng)。凡(fan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)人(ren)(ren)皆(jie)(jie)(jie)會(hui)吟(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)，唱和(he)(he)酬答，教育學習，皆(jie)(jie)(jie)用(yong)吟(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)。歷史(shi)上(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)很多(duo)(duo)吟(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)名家，如(ru)謝安(an)、王陽(yang)明(ming)等(deng)(deng)。明(ming)清兩朝，吟(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)尤為(wei)發達，更為(wei)學習詩(shi)(shi)詞文(wen)(wen)(wen)賦和(he)(he)八股文(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方法。桐城派創其獨(du)特的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)吟(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)法，倡導“因(yin)聲(sheng)求氣”，其法流傳(chuan)至今。吟(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)主(zhu)要(yao)通(tong)過(guo)古(gu)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教育系統(私塾(shu)和(he)(he)公學，前者為(wei)主(zhu))傳(chuan)承(cheng)。老師把對詩(shi)(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理解(jie)，灌注在(zai)(zai)吟(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)之(zhi)(zhi)中，整個兒(er)傳(chuan)給(gei)學生。所(suo)謂讀(du)書(shu)聲(sheng)，即吟(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)聲(sheng)。一般有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)吟(yin)(yin)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)，詩(shi)(shi)詞多(duo)(duo)吟(yin)(yin)而文(wen)(wen)(wen)賦多(duo)(duo)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)。吟(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)在(zai)(zai)古(gu)代(dai)，是(shi)如(ru)同識字、寫字一樣，是(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)技(ji)能，只要(yao)上(shang)(shang)過(guo)幾(ji)(ji)年(nian)私塾(shu)，就會(hui)吟(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)。因(yin)此(ci)，幾(ji)(ji)乎(hu)沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)專門研究吟(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)，幾(ji)(ji)乎(hu)沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)關于(yu)吟(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)專門論述。我們對古(gu)代(dai)教育普(pu)及程度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)印(yin)象也有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)偏差。在(zai)(zai)古(gu)代(dai)，農(nong)(nong)村(cun)普(pu)遍有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)族館(guan)村(cun)學，一般為(wei)三(san)年(nian)義務(wu)教育制，所(suo)以(yi)一些農(nong)(nong)民(min)也會(hui)吟(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)。鄉鎮以(yi)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地方，婦女也多(duo)(duo)可(ke)讀(du)家館(guan)。文(wen)(wen)(wen)盲率竄升，乃近(jin)代(dai)以(yi)后(hou)(hou)之(zhi)(zhi)事，實是(shi)新學堂(tang)勃(bo)興之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)，師資不繼，而私塾(shu)消(xiao)亡，所(suo)造成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)惡(e)果。吟(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)是(shi)完全口傳(chuan)心(xin)授，純粹(cui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)口頭非物質(zhi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)。因(yin)此(ci)吟(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)也無定調，也無曲(qu)譜(pu)。日本(ben)、朝鮮、越南等(deng)(deng)國(guo)，皆(jie)(jie)(jie)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)漢(han)詩(shi)(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)吟(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)，傳(chuan)承(cheng)達千(qian)年(nian)以(yi)上(shang)(shang)。有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)用(yong)轉(zhuan)讀(du)音吟(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)用(yong)漢(han)語吟(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)用(yong)本(ben)國(guo)語吟(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，各(ge)分流派。其吟(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)調也有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)雅俗樂之(zhi)(zhi)別。
同(tong)時(shi)，吟(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)也是一種語言形式，吟(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)其(qi)實是吟(yin)(yin)和(he)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)的合稱，吟(yin)(yin)，即(ji)吟(yin)(yin)詠；誦(song)(song)(song)(song)，即(ji)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)讀。古代詩詞文(wen)賦大部分是使用吟(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)方式創作，作為文(wen)化的有聲傳承方式，吟(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)既不(bu)同(tong)于(yu)朗誦(song)(song)(song)(song)，又不(bu)同(tong)于(yu)一般(ban)的歌唱。
趙元(yuan)任首開以音(yin)樂(le)(le)為視角對吟誦(song)進(jin)行理論研究的(de)先河(he)，親自進(jin)行吟誦(song)錄音(yin)，記(ji)寫《靜夜思(si)》、《楓橋夜泊》、《長(chang)恨歌》、《江(jiang)城子(zi)》等(deng)著名詩詞名篇的(de)吟誦(song)樂(le)(le)譜，并(bing)頗具匠心(xin)地運用吟誦(song)音(yin)調創作(zuo)了(le)《瓶(ping)花》、《聽雨》等(deng)歌曲。
吟誦(song)是中國(guo)(guo)優秀的(de)非物質(zhi)文化遺產代表作(zuo)，是公認的(de)中國(guo)(guo)文化獨特魅力(li)之(zhi)一(yi)，在國(guo)(guo)際上享有很高(gao)的(de)聲譽(yu)。不僅華人吟誦(song)，在日本(ben)、韓國(guo)(guo)、越南等(deng)很多國(guo)(guo)家中，吟誦(song)漢詩的(de)傳統也一(yi)直流傳不衰。但是，作(zuo)為(wei)吟誦(song)之(zhi)根，遠為(wei)豐厚璀璨的(de)中華吟誦(song)卻幾乎沒(mei)有了傳承(cheng)。
吟(yin)誦(song)通過私塾和官學教育(yu)體(ti)系口傳(chuan)心授，流(liu)傳(chuan)至今。吟(yin)誦(song)的(de)(de)內(nei)容是(shi)經典(dian)和詩(shi)文(wen)，吟(yin)誦(song)的(de)(de)形(xing)式是(shi)依照漢語(yu)的(de)(de)特點和詩(shi)詞格律(lv)而進行，從內(nei)到外，都是(shi)中華文(wen)明精(jing)神(shen)的(de)(de)結(jie)晶，體(ti)現(xian)著大(da)雅君子風范(fan)。它是(shi)中國傳(chuan)統文(wen)化尤(you)其是(shi)儒家禮樂文(wen)化的(de)(de)重要組成部分。常州吟(yin)誦(song)作為一項國家級非物質文(wen)化遺產，是(shi)一種集(ji)詩(shi)詞、音樂、語(yu)言于一體(ti)的(de)(de)藝術形(xing)式，具有跨學科的(de)(de)研究(jiu)價值(zhi)和傳(chuan)承性的(de)(de)保(bao)護價值(zhi)。
巧(qiao)笑倩兮
】編輯(ji)上傳(chuan)提供，當前頁面(mian)所展示(shi)的(de)詞條介紹涉(she)及(ji)宣(xuan)傳(chuan)內容屬于注冊(ce)用戶個人編輯(ji)行(xing)為(wei)，網站不完全(quan)保證內容信息(xi)的(de)準確性、真實(shi)性，也不代表本站立場。
