常(chang)州(zhou)(zhou)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)迄今為(wei)(wei)止,已有(you)三千年以上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)承歷史(shi)。考察其源流,最(zui)早(zao)可(ke)以追溯到(dao)(dao)先秦時(shi)(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)唱(chang)(chang)(吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)),肇始于戰國時(shi)(shi)代(dai),經唐(tang)宋發展,明(ming)清走向繁(fan)盛。常(chang)州(zhou)(zhou)古屬吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概念最(zui)先源于春秋(qiu)后(hou)(hou)(hou)期五霸之一的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國,當(dang)時(shi)(shi)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)疆域大(da)致(zhi)在(zai)今天的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蘇南太湖流域、浙北地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)和(he)(he)皖東(dong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu),狹義上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)一般就(jiu)是(shi)指(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蘇南地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(蘇錫(xi)常(chang))。關于吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)有(you)許(xu)多記載,最(zui)早(zao)出現(xian)在(zai)《戰國策·秦策二(er)》:“臣不(bu)知(zhi)其思與(yu)不(bu)思。誠思則(ze)將(jiang)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin),今軫將(jiang)為(wei)(wei)王吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)。”吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)獨(du)特的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方言和(he)(he)人(ren)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)理,也造就(jiu)了(le)(le)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)獨(du)特的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)音樂、語言和(he)(he)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)學(xue)(xue)藝(yi)術(shu),吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)基(ji)于吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方言,有(you)獨(du)特的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)音調(diao),李白在(zai)他的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)詩文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)中多次提到(dao)(dao)“吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)歌)”,“我有(you)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)趨(qu)曲,無人(ren)知(zhi)此音”(《贈薛校(xiao)書(shu)》)、“試發清秋(qiu)興,因為(wei)(wei)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)會(hui)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)”(《送麹(qu)十(shi)(shi)少府》)、“昨夜誰為(wei)(wei)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)會(hui)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)?風生萬壑(he)振(zhen)空林”(《夜泊黃(huang)山聞(wen)殷十(shi)(shi)四吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)》)等(deng)。所以,后(hou)(hou)(hou)人(ren)說“平(ping)頭均楚制,長(chang)耳嗣吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)”。 常(chang)州(zhou)(zhou)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)與(yu)江南吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)先民的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)(chan)生活方式密不(bu)可(ke)分,既凝聚了(le)(le)常(chang)州(zhou)(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)歷史(shi),又飽含著(zhu)(zhu)先輩們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化基(ji)因。據載,盛唐(tang)時(shi)(shi)常(chang)州(zhou)(zhou)有(you)著(zhu)(zhu)名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“茶山境會(hui)”,宋代(dai)時(shi)(shi)常(chang)州(zhou)(zhou)每(mei)年春季(ji)借“勸農(nong)”之機舉(ju)行(xing)“春游詩酒會(hui)”,明(ming)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)候常(chang)州(zhou)(zhou)亦有(you)“詩酒藝(yi)會(hui)”。但隨著(zhu)(zhu)科舉(ju)制和(he)(he)私塾的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)消亡(wang),傳(chuan)(chuan)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)為(wei)(wei)西方的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)朗誦(song)(song)(song)取代(dai),漸趨(qu)沉寂。有(you)幸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi),在(zai)上世(shi)紀(ji)20年代(dai)國學(xue)(xue)大(da)師趙元(yuan)任(ren)先生首次研究(jiu)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song),1971年趙元(yuan)任(ren)先生在(zai)美國康奈(nai)爾大(da)學(xue)(xue)舉(ju)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“中國演唱(chang)(chang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)藝(yi)研究(jiu)會(hui)”活動(dong)中,主講《各(ge)種不(bu)同形(xing)式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)》,并(bing)用常(chang)州(zhou)(zhou)方言示范吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)了(le)(le)多種不(bu)同形(xing)式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)古詩文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen),并(bing)錄唱(chang)(chang)片,為(wei)(wei)后(hou)(hou)(hou)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)常(chang)州(zhou)(zhou)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)再次興起留下了(le)(le)火種。近(jin)現(xian)代(dai)以來(lai),“常(chang)州(zhou)(zhou)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)”領域擁有(you)諸多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)名(ming)家,先后(hou)(hou)(hou)出現(xian)了(le)(le)趙元(yuan)任(ren)、周有(you)光、鄒宗浩、丁彥士(shi)、吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)玉(yu)良、史(shi)肇美、何祖述、陸汝挺、屠岸、羊(yang)(yang)淇、史(shi)曼(man)倩、錢璱之、鄒醒國、惲正平(ping)、羊(yang)(yang)漢等(deng)一批代(dai)表性人(ren)物(wu),其影響遍(bian)及海內(nei)外華(hua)人(ren)界與(yu)深受(shou)中華(hua)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化影響的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日本、韓國及東(dong)南亞地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)。近(jin)年來(lai),常(chang)州(zhou)(zhou)加(jia)大(da)了(le)(le)非物(wu)質文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化遺產(chan)(chan)保護的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力度,成立(li)了(le)(le)常(chang)州(zhou)(zhou)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)藝(yi)術(shu)協會(hui),促進了(le)(le)研究(jiu)和(he)(he)傳(chuan)(chuan)承工作的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深入。
東漢(han)以(yi)前有(you)(you)(you)歌(ge)有(you)(you)(you)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song),是(shi)否有(you)(you)(you)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)尚不(bu)明(ming)。盡管有(you)(you)(you)個別文(wen)獻(xian)提到了吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin),但是(shi)語(yu)焉不(bu)詳(xiang)。東漢(han)以(yi)后有(you)(you)(you)歌(ge)有(you)(you)(you)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)有(you)(you)(you)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)。凡詩文(wen)皆可吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song),歷代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)歌(ge)詩(詩、騷(sao)、樂(le)府、詞、曲(qu)等(deng)(deng))在不(bu)能歌(ge)之(zhi)后,亦用(yong)(yong)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)之(zhi)法(fa)傳承。凡文(wen)人(ren)皆會吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song),唱和(he)酬答(da),教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)學(xue)(xue)習(xi),皆用(yong)(yong)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)。歷史上有(you)(you)(you)很(hen)多(duo)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)名家,如(ru)謝安、王陽明(ming)等(deng)(deng)。明(ming)清兩朝,吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)尤為(wei)(wei)發達(da),更為(wei)(wei)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)詩詞文(wen)賦(fu)和(he)八(ba)股文(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方法(fa)。桐城派(pai)創(chuang)其獨特的(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)文(wen)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)法(fa),倡導“因(yin)聲求氣”,其法(fa)流傳至(zhi)今(jin)。吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)主要(yao)通過(guo)古(gu)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)系(xi)統(私塾和(he)公學(xue)(xue),前者為(wei)(wei)主)傳承。老師(shi)把對(dui)詩文(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)理解,灌注在吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)之(zhi)中,整個兒傳給學(xue)(xue)生。所(suo)(suo)謂(wei)讀(du)(du)書聲,即(ji)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)聲。一(yi)般有(you)(you)(you)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)有(you)(you)(you)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song),詩詞多(duo)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)而文(wen)賦(fu)多(duo)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)。吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)在古(gu)代(dai),是(shi)如(ru)同識(shi)字、寫字一(yi)樣,是(shi)文(wen)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本(ben)技能,只要(yao)上過(guo)幾年私塾,就會吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)。因(yin)此,幾乎(hu)(hu)沒有(you)(you)(you)人(ren)專門研究吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song),幾乎(hu)(hu)沒有(you)(you)(you)關(guan)于吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)的(de)(de)(de)(de)專門論述。我們對(dui)古(gu)代(dai)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)普及程度的(de)(de)(de)(de)印象也有(you)(you)(you)偏(pian)差。在古(gu)代(dai),農村普遍有(you)(you)(you)族(zu)館村學(xue)(xue),一(yi)般為(wei)(wei)三年義(yi)務(wu)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)制,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)一(yi)些(xie)農民也會吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)。鄉鎮以(yi)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)地方,婦女也多(duo)可讀(du)(du)家館。文(wen)盲率(lv)竄升,乃(nai)近代(dai)以(yi)后之(zhi)事,實是(shi)新(xin)學(xue)(xue)堂勃(bo)興(xing)之(zhi)后,師(shi)資不(bu)繼,而私塾消亡,所(suo)(suo)造成的(de)(de)(de)(de)惡果。吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)是(shi)完(wan)全口傳心授,純粹(cui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)口頭非物質(zhi)文(wen)化。因(yin)此吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)也無定調,也無曲(qu)譜。日本(ben)、朝鮮、越(yue)南(nan)等(deng)(deng)國,皆有(you)(you)(you)漢(han)詩文(wen)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song),傳承達(da)千年以(yi)上。有(you)(you)(you)用(yong)(yong)轉讀(du)(du)音吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)的(de)(de)(de)(de),有(you)(you)(you)用(yong)(yong)漢(han)語(yu)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)的(de)(de)(de)(de),有(you)(you)(you)用(yong)(yong)本(ben)國語(yu)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)的(de)(de)(de)(de),各分流派(pai)。其吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)調也有(you)(you)(you)雅俗樂(le)之(zhi)別。
同時,吟(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)也是一(yi)種語言形式,吟(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)其實是吟(yin)(yin)(yin)和誦(song)的合(he)稱,吟(yin)(yin)(yin),即吟(yin)(yin)(yin)詠;誦(song),即誦(song)讀。古代詩詞文賦大部分是使用吟(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)方式創作,作為(wei)文化的有聲傳承方式,吟(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)既不同于朗誦(song),又不同于一(yi)般的歌(ge)唱。
趙元任首(shou)開以音樂為視角對吟誦進(jin)(jin)行(xing)理(li)論研究的先河(he),親自進(jin)(jin)行(xing)吟誦錄音,記寫《靜夜思》、《楓(feng)橋夜泊》、《長恨歌》、《江(jiang)城子(zi)》等著名詩(shi)詞名篇的吟誦樂譜,并(bing)頗具匠心(xin)地運用(yong)吟誦音調(diao)創作了《瓶(ping)花》、《聽雨》等歌曲。
吟誦(song)是中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)優秀的(de)非物(wu)質(zhi)文化(hua)遺產代表作,是公認的(de)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)文化(hua)獨(du)特魅力之(zhi)一,在國(guo)(guo)際(ji)上享有很(hen)高(gao)的(de)聲譽。不僅(jin)華人吟誦(song),在日本、韓國(guo)(guo)、越南等很(hen)多國(guo)(guo)家中(zhong),吟誦(song)漢(han)詩的(de)傳(chuan)統也一直流傳(chuan)不衰。但(dan)是,作為吟誦(song)之(zhi)根,遠為豐厚璀璨的(de)中(zhong)華吟誦(song)卻幾乎沒有了傳(chuan)承。
吟誦(song)(song)通過私塾和(he)官(guan)學教育體系口傳心授,流傳至今。吟誦(song)(song)的(de)內容(rong)是(shi)(shi)經典和(he)詩(shi)文(wen)(wen),吟誦(song)(song)的(de)形(xing)式是(shi)(shi)依照漢語的(de)特點和(he)詩(shi)詞(ci)格律而進行(xing),從(cong)內到外,都是(shi)(shi)中華文(wen)(wen)明精(jing)神的(de)結晶,體現(xian)著大雅君(jun)子(zi)風范。它是(shi)(shi)中國(guo)傳統文(wen)(wen)化尤其(qi)是(shi)(shi)儒家禮(li)樂文(wen)(wen)化的(de)重(zhong)要組成部(bu)分。常州吟誦(song)(song)作(zuo)為一項(xiang)國(guo)家級(ji)非物質(zhi)文(wen)(wen)化遺(yi)產,是(shi)(shi)一種集(ji)詩(shi)詞(ci)、音樂、語言于(yu)一體的(de)藝術(shu)形(xing)式,具有(you)跨學科(ke)的(de)研究(jiu)價值和(he)傳承性(xing)的(de)保護價值。