《孟(meng)子(zi)》一書共(gong)七篇,是戰國(guo)時期孟(meng)子(zi)的(de)言論匯編,記錄(lu)(lu)了孟(meng)子(zi)與(yu)其他各家思(si)想的(de)爭辯,對(dui)弟子(zi)的(de)言傳身教,游說諸侯等內容,由孟(meng)子(zi)及其弟子(zi)(萬章(zhang)等)共(gong)同編撰而成。《孟(meng)子(zi)》記錄(lu)(lu)了孟(meng)子(zi)的(de)治(zhi)國(guo)思(si)想、政(zheng)治(zhi)策略(仁政(zheng)、王霸之(zhi)辨、民本(ben)、格君心之(zhi)非(fei),民為貴社稷次之(zhi)君為輕)和政(zheng)治(zhi)行(xing)動(dong),成書大約在戰國(guo)中期,屬儒家經典著作。
其學說出發點(dian)為性善論(lun)(lun),主張德治。南宋時朱熹將《孟子》與《論(lun)(lun)語》《大(da)學》《中(zhong)庸(yong)》合在一起稱“四書”。自從(cong)宋、元、明、清以來,都把它(ta)當做家(jia)傳戶誦的書。就(jiu)像我們的教(jiao)科(ke)書一樣。
《孟(meng)(meng)(meng)子》是(shi)(shi)四書(shu)中篇幅最(zui)長,部(bu)頭最(zui)重的(de)一(yi)(yi)本,有三萬五(wu)千多字,直到清(qing)末都是(shi)(shi)科舉必考(kao)內容。《孟(meng)(meng)(meng)子》這部(bu)書(shu)的(de)理論,不但純粹宏博(bo),文章也極雄健優美。(五(wu)經:《詩》《書(shu)》《禮(li)》《易(yi)》《春(chun)秋》)《孟(meng)(meng)(meng)子》是(shi)(shi)記錄孟(meng)(meng)(meng)軻(ke)言行的(de)一(yi)(yi)部(bu)著作,也是(shi)(shi)儒家重要經典之一(yi)(yi)。篇目有:(一(yi)(yi))《梁惠王》上(shang)、下(xia),(二)《公(gong)(gong)孫丑》上(shang)、下(xia),(三)《滕(teng)文公(gong)(gong)》上(shang)、下(xia),(四)《離(li)婁》上(shang)、下(xia),(五(wu))《萬章》上(shang)、下(xia),(六)《告(gao)子》上(shang)、下(xia),(七)《盡(jin)心》上(shang)、下(xia)。
《孟子》行文氣勢磅礴(bo),感情充沛,雄辯滔(tao)滔(tao),極(ji)富感染力,流傳(chuan)后(hou)世,影(ying)響深遠,成為儒家經典(dian)著作之一。
《史記·孟(meng)荀列(lie)傳》:“孟(meng)軻所如不合,退(tui)與萬(wan)章(zhang)之(zhi)(zhi)徒序《詩(shi)》、《書》,述仲尼之(zhi)(zhi)意,作(zuo)《孟(meng)子》七(qi)篇。”謂(wei)《孟(meng)子》七(qi)篇由孟(meng)軻自(zi)作(zuo),趙岐《孟(meng)子題辭》曰(yue):“此(ci)書孟(meng)子之(zhi)(zhi)所作(zuo)也,故總謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)《孟(meng)子》。”又曰(yue):“于是退(tui)而論(lun)集,所與高弟弟子公(gong)孫丑、萬(wan)章(zhang)之(zhi)(zhi)徒,難疑(yi)答問,又自(zi)撰其法度之(zhi)(zhi)言(yan),著書七(qi)篇。”此(ci)亦主孟(meng)子自(zi)撰。
清閻若璩《孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)生卒年月考》亦以孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)自作是(shi),且曰:“《論語》成于門人(ren)之(zhi)手,故記圣人(ren)容貌甚(shen)悉。七篇成于己手,故但(dan)記言語或(huo)出處(chu)耳。”但(dan)考諸《孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)》,孟(meng)軻所見時(shi)君(jun)如梁惠王、梁襄王、齊宣王、鄒(zou)穆公、滕文公、魯(lu)平公等皆(jie)稱謚(shi)號,恐非(fei)孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)自作時(shi)所為也(ye);又(you)記孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)弟(di)子(zi)(zi)樂正(zheng)子(zi)(zi)、公都子(zi)(zi)、屋盧子(zi)(zi)皆(jie)以“子(zi)(zi)”稱,也(ye)斷(duan)非(fei)孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)所為,其編定者極可能是(shi)孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)的(de)弟(di)子(zi)(zi)。成書大約在戰國中期。
《孟子(zi)》的主(zhu)要注(zhu)本(ben)(ben)(ben)有《孟子(zi)注(zhu)疏》,《四部(bu)(bu)(bu)備要》本(ben)(ben)(ben)14卷;《孟子(zi)集注(zhu)》,《四部(bu)(bu)(bu)備要》本(ben)(ben)(ben)7卷;《孟子(zi)正義》,《四部(bu)(bu)(bu)備要》本(ben)(ben)(ben)30卷。另有今(jin)人楊(yang)伯峻《孟子(zi)譯注(zhu)》(中華書局(ju)本(ben)(ben)(ben))。
孟子(約(yue)公元前(qian)372年-公元前(qian)289年),名軻,字不詳(子輿、子居(ju)等字表皆(jie)出自偽(wei)書,或后(hou)人(ren)杜撰),戰國中期魯國鄒人(ren)(今山(shan)東鄒城人(ren)),距離(li)孔子的(de)故鄉曲阜不遠(yuan)。
孟子(zi)是著(zhu)名的(de)(de)思想(xiang)(xiang)家(jia)(jia)(jia)、政(zheng)治家(jia)(jia)(jia)、教(jiao)育家(jia)(jia)(jia),孔(kong)子(zi)學(xue)說(shuo)的(de)(de)繼承者,儒家(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)代表人物。相(xiang)傳孟子(zi)是魯國(guo)(guo)貴族孟孫氏的(de)(de)后裔,幼年喪父,家(jia)(jia)(jia)庭貧困,曾受業于子(zi)思(孔(kong)伋,孔(kong)子(zi)之(zhi)孫)的(de)(de)門人。學(xue)成(cheng)以(yi)后,以(yi)士的(de)(de)身(shen)份(fen)游說(shuo)諸侯(hou),企(qi)圖推行(xing)自己的(de)(de)政(zheng)治主(zhu)張,到過(guo)梁(liang)(魏)國(guo)(guo)、齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)、宋(song)國(guo)(guo)、滕國(guo)(guo)、魯國(guo)(guo)。當時(shi)幾(ji)個大國(guo)(guo)都致力(li)于富國(guo)(guo)強兵,爭(zheng)取(qu)通(tong)過(guo)武力(li)的(de)(de)手段實現(xian)統一(yi)。而他(ta)繼承了孔(kong)子(zi)“仁(ren)”的(de)(de)思想(xiang)(xiang)并將其(qi)發(fa)展成(cheng)為“仁(ren)政(zheng)”思想(xiang)(xiang),被稱為“亞圣”。
孟(meng)子的(de)出(chu)生距孔子之死(si)(公元前479)大約百年左右。關(guan)于他的(de)身世(shi),流傳下來的(de)已(yi)很少,《韓詩外傳》載有他母親(qin)“斷織”的(de)故事(shi),《列女(nv)傳》載有他母親(qin)“三遷”和“去齊”等(deng)故事(shi),可見他得力于母親(qin)的(de)教育不少。據《列女(nv)傳》和趙岐《孟(meng)子題辭(ci)》說(shuo)(shuo),孟(meng)子曾受教于孔子的(de)孫子子思(si)(si)(si)(si)。但從(cong)年代推(tui)算,似(si)乎(hu)不可信。《史記·孟(meng)子荀(xun)(xun)卿列傳》說(shuo)(shuo)他“受業(ye)子思(si)(si)(si)(si)之門人”,這倒是有可能(neng)的(de)。無論是受業(ye)于子思(si)(si)(si)(si)也罷(ba),子思(si)(si)(si)(si)門人也罷(ba),孟(meng)子的(de)學說(shuo)(shuo)都受到(dao)孔子思(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)的(de)影響。所(suo)以(yi),荀(xun)(xun)子把(ba)子思(si)(si)(si)(si)和孟(meng)子列為一派,這就是后世(shi)所(suo)稱儒家中(zhong)的(de)思(si)(si)(si)(si)孟(meng)學派。
和孔子(zi)(zi)一樣,孟子(zi)(zi)也(ye)曾帶(dai)領學(xue)(xue)生游(you)歷魏、齊、宋、魯(lu)、滕、薛等國,并(bing)一度擔任過齊宣王(wang)的客卿(qing)。由(you)于他的政治主張(zhang)也(ye)與孔子(zi)(zi)的一樣不(bu)被重(zhong)用,所(suo)以(yi)便回到(dao)家鄉聚徒(tu)講學(xue)(xue),與學(xue)(xue)生萬章等人(ren)著書立說,“序《詩》《書》,述仲尼之意,作(zuo)《孟子(zi)(zi)》七(qi)(qi)篇(pian)。”(《史(shi)記·孟子(zi)(zi)荀卿(qing)列傳》)我們所(suo)見的《孟子(zi)(zi)》七(qi)(qi)篇(pian),每篇(pian)分(fen)為上下,約三萬五千字,一共二百(bai)六十章。
但《漢書(shu).藝文志(zhi)》著錄“孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)十一篇(pian)(pian)”,比現存的(de)《孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)》多出四篇(pian)(pian)。趙岐在為《孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)》作(zuo)注時,對十一篇(pian)(pian)進行了鑒別(bie),認(ren)為七(qi)(qi)篇(pian)(pian)為真(zhen),七(qi)(qi)篇(pian)(pian)以外的(de)四篇(pian)(pian)為偽篇(pian)(pian)。東漢以后,這幾篇(pian)(pian)便相(xiang)繼失佚了。趙岐在《孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)題辭》中(zhong)(zhong)把(ba)(ba)《孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)》與《論語(yu)》相(xiang)比,認(ren)為《孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)》是(shi)“擬圣而(er)作(zuo)”。所(suo)以,盡管《漢書(shu).文藝志(zhi)》僅僅把(ba)(ba)《孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)》放(fang)在諸子(zi)(zi)略中(zhong)(zhong),視為子(zi)(zi)書(shu),但實(shi)際上(shang)在漢代(dai)人的(de)心目中(zhong)(zhong)已經把(ba)(ba)它看(kan)作(zuo)輔助“經書(shu)”的(de)“傳”書(shu)了。
漢文帝把《論語》《孝經》《孟(meng)子》《爾雅(ya)》各置博士(shi),便叫“傳記(ji)博士(shi)”。到(dao)五代后(hou)蜀(shu)(shu)時(shi)(shi),后(hou)蜀(shu)(shu)主孟(meng)昶命令人(ren)(ren)楷書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)十一經刻石,其(qi)中包括了《孟(meng)子》,這(zhe)可能是《孟(meng)子》列(lie)入“經書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)”的開(kai)始。后(hou)來(lai)宋(song)太宗(zong)又翻刻了這(zhe)十一經。到(dao)南(nan)宋(song)孝宗(zong)時(shi)(shi),朱(zhu)熹編《四書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》列(lie)入了《孟(meng)子》,正(zheng)式把《孟(meng)子》提到(dao)了非常高(gao)的地位。元、明以后(hou)又成為科(ke)舉考試(shi)的內(nei)容,更是讀書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)人(ren)(ren)的必讀之(zhi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)了。
主要封贈
戰國(guo)(guo)齊宣王在(zai)稷下(xia)學宮冊封(feng)的第一任“上(shang)大夫”就是孟(meng)子。1083年(nian)(nian)(nian)(宋元(yuan)豐六年(nian)(nian)(nian)),升鄒國(guo)(guo)公。1330年(nian)(nian)(nian)(元(yuan)至順元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)),加贈為鄒國(guo)(guo)亞圣公。1530年(nian)(nian)(nian)(明嘉靖九年(nian)(nian)(nian)),奉為亞圣,罷公爵(jue)。明景泰(tai)二年(nian)(nian)(nian),孟(meng)子嫡派后裔(yi)被封(feng)為翰林院(yuan)五(wu)經(jing)博士(shi),子孫世(shi)襲(xi),一直到民國(guo)(guo)3年(nian)(nian)(nian),73代翰林院(yuan)五(wu)經(jing)博士(shi)孟(meng)慶(qing)棠(tang)改封(feng)奉祀官(guan)(guan),民國(guo)(guo)24年(nian)(nian)(nian)改稱亞圣奉祀官(guan)(guan)。
孟(meng)子見梁惠王(wang),王(wang)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“叟,不(bu)遠千(qian)里而(er)來,亦將(jiang)有(you)以利(li)(li)吾國(guo)乎(hu)?”孟(meng)子對曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“王(wang)何(he)(he)必曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)利(li)(li)?亦有(you)仁(ren)義(yi)而(er)已矣(yi)。王(wang)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)何(he)(he)以利(li)(li)吾國(guo),大(da)夫曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)何(he)(he)以利(li)(li)吾家,士、庶人(ren)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)何(he)(he)以利(li)(li)吾身(shen),上下交征利(li)(li)而(er)國(guo)危矣(yi)。萬乘之(zhi)(zhi)國(guo),弒(shi)其君(jun)者,必千(qian)乘之(zhi)(zhi)家;千(qian)乘之(zhi)(zhi)國(guo),弒(shi)其君(jun)者,必百乘之(zhi)(zhi)家。萬取千(qian)焉,千(qian)取百焉,不(bu)為(wei)不(bu)多矣(yi)。茍為(wei)后義(yi)而(er)先利(li)(li),不(bu)奪(duo)不(bu)饜。未(wei)有(you)仁(ren)而(er)遺其親者也,未(wei)有(you)義(yi)而(er)后其君(jun)者也。王(wang)亦曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)仁(ren)義(yi)而(er)已矣(yi),何(he)(he)必曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)利(li)(li)!”
孟(meng)子(zi)見梁惠王(wang),王(wang)立于(yu)(yu)沼上,顧(gu)鴻雁麋鹿,曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“賢(xian)者(zhe)亦樂(le)(le)(le)(le)此(ci)乎(hu)?”孟(meng)子(zi)對曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“賢(xian)者(zhe)而(er)后樂(le)(le)(le)(le)此(ci),不(bu)(bu)賢(xian)者(zhe)雖有(you)此(ci)不(bu)(bu)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)也。詩云:經始(shi)靈(ling)(ling)(ling)臺,經之(zhi)營之(zhi),庶民(min)攻(gong)之(zhi),不(bu)(bu)日成之(zhi),經始(shi)勿亟(ji),庶民(min)子(zi)來,王(wang)在靈(ling)(ling)(ling)囿,麋鹿攸伏,麋鹿濯濯,白鳥(niao)鶴(he)鶴(he),王(wang)在靈(ling)(ling)(ling)沼,于(yu)(yu)軔魚(yu)躍(yue)。文(wen)王(wang)以民(min)力為臺為沼,而(er)民(min)歡樂(le)(le)(le)(le)之(zhi),謂其臺曰(yue)(yue)(yue)靈(ling)(ling)(ling)臺,謂其沼曰(yue)(yue)(yue)靈(ling)(ling)(ling)沼。樂(le)(le)(le)(le)其有(you)麋鹿魚(yu)鱉。古之(zhi)人與民(min)偕(xie)(xie)樂(le)(le)(le)(le),故能(neng)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)也。湯(tang)誓曰(yue)(yue)(yue):時(shi)日害喪,予及汝(ru)偕(xie)(xie)亡。民(min)欲(yu)與之(zhi)偕(xie)(xie)亡,雖有(you)臺池鳥(niao)獸,豈能(neng)獨樂(le)(le)(le)(le)哉!”
梁(liang)惠王曰(yue)(yue):“寡人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)國也(ye)(ye),盡心焉(yan)(yan)耳矣。河(he)(he)內(nei)兇,則移(yi)其民于(yu)(yu)河(he)(he)東(dong),移(yi)其粟于(yu)(yu)河(he)(he)內(nei)。河(he)(he)東(dong)兇亦(yi)然。察鄰(lin)國之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)政,無如寡人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用心者(zhe)。鄰(lin)國之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民不(bu)(bu)加少,寡人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民不(bu)(bu)加多(duo)。何(he)也(ye)(ye)?”孟子(zi)對曰(yue)(yue):“王好(hao)戰,請以(yi)戰喻。填然鼓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),兵刃既接(jie),棄甲曳兵而走,或(huo)百步而后止,或(huo)五(wu)十(shi)(shi)步而后止。以(yi)五(wu)十(shi)(shi)步笑(xiao)百步,則何(he)如?”曰(yue)(yue):“不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)。直不(bu)(bu)百步耳,是亦(yi)走也(ye)(ye)。”曰(yue)(yue):“王如知此(ci),則無望民之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)多(duo)于(yu)(yu)鄰(lin)國也(ye)(ye)。不(bu)(bu)違農時,谷(gu)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)勝(sheng)食(shi)也(ye)(ye)。數罟(gu)不(bu)(bu)入(ru)污池,魚鱉不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)勝(sheng)食(shi)也(ye)(ye)。斧(fu)斤以(yi)時入(ru)山林,材木(mu)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)勝(sheng)用也(ye)(ye)。谷(gu)與魚鱉不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)勝(sheng)食(shi),材木(mu)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)勝(sheng)用,是使民養生(sheng)(sheng)喪死無憾也(ye)(ye)。養生(sheng)(sheng)喪死無憾,王道之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)始也(ye)(ye)。五(wu)畝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宅,樹之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)桑,五(wu)十(shi)(shi)者(zhe)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)衣帛(bo)(bo)矣。雞豚狗彘之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)畜,無失(shi)其時,七十(shi)(shi)者(zhe)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)食(shi)肉矣。百畝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田,勿(wu)奪(duo)其時,數口之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)家,可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)無饑矣。謹庠序之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教,申之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)孝悌之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)義(yi),頒(ban)白者(zhe)不(bu)(bu)負戴于(yu)(yu)道路矣。七十(shi)(shi)者(zhe)衣帛(bo)(bo)食(shi)肉,黎民不(bu)(bu)饑不(bu)(bu)寒,然而不(bu)(bu)王者(zhe),未之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有也(ye)(ye)。狗彘食(shi)人(ren)(ren)食(shi)而不(bu)(bu)知檢,涂有餓莩(fu)而不(bu)(bu)知發。人(ren)(ren)死,則曰(yue)(yue):非我也(ye)(ye),歲也(ye)(ye)。是何(he)異于(yu)(yu)刺人(ren)(ren)而殺(sha)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),曰(yue)(yue):非我也(ye)(ye),兵也(ye)(ye)。王無罪歲,斯天下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民至焉(yan)(yan)。
梁惠(hui)王曰(yue)(yue):“寡人(ren)(ren)愿(yuan)安承教。”孟子對曰(yue)(yue):“殺人(ren)(ren)以(yi)梃(ting)與(yu)刃(ren),有(you)以(yi)異乎?”曰(yue)(yue):“無(wu)以(yi)異也(ye)(ye)。”“以(yi)刃(ren)與(yu)政(zheng),有(you)以(yi)異乎?”曰(yue)(yue):“無(wu)以(yi)異也(ye)(ye)。”曰(yue)(yue):“庖有(you)肥肉,廄(jiu)有(you)肥馬,民(min)有(you)饑色,野有(you)餓莩,此率(lv)獸而(er)食(shi)人(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye)。獸相食(shi),且人(ren)(ren)惡(e)之。為(wei)民(min)父母,行政(zheng)不免于率(lv)獸而(er)食(shi)人(ren)(ren),惡(e)在其(qi)為(wei)民(min)父母也(ye)(ye)。仲尼曰(yue)(yue):‘始(shi)作俑(yong)者,其(qi)無(wu)后乎!’為(wei)其(qi)象人(ren)(ren)而(er)用(yong)之也(ye)(ye)。如之何,其(qi)使斯民(min)饑而(er)死(si)也(ye)(ye)?”
梁惠王曰:“晉國,天下(xia)莫(mo)強焉,叟之(zhi)所知也。及寡(gua)人(ren)之(zhi)身,東敗于齊,長子死焉;西喪地(di)于秦(qin)七百里(li);南辱于楚(chu)。寡(gua)人(ren)恥之(zhi),愿比死者一(yi)灑之(zhi),如之(zhi)何則可(ke)?”孟子對(dui)曰:“地(di)方百里(li)而可(ke)以王。王如施仁政于民,省(sheng)刑罰,薄稅斂,深耕易(yi)耨(nou)。壯者以暇日,修(xiu)其(qi)孝悌(ti)忠信,入以事(shi)其(qi)父(fu)兄(xiong),出以事(shi)其(qi)長上,可(ke)使(shi)制(zhi)梃以撻秦(qin)楚(chu)之(zhi)堅甲利兵矣。彼(bi)奪(duo)其(qi)民時,使(shi)不得耕耨(nou)以養其(qi)父(fu)母,父(fu)母凍餓,妻(qi)子離散。彼(bi)陷溺其(qi)民,王往而征(zheng)之(zhi),夫誰與(yu)王敵?故(gu)曰:‘仁者無敵’王請勿疑!”
孟子見梁(liang)襄王。出,語人(ren)(ren)曰(yue):“望之(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)似人(ren)(ren)君(jun),就之(zhi)(zhi)而不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)見所畏焉。卒(zu)然(ran)問(wen)曰(yue):‘天(tian)下(xia)惡乎(hu)定?’吾對(dui)曰(yue):‘定于一。’‘孰(shu)能(neng)一之(zhi)(zhi)?’對(dui)曰(yue):‘不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)嗜(shi)殺人(ren)(ren)者(zhe)能(neng)一之(zhi)(zhi)。’‘孰(shu)能(neng)與(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)?’對(dui)曰(yue):‘天(tian)下(xia)莫(mo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)與(yu)也(ye)。王知夫苗(miao)乎(hu)?七八月之(zhi)(zhi)間旱,則(ze)苗(miao)槁矣。天(tian)油然(ran)作云,沛(pei)然(ran)下(xia)雨(yu),則(ze)苗(miao)浡然(ran)興之(zhi)(zhi)矣。其如(ru)是,孰(shu)能(neng)御之(zhi)(zhi)?今夫天(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)牧,未(wei)有不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)嗜(shi)殺人(ren)(ren)者(zhe)也(ye),如(ru)有不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)嗜(shi)殺人(ren)(ren)者(zhe),則(ze)天(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)民(min),皆引領而望之(zhi)(zhi)矣。誠如(ru)是也(ye),民(min)歸之(zhi)(zhi),由水(shui)之(zhi)(zhi)就下(xia),沛(pei)然(ran)誰(shui)能(neng)御之(zhi)(zhi)?’”
齊宣王(wang)問曰:“齊桓(huan)、晉文之事(shi)可(ke)得聞(wen)(wen)乎?”孟(meng)子對(dui)曰:“仲尼(ni)之徒無(wu)道桓(huan)、文之事(shi)者(zhe),是以后世無(wu)傳焉。臣未之聞(wen)(wen)也。無(wu)以,則王(wang)(wàng)乎?”
曰(yue):“德(de)何(he)(he)(he)如,則(ze)可(ke)以(yi)王(wang)矣?”曰(yue):“保民(min)而(er)王(wang),莫之(zhi)能御也(ye)。”曰(yue):“若寡(gua)人者,可(ke)以(yi)保民(min)乎哉?”曰(yue):“可(ke)。”曰(yue):“何(he)(he)(he)由知吾可(ke)也(ye)?”曰(yue):“臣聞之(zhi)胡(hu)龁(hé)曰(yue),王(wang)坐于堂上(shang),有牽牛而(er)過堂下者,王(wang)見(jian)之(zhi),曰(yue):‘牛何(he)(he)(he)之(zhi)?’對曰(yue):‘將以(yi)釁(xìn)鐘。’王(wang)曰(yue):‘舍之(zhi)!吾不忍其(qi)觳(hú)觫(sù),若無罪而(er)就死地。’對曰(yue):‘然(ran)則(ze)廢釁鐘與(yu)?’曰(yue):‘何(he)(he)(he)可(ke)廢也(ye)?以(yi)羊易之(zhi)!’不識(shi)有諸(zhu)?”
曰:“有之(zhi)。”曰:“是(shi)心足以王(wang)(wang)矣。百姓皆以王(wang)(wang)為愛(ai)也(ye),臣固知王(wang)(wang)之(zhi)不忍(ren)(ren)也(ye)。”王(wang)(wang)曰:“然。誠有百姓者(zhe)。齊國雖(sui)褊(biǎn)小,吾何愛(ai)一牛(niu)?即(ji)不忍(ren)(ren)其觳觫,若無(wu)罪(zui)而(er)就死地(di),故以羊易(yi)之(zhi)也(ye)。”曰:“王(wang)(wang)無(wu)異(yi)于百姓之(zhi)以王(wang)(wang)為愛(ai)也(ye)。以小易(yi)大,彼惡知之(zhi)?王(wang)(wang)若隱(yin)其無(wu)罪(zui)而(er)就死地(di),則牛(niu)羊何擇焉?”
王笑曰:“是誠何心哉?我非(fei)愛其(qi)財。而易之以羊(yang)也(ye)(ye),宜(yi)乎百姓(xing)之謂我愛也(ye)(ye)。”曰:“無傷也(ye)(ye),是乃仁術也(ye)(ye),見牛未見羊(yang)也(ye)(ye)。君子之于禽獸也(ye)(ye),見其(qi)生,不(bu)忍見其(qi)死;聞其(qi)聲,不(bu)忍食其(qi)肉。是以君子遠(yuan)庖廚(chu)也(ye)(ye)。”
王(wang)說(yuè)曰:“《詩》云:‘他人有(you)心(xin),予忖度之。’夫子之謂也。夫我乃行之,反而(er)(er)求之,不得吾心(xin)。夫子言之,于我心(xin)有(you)戚戚焉。此心(xin)之所(suo)以合于王(wang)者(zhe),何也?”曰:“有(you)復于王(wang)者(zhe)曰:‘吾力足以舉百鈞(jun)’,而(er)(er)不足以舉一(yi)羽;‘明足以察秋(qiu)毫之末’,而(er)(er)不見輿薪,則王(wang)許(xu)之乎?”
曰(yue):“否。”“今恩足以(yi)及(ji)禽獸(shou),而功不(bu)至于百姓(xing)者(zhe),獨何(he)與?然則一(yi)羽之不(bu)舉,為不(bu)用(yong)力(li)焉(yan)(yan);輿薪之不(bu)見,為不(bu)用(yong)明焉(yan)(yan);百姓(xing)之不(bu)見保(bao),為不(bu)用(yong)恩焉(yan)(yan)。故(gu)王(wang)之不(bu)王(wang),不(bu)為也,非不(bu)能也。”
曰:“不(bu)為(wei)者與不(bu)能(neng)(neng)者之(zhi)(zhi)形(xing)何以(yi)(yi)異?”曰:“挾太(tai)山以(yi)(yi)超(chao)(chao)北海,語(yu)(yù)人曰‘我不(bu)能(neng)(neng)’,是誠不(bu)能(neng)(neng)也。為(wei)長者折(zhe)枝,語(yu)人曰‘我不(bu)能(neng)(neng)’,是不(bu)為(wei)也,非不(bu)能(neng)(neng)也。故王之(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)王,非挾太(tai)山以(yi)(yi)超(chao)(chao)北海之(zhi)(zhi)類(lei)也;王之(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)王,是折(zhe)枝之(zhi)(zhi)類(lei)也。
"老吾老,以(yi)及(ji)人之老;幼吾幼,以(yi)及(ji)人之幼。天(tian)下可(ke)運于(yu)掌。《詩》云:‘刑于(yu)寡妻,至于(yu)兄弟,以(yi)御于(yu)家邦。’言(yan)舉(ju)斯心,加諸彼而已(yi)。故推恩(en)足以(yi)保四海(hai),不(bu)推恩(en)無(wu)以(yi)保妻子。古之人所以(yi)大過人者,無(wu)他焉,善推其所為(wei)而已(yi)矣(yi)。今恩(en)足以(yi)及(ji)禽獸(shou),而功不(bu)至于(yu)百姓者,獨何與(yu)?權,然后知輕重;度,然后知長短。物皆然,心為(wei)甚。王(wang)請度之!抑王(wang)興甲兵,危士臣,構怨于(yu)諸侯,然后快(kuai)于(yu)心與(yu)?”
王(wang)曰:“否。吾(wu)何(he)快于是?將(jiang)以求吾(wu)所(suo)大欲也。”曰:“王(wang)之所(suo)大欲可得聞與?”王(wang)笑而(er)不言(yan)。
曰:“為肥(fei)甘不(bu)足于口與(yu)?輕(qing)暖不(bu)足于體與(yu)?抑(yi)為采色不(bu)足視于目與(yu)?聲(sheng)音不(bu)足聽(ting)于耳與(yu)?便(bian)(pián)嬖(bi)(bì)不(bu)足使令(ling)于前與(yu)?王之諸臣,皆足以供之,而王豈為是(shi)哉?”曰:“否。吾不(bu)為是(shi)也(ye)。”
曰:“然則王之所(suo)(suo)大欲(yu)可知已。欲(yu)辟土(tu)地,朝(chao)秦楚,蒞(lì)中(zhong)國而撫四夷也(ye)。以若(ruo)所(suo)(suo)為,求若(ruo)所(suo)(suo)欲(yu),猶(you)緣木而求魚也(ye)。”
王曰(yue)(yue):“若(ruo)是(shi)其(qi)(qi)甚與(yu)(yú)?”曰(yue)(yue):“殆(dai)有(you)(you)甚焉。緣木求(qiu)(qiu)魚,雖不(bu)(bu)得魚,無后(hou)災。以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)若(ruo)所為,求(qiu)(qiu)若(ruo)所欲(yu)(yu),盡心力而為之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),后(hou)必有(you)(you)災。”曰(yue)(yue):“可(ke)(ke)得聞(wen)與(yu)?”曰(yue)(yue):“鄒人與(yu)楚(chu)人戰,則(ze)王以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)為孰(shu)勝?”曰(yue)(yue):“楚(chu)人勝。”曰(yue)(yue):“然則(ze)小(xiao)固(gu)(gu)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)敵(di)大,寡固(gu)(gu)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)敵(di)眾,弱固(gu)(gu)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)敵(di)強。海內(nei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di),方千里者(zhe)(zhe)九,齊集(ji)有(you)(you)其(qi)(qi)一。以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)一服八(ba),何以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)異于(yu)鄒敵(di)楚(chu)哉?蓋(hé)亦(yi)反其(qi)(qi)本矣。今王發政(zheng)施仁,使天下仕者(zhe)(zhe)皆欲(yu)(yu)立于(yu)王之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)朝,耕者(zhe)(zhe)皆欲(yu)(yu)耕于(yu)王之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)野(ye),商賈(gǔ)皆欲(yu)(yu)藏于(yu)王之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)市,行旅(lv)皆欲(yu)(yu)出于(yu)王之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)途(tu),天下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)欲(yu)(yu)疾其(qi)(qi)君者(zhe)(zhe),皆欲(yu)(yu)赴愬(sù)于(yu)王。其(qi)(qi)若(ruo)是(shi),孰(shu)能御(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)?”
王曰:“吾(wu)惛(hun)(hūn),不(bu)能進(jin)于是矣。愿夫子(zi)(zi)輔吾(wu)志,明以教我。我雖不(bu)敏,請(qing)嘗(chang)試之(zhi)(zhi)。”曰:“無(wu)恒產而(er)有(you)恒心者,惟士(shi)為能。若民,則(ze)無(wu)恒產,因無(wu)恒心。茍無(wu)恒心,放辟(pi)邪侈,無(wu)不(bu)為已。及(ji)陷(xian)于罪,然(ran)后從而(er)刑之(zhi)(zhi),是罔(wang)民也。焉有(you)仁人在位,罔(wang)民而(er)可為也?是故明君制(zhi)民之(zhi)(zhi)產,必使(shi)仰足(zu)以事父母,俯足(zu)以畜(chu)妻子(zi)(zi),樂歲(sui)終身飽(bao),兇年免于死亡。然(ran)后驅而(er)之(zhi)(zhi)善,故民之(zhi)(zhi)從之(zhi)(zhi)也輕。
今也制民之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)產,仰不(bu)足以(yi)事父母(mu),俯不(bu)足以(yi)畜(chu)妻子,樂歲終身(shen)苦(ku),兇(xiong)年(nian)不(bu)免于(yu)死亡。此惟救死而恐不(bu)贍(shan),奚暇治禮義(yi)哉?王欲行(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),則(ze)盍反其本(ben)矣(yi)(yi)。五(wu)畝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宅,樹之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)桑,五(wu)十者(zhe)(zhe)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)衣(yi)帛矣(yi)(yi);雞豚(tún)狗彘(zhì)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)畜(chu),無失其時,七十者(zhe)(zhe)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)食肉(rou)矣(yi)(yi);百畝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田,勿奪其時,八口之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)家可(ke)(ke)以(yi)無饑(ji)矣(yi)(yi);謹庠序之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao),申之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)孝悌之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)義(yi),頒白(bai)者(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)負戴于(yu)道路矣(yi)(yi)。老者(zhe)(zhe)衣(yi)帛食肉(rou),黎(li)民不(bu)饑(ji)不(bu)寒(han),然而不(bu)王者(zhe)(zhe),未(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有也。”
莊暴見(jian)孟子,曰(yue)(yue):“暴見(jian)于王(wang)(wang),王(wang)(wang)語暴以(yi)好(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le),暴未有以(yi)對也。”曰(yue)(yue):“好(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)何如?”孟子曰(yue)(yue):“王(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)好(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)甚(shen)(shen),則齊國其(qi)庶(shu)幾乎(hu)!他(ta)日,見(jian)于王(wang)(wang)曰(yue)(yue):“王(wang)(wang)嘗語莊子以(yi)好(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le),有諸?”王(wang)(wang)變乎(hu)色,曰(yue)(yue):“寡人(ren)非(fei)能好(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)先王(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)也,直好(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)世(shi)俗之(zhi)(zhi)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)耳。”曰(yue)(yue):“王(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)好(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)甚(shen)(shen),則齊其(qi)庶(shu)幾乎(hu)!今(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)猶古之(zhi)(zhi)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)也。”曰(yue)(yue):“可(ke)得聞與(yu)(yu)(yu)?”曰(yue)(yue):“獨樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le),與(yu)(yu)(yu)人(ren)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le),孰樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)?”曰(yue)(yue):“不若與(yu)(yu)(yu)人(ren)。”曰(yue)(yue):“與(yu)(yu)(yu)少樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le),與(yu)(yu)(yu)眾樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le),孰樂(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)?”曰(yue)(yue):“不若與(yu)(yu)(yu)眾。”
“臣請(qing)為王(wang)(wang)(wang)言(yan)樂:今(jin)王(wang)(wang)(wang)鼓(gu)(gu)樂于(yu)此(ci)(ci),百姓(xing)聞王(wang)(wang)(wang)鐘鼓(gu)(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)聲,管籥(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)音(yin),舉(ju)疾(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)首(shou)蹙(cu)額而相(xiang)(xiang)告曰(yue):‘吾王(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)好(hao)鼓(gu)(gu)樂,夫何使我至于(yu)此(ci)(ci)極也(ye)(ye)?父(fu)子(zi)不(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)見(jian),兄弟妻(qi)(qi)子(zi)離(li)散。’今(jin)王(wang)(wang)(wang)田獵(lie)于(yu)此(ci)(ci),百姓(xing)聞王(wang)(wang)(wang)車馬(ma)(ma)之(zhi)(zhi)音(yin),見(jian)羽旄之(zhi)(zhi)美,舉(ju)疾(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)首(shou)蹙(cu)頞而相(xiang)(xiang)告曰(yue):‘吾王(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)好(hao)田獵(lie),夫何使我至于(yu)此(ci)(ci)極也(ye)(ye)?父(fu)子(zi)不(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)見(jian),兄弟妻(qi)(qi)子(zi)離(li)散。’此(ci)(ci)無(wu)他(ta),不(bu)與民同(tong)樂也(ye)(ye)。今(jin)王(wang)(wang)(wang)鼓(gu)(gu)樂于(yu)此(ci)(ci),百姓(xing)聞王(wang)(wang)(wang)鐘鼓(gu)(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)聲,管籥(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)音(yin),舉(ju)欣(xin)欣(xin)然有喜(xi)(xi)色(se)而相(xiang)(xiang)告曰(yue):‘吾王(wang)(wang)(wang)庶幾無(wu)疾(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)病與?何以能鼓(gu)(gu)樂也(ye)(ye)?’今(jin)王(wang)(wang)(wang)田獵(lie)于(yu)此(ci)(ci),百姓(xing)聞王(wang)(wang)(wang)車馬(ma)(ma)之(zhi)(zhi)音(yin),見(jian)羽旄之(zhi)(zhi)美,舉(ju)欣(xin)欣(xin)然有喜(xi)(xi)色(se)而相(xiang)(xiang)告曰(yue):‘吾王(wang)(wang)(wang)庶幾無(wu)疾(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)病與?何以能田獵(lie)也(ye)(ye)?’此(ci)(ci)無(wu)他(ta),與民同(tong)樂也(ye)(ye)。今(jin)王(wang)(wang)(wang)與百姓(xing)同(tong)樂,則王(wang)(wang)(wang)矣。”
齊宣王(wang)問曰(yue):“文王(wang)之(zhi)囿(you)方七十(shi)里(li)(li),有(you)諸(zhu)?”孟子對曰(yue):“于傳有(you)之(zhi)。”曰(yue):“若是其大乎?”曰(yue):“民(min)猶以為小也。”曰(yue):“寡人之(zhi)囿(you)方四十(shi)里(li)(li),民(min)猶以為大,何(he)也?”曰(yue):“文王(wang)之(zhi)囿(you)方七十(shi)里(li)(li),芻蕘(rao)者(zhe)往焉,雉兔者(zhe)往焉,與民(min)同之(zhi)。民(min)以為小,不亦(yi)宜乎?臣始至于境,問國之(zhi)大禁(jin),然后敢入。臣聞郊關之(zhi)內(nei)有(you)囿(you)方四十(shi)里(li)(li),殺其麋鹿者(zhe)如殺人之(zhi)罪。則是方四十(shi)里(li)(li),為阱(jing)于國中。民(min)以為大,不亦(yi)宜乎?”
齊(qi)宣王(wang)(wang)問(wen)曰(yue):“交鄰(lin)國有(you)(you)道乎?”孟子對曰(yue):“有(you)(you)。惟仁(ren)者(zhe)為(wei)(wei)能以(yi)(yi)大(da)(da)事(shi)(shi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao),是故湯事(shi)(shi)葛(ge),文王(wang)(wang)事(shi)(shi)昆夷;惟智者(zhe)為(wei)(wei)能以(yi)(yi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)事(shi)(shi)大(da)(da),故大(da)(da)王(wang)(wang)事(shi)(shi)獯鬻,句踐事(shi)(shi)吳。以(yi)(yi)大(da)(da)事(shi)(shi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)者(zhe),樂(le)天(tian)(tian)者(zhe)也;以(yi)(yi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)事(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)者(zhe),畏(wei)天(tian)(tian)者(zhe)也。樂(le)天(tian)(tian)者(zhe)保(bao)(bao)天(tian)(tian)下(xia),畏(wei)天(tian)(tian)者(zhe)保(bao)(bao)其國。詩云(yun):‘畏(wei)天(tian)(tian)之(zhi)威,于時(shi)保(bao)(bao)之(zhi)。’”王(wang)(wang)曰(yue):“大(da)(da)哉言(yan)矣!寡(gua)人(ren)有(you)(you)疾,寡(gua)人(ren)好(hao)勇(yong)。”對曰(yue):“王(wang)(wang)請無好(hao)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)勇(yong)。夫撫(fu)劍疾視曰(yue),‘彼(bi)惡(e)敢當(dang)我哉’!此匹夫之(zhi)勇(yong),敵一人(ren)者(zhe)也。王(wang)(wang)請大(da)(da)之(zhi)!
詩云(yun):‘王赫斯(si)怒(nu)(nu),爰整(zheng)其(qi)(qi)旅,以(yi)遏徂莒(ju),以(yi)篤周祜(hu),以(yi)對于天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)。’此文(wen)王之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勇也。文(wen)王一怒(nu)(nu)而(er)安(an)天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民(min)。書曰:‘天(tian)(tian)(tian)降下(xia)民(min),作之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)君,作之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)師(shi)。惟(wei)曰其(qi)(qi)助上帝,寵之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)四(si)方(fang)。有(you)罪無(wu)罪,惟(wei)我在,天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)曷敢有(you)越厥志?’一人衡(heng)行于天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia),武(wu)(wu)王恥之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。此武(wu)(wu)王之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勇也。而(er)武(wu)(wu)王亦一怒(nu)(nu)而(er)安(an)天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民(min)。今王亦一怒(nu)(nu)而(er)安(an)天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民(min),民(min)惟(wei)恐(kong)王之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不好勇也。”
齊(qi)(qi)宣王(wang)見孟(meng)子(zi)于雪(xue)宮(gong)。王(wang)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“賢者(zhe)(zhe)亦(yi)(yi)有此樂(le)乎?”孟(meng)子(zi)對(dui)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“有。人不(bu)得,則非(fei)(fei)其(qi)上矣。不(bu)得而(er)非(fei)(fei)其(qi)上者(zhe)(zhe),非(fei)(fei)也(ye);為民上而(er)不(bu)與民同樂(le)者(zhe)(zhe),亦(yi)(yi)非(fei)(fei)也(ye)。樂(le)民之(zhi)樂(le)者(zhe)(zhe),民亦(yi)(yi)樂(le)其(qi)樂(le);憂民之(zhi)憂者(zhe)(zhe),民亦(yi)(yi)憂其(qi)憂。樂(le)以天(tian)(tian)下,憂以天(tian)(tian)下,然而(er)不(bu)王(wang)者(zhe)(zhe),未之(zhi)有也(ye)。昔(xi)者(zhe)(zhe)齊(qi)(qi)景公問(wen)于晏子(zi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):‘吾欲觀于轉附、朝(chao)儛,遵(zun)海而(er)南,放于瑯邪。吾何(he)修(xiu)而(er)可以比于先(xian)王(wang)觀也(ye)?’晏子(zi)對(dui)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):‘善哉問(wen)也(ye)!天(tian)(tian)子(zi)適(shi)諸侯曰(yue)(yue)(yue)巡(xun)狩(shou),巡(xun)狩(shou)者(zhe)(zhe)巡(xun)所(suo)守也(ye);諸侯朝(chao)于天(tian)(tian)子(zi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)述(shu)職(zhi),述(shu)職(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)述(shu)所(suo)職(zhi)也(ye)。無非(fei)(fei)事(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)。春省(sheng)耕(geng)而(er)補不(bu)足,秋省(sheng)斂而(er)助不(bu)給。
夏諺(yan)曰:“吾(wu)王(wang)不游,吾(wu)何以休(xiu)?吾(wu)王(wang)不豫(yu),吾(wu)何以助?一游一豫(yu),為諸(zhu)侯(hou)度。”今(jin)也(ye)(ye)不然:師(shi)行而(er)糧食,饑(ji)者(zhe)弗食,勞者(zhe)弗息。睊(juan)睊(juan)胥讒,民(min)乃作慝。方命虐(nve)民(min),飲食若(ruo)流(liu)(liu)。流(liu)(liu)連荒亡(wang)(wang),為諸(zhu)侯(hou)憂。從流(liu)(liu)下而(er)忘反(fan)謂之(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu),從流(liu)(liu)上而(er)忘反(fan)謂之(zhi)(zhi)連,從獸無厭謂之(zhi)(zhi)荒,樂酒無厭謂之(zhi)(zhi)亡(wang)(wang)。先王(wang)無流(liu)(liu)連之(zhi)(zhi)樂,荒亡(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)行。惟君(jun)所行也(ye)(ye)。’景公說,大(da)(da)戒于(yu)國,出舍于(yu)郊。于(yu)是始興發補(bu)不足。召大(da)(da)師(shi)曰:‘為我作君(jun)臣相說之(zhi)(zhi)樂!’蓋征招(zhao)(zhao)角(jiao)招(zhao)(zhao)是也(ye)(ye)。其詩曰:‘畜君(jun)何尤?’畜君(jun)者(zhe),好君(jun)也(ye)(ye)。”
齊宣王(wang)(wang)問曰(yue):“人(ren)皆謂我毀明堂(tang)(tang)。毀諸?已乎(hu)?”孟子對曰(yue):“夫明堂(tang)(tang)者(zhe),王(wang)(wang)者(zhe)之(zhi)堂(tang)(tang)也(ye)。王(wang)(wang)欲(yu)行(xing)王(wang)(wang)政(zheng)(zheng),則勿毀之(zhi)矣(yi)(yi)。”王(wang)(wang)曰(yue):“王(wang)(wang)政(zheng)(zheng)可得聞(wen)與?”對曰(yue):“昔(xi)者(zhe)文王(wang)(wang)之(zhi)治岐也(ye),耕者(zhe)九一,仕(shi)者(zhe)世(shi)祿,關市(shi)譏而(er)不(bu)征,澤梁無(wu)(wu)禁,罪人(ren)不(bu)孥(nu)。老(lao)而(er)無(wu)(wu)妻(qi)曰(yue)鰥(guan)。老(lao)而(er)無(wu)(wu)夫曰(yue)寡。老(lao)而(er)無(wu)(wu)子曰(yue)獨。幼(you)而(er)無(wu)(wu)父(fu)曰(yue)孤(gu)。此四(si)者(zhe),天(tian)下之(zhi)窮民(min)而(er)無(wu)(wu)告者(zhe)。文王(wang)(wang)發政(zheng)(zheng)施(shi)仁,必先斯四(si)者(zhe)。詩云(yun):‘哿(ge)矣(yi)(yi)富人(ren),哀此煢獨。’”王(wang)(wang)曰(yue):“善哉言乎(hu)!”曰(yue):“王(wang)(wang)如善之(zhi),則何(he)為不(bu)行(xing)?”
王(wang)(wang)曰(yue):“寡人(ren)有疾,寡人(ren)好貨(huo)云:‘乃(nai)積乃(nai)倉,乃(nai)裹糇糧,于(yu)(yu)橐于(yu)(yu)囊。思戢用(yong)光。弓矢斯張(zhang),干戈戚揚,爰(yuan)方啟行。’故居者有積倉,行者有裹糧也,然后(hou)可以爰(yuan)方啟行。王(wang)(wang)如好貨(huo),與百(bai)姓同之(zhi),于(yu)(yu)王(wang)(wang)何有?”
王(wang)(wang)曰(yue)(yue):“寡(gua)人有(you)疾(ji),寡(gua)人好(hao)色。”對曰(yue)(yue):“昔者大王(wang)(wang)好(hao)色,愛厥妃(fei)。詩云:‘古(gu)公亶(dan)甫,來(lai)朝走馬,率西水(shui)滸(hu),至(zhi)于岐下。爰(yuan)及姜女(nv),聿(yu)來(lai)胥宇(yu)。’當是時也,內無怨女(nv),外無曠夫。王(wang)(wang)如(ru)好(hao)色,與百姓同之(zhi),于王(wang)(wang)何有(you)?”
孟子謂齊宣王(wang)曰(yue)(yue):“王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臣有托其(qi)妻子于其(qi)友,而之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)楚游者(zhe)。比其(qi)反也(ye),則凍餒其(qi)妻子,則如之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)何?”王(wang)曰(yue)(yue):“棄之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”曰(yue)(yue):“士(shi)師不(bu)能治士(shi),則如之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)何?”王(wang)曰(yue)(yue):“已之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”曰(yue)(yue):“四(si)境之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內(nei)不(bu)治,則如之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)何?”王(wang)顧左右而言(yan)他。
孟(meng)子(zi)見齊宣王(wang)(wang)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“所謂(wei)故(gu)國者(zhe),非謂(wei)有(you)喬木之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)謂(wei)也(ye)(ye),有(you)世臣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)謂(wei)也(ye)(ye)。王(wang)(wang)無(wu)親臣矣,昔者(zhe)所進(jin),今日不(bu)(bu)(bu)知其亡也(ye)(ye)。”王(wang)(wang)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“吾(wu)何以識其不(bu)(bu)(bu)才而(er)舍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)?”曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“國君進(jin)賢(xian),如(ru)(ru)不(bu)(bu)(bu)得已,將使卑逾尊,疏逾戚,可(ke)(ke)(ke)不(bu)(bu)(bu)慎與?與,平聲。如(ru)(ru)不(bu)(bu)(bu)得已,言(yan)謹(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至(zhi)也(ye)(ye)。蓋尊尊親親,禮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)常也(ye)(ye)。然(ran)或尊者(zhe)親者(zhe)未(wei)必賢(xian),則必進(jin)疏遠之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)賢(xian)而(er)用之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。是使卑者(zhe)逾尊,疏者(zhe)逾戚,非禮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)常,故(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)不(bu)(bu)(bu)謹(jin)也(ye)(ye)。左右(you)(you)皆(jie)(jie)(jie)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)賢(xian),未(wei)可(ke)(ke)(ke)也(ye)(ye);諸(zhu)大夫(fu)皆(jie)(jie)(jie)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)賢(xian),未(wei)可(ke)(ke)(ke)也(ye)(ye);國人(ren)皆(jie)(jie)(jie)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)賢(xian),然(ran)后(hou)察之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);見賢(xian)焉,然(ran)后(hou)用之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。左右(you)(you)皆(jie)(jie)(jie)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke),勿(wu)聽;諸(zhu)大夫(fu)皆(jie)(jie)(jie)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke),勿(wu)聽;國人(ren)皆(jie)(jie)(jie)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke),然(ran)后(hou)察之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);見不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)焉,然(ran)后(hou)去之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。左右(you)(you)皆(jie)(jie)(jie)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)可(ke)(ke)(ke)殺(sha)(sha)(sha),勿(wu)聽;諸(zhu)大夫(fu)皆(jie)(jie)(jie)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)可(ke)(ke)(ke)殺(sha)(sha)(sha),勿(wu)聽;國人(ren)皆(jie)(jie)(jie)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)可(ke)(ke)(ke)殺(sha)(sha)(sha),然(ran)后(hou)察之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);見可(ke)(ke)(ke)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)焉,然(ran)后(hou)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。故(gu)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),國人(ren)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)。如(ru)(ru)此,然(ran)后(hou)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以為民父母。”
齊宣王(wang)問曰:“湯放桀,武王(wang)伐紂,有諸?”孟子對曰:“于傳有之(zhi)(zhi)。”曰:“臣弒(shi)其君(jun)可乎?”曰:“賊仁者謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)賊,賊義者謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)殘,殘賊之(zhi)(zhi)人謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)一夫。聞誅一夫紂矣,未聞弒(shi)君(jun)也。”
孟子見齊宣(xuan)王(wang)曰(yue):“為巨室,則(ze)必(bi)使工師求大(da)木。工師得大(da)木。則(ze)王(wang)喜(xi),以為能勝(sheng)其任(ren)也(ye)。匠人斲(zhuo)而小(xiao)之(zhi)(zhi),則(ze)王(wang)怒,以為不勝(sheng)其任(ren)矣。夫人幼而學(xue)之(zhi)(zhi),壯而欲行之(zhi)(zhi)。王(wang)曰(yue)‘姑舍女所學(xue)而從(cong)我(wo)(wo)’,則(ze)何如?今有(you)璞玉于此(ci),雖萬鎰(yi),必(bi)使玉人雕琢之(zhi)(zhi)。至于治國家,則(ze)曰(yue)‘姑舍女所學(xue)而從(cong)我(wo)(wo)’,則(ze)何以異于教玉人雕琢玉哉?”
齊人(ren)伐(fa)燕,勝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。宣王(wang)(wang)問曰:“或謂寡(gua)人(ren)勿取(qu)(qu),或謂寡(gua)人(ren)取(qu)(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。以萬(wan)乘(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)伐(fa)萬(wan)乘(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)國(guo),五旬而舉之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),人(ren)力不至于此(ci)。不取(qu)(qu),必有(you)天殃。取(qu)(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),何如?”孟子對曰:“取(qu)(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而燕民悅,則(ze)取(qu)(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。古(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)有(you)行之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe),武王(wang)(wang)是(shi)也(ye)。取(qu)(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而燕民不悅,則(ze)勿取(qu)(qu)。古(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)有(you)行之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe),文(wen)王(wang)(wang)是(shi)也(ye)。以萬(wan)乘(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)伐(fa)萬(wan)乘(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)國(guo),簞食壺漿,以迎王(wang)(wang)師(shi)。豈(qi)有(you)他哉?避水(shui)火也(ye)。如水(shui)益深,如火益熱,亦運而已矣。”
齊人(ren)(ren)伐燕,取之(zhi)(zhi)。諸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)將(jiang)謀(mou)(mou)救燕。宣王(wang)曰(yue)(yue):“諸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)多謀(mou)(mou)伐寡人(ren)(ren)者(zhe),何以(yi)待之(zhi)(zhi)?”孟子對曰(yue)(yue):“臣聞七(qi)十里(li)為政于(yu)天(tian)下者(zhe),湯(tang)是也。未聞以(yi)千里(li)畏人(ren)(ren)者(zhe)也。書曰(yue)(yue):‘湯(tang)一征(zheng),自(zi)葛始。’天(tian)下信之(zhi)(zhi)。‘東面(mian)而征(zheng),西(xi)夷怨;南面(mian)而征(zheng),北狄怨。曰(yue)(yue),奚為后我?’民望之(zhi)(zhi),若(ruo)大旱之(zhi)(zhi)望云霓也。歸市者(zhe)不(bu)止(zhi),耕者(zhe)不(bu)變。誅其(qi)(qi)君而吊其(qi)(qi)民,若(ruo)時雨降(jiang),民大悅。書曰(yue)(yue):‘徯我后,后來其(qi)(qi)蘇。’今燕虐其(qi)(qi)民,王(wang)往而征(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)。民以(yi)為將(jiang)拯己于(yu)水(shui)火(huo)之(zhi)(zhi)中也,簞食壺漿,以(yi)迎王(wang)師(shi)。若(ruo)殺其(qi)(qi)父兄(xiong),系累其(qi)(qi)子弟,毀其(qi)(qi)宗廟,遷其(qi)(qi)重器,如之(zhi)(zhi)何其(qi)(qi)可也?天(tian)下固畏齊之(zhi)(zhi)強也。今又倍地(di)而不(bu)行仁(ren)政,是動天(tian)下之(zhi)(zhi)兵(bing)也。王(wang)速(su)出令,反其(qi)(qi)旄倪(ni),止(zhi)其(qi)(qi)重器,謀(mou)(mou)于(yu)燕眾,置君而后去之(zhi)(zhi),則猶(you)可及止(zhi)也。”
鄒與魯哄。穆(mu)公問曰(yue):“吾有(you)司死者(zhe)(zhe)三十三人,而(er)(er)民莫之(zhi)(zhi)死也(ye)。誅之(zhi)(zhi),則不可勝誅;不誅,則疾(ji)視其長上(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)死而(er)(er)不救,如(ru)之(zhi)(zhi)何則可也(ye)?”孟子對曰(yue):“兇年饑歲,君(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)民老弱轉乎溝壑,壯者(zhe)(zhe)散(san)而(er)(er)之(zhi)(zhi)四方者(zhe)(zhe),幾千人矣;而(er)(er)君(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)倉廩實,府(fu)庫(ku)充(chong),有(you)司莫以告,是(shi)上(shang)慢而(er)(er)殘(can)下(xia)也(ye)。曾子曰(yue):‘戒之(zhi)(zhi)戒之(zhi)(zhi)!出乎爾者(zhe)(zhe),反乎爾者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)。’夫民今(jin)而(er)(er)后得(de)反之(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)。君(jun)無尤焉。君(jun)行仁政,斯民親其上(shang)、死其長矣。”
滕文公問(wen)曰(yue):“滕,小國也(ye),間于(yu)齊楚(chu)。事(shi)齊乎(hu)?事(shi)楚(chu)乎(hu)?”孟子對曰(yue):“是(shi)謀非吾所(suo)能及也(ye)。無(wu)已,則有一(yi)焉:鑿斯池也(ye),筑斯城也(ye),與民守之,效死(si)而民弗去,則是(shi)可為也(ye)。”
滕(teng)文(wen)公問曰:“齊人(ren)將筑薛,吾甚恐。如之(zhi)何則(ze)可(ke)?”孟子(zi)對曰:“昔者大(da)王居(ju)(ju)邠,狄人(ren)侵(qin)之(zhi),去之(zhi)岐山之(zhi)下居(ju)(ju)焉。非擇而取之(zhi),不得(de)已也。茍為善,后世子(zi)孫必有王者矣(yi)。君子(zi)創業(ye)垂統(tong),為可(ke)繼也。若夫成功(gong),則(ze)天也。君如彼何哉(zai)?強為善而已矣(yi)。”
滕(teng)文公問曰:“滕(teng),小(xiao)國也(ye)(ye)。竭力以事(shi)大國,則不(bu)(bu)得(de)免(mian)焉。如之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)何(he)則可(ke)?”孟子(zi)對曰:“昔者(zhe)大王居邠(bin),狄(di)人侵之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。事(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以皮(pi)幣,不(bu)(bu)得(de)免(mian)焉;事(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以犬馬,不(bu)(bu)得(de)免(mian)焉;事(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以珠(zhu)玉(yu),不(bu)(bu)得(de)免(mian)焉。乃屬其耆老而(er)告(gao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰:‘狄(di)人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)欲者(zhe),吾(wu)土地也(ye)(ye)。吾(wu)聞之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye):君(jun)子(zi)不(bu)(bu)以其所(suo)以養人者(zhe)害(hai)人。二(er)(er)三(san)子(zi)何(he)患(huan)乎無君(jun)?我將(jiang)去(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。’去(qu)邠(bin),逾梁山(shan),邑于(yu)岐(qi)山(shan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下居焉。邠(bin)人曰:‘仁人也(ye)(ye),不(bu)(bu)可(ke)失也(ye)(ye)。’從之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)如歸市。或曰:‘世守(shou)也(ye)(ye),非身之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)能(neng)為也(ye)(ye)。效(xiao)死勿去(qu)。’君(jun)請擇于(yu)斯(si)二(er)(er)者(zhe)。”
魯(lu)平公(gong)將出。嬖(bi)人臧(zang)倉者請曰:“他日君出,則(ze)必命有(you)司所(suo)之(zhi)(zhi)。今乘輿(yu)已駕(jia)矣,有(you)司未知(zhi)所(suo)之(zhi)(zhi)。敢(gan)請。”公(gong)曰:“將見孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)。”曰:“何(he)(he)哉?君所(suo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)輕身以(yi)(yi)先于(yu)匹夫(fu)者,以(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)賢乎?禮義由賢者出。而孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)喪逾(yu)(yu)前(qian)(qian)喪。君無見焉!”公(gong)曰:“諾。”樂(le)正子(zi)入(ru)見,曰:“君奚(xi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)見孟(meng)(meng)軻也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)?”曰:“或告寡(gua)人曰,‘孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)喪逾(yu)(yu)前(qian)(qian)喪’,是以(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)往見也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”曰:“何(he)(he)哉君所(suo)謂(wei)逾(yu)(yu)者?前(qian)(qian)以(yi)(yi)士(shi),后(hou)以(yi)(yi)大夫(fu);前(qian)(qian)以(yi)(yi)三鼎,而后(hou)以(yi)(yi)五(wu)鼎與(yu)?”曰:“否。謂(wei)棺槨衣(yi)衾之(zhi)(zhi)美也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”曰:“非所(suo)謂(wei)逾(yu)(yu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),貧富不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”樂(le)正子(zi)見孟(meng)(meng)子(zi),曰:“克告于(yu)君,君為(wei)(wei)(wei)來見也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。嬖(bi)人有(you)臧(zang)倉者沮君,君是以(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)果來也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”曰:“行(xing)或使之(zhi)(zhi),止或尼之(zhi)(zhi)。行(xing)止,非人所(suo)能也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。吾之(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)遇(yu)(yu)魯(lu)侯,天也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。臧(zang)氏之(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)焉能使予(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)遇(yu)(yu)哉?”
公(gong)孫丑問(wen)曰(yue):“夫子(zi)(zi)當路于齊,管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)晏(yan)子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)功,可(ke)復許乎?”孟子(zi)(zi)曰(yue):“子(zi)(zi)誠齊人也(ye),知管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)晏(yan)子(zi)(zi)而已矣。或(huo)問(wen)乎曾(ceng)(ceng)西曰(yue):’吾(wu)子(zi)(zi)與子(zi)(zi)路孰賢(xian)(xian)?’曾(ceng)(ceng)皙(xi)蹙然(ran)曰(yue):’吾(wu)先子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)所(suo)畏(wei)也(ye)。’曰(yue):’然(ran)則(ze)吾(wu)子(zi)(zi)與管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)孰賢(xian)(xian)?’曾(ceng)(ceng)皙(xi)怫然(ran)不悅曰(yue):’爾何(he)(he)曾(ceng)(ceng)比(bi)予(yu)于管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)?管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)得君(jun)如(ru)(ru)彼(bi)其(qi)奪(duo)也(ye),行(xing)乎國政,如(ru)(ru)彼(bi)其(qi)久(jiu)也(ye),功烈(lie),如(ru)(ru)彼(bi)其(qi)卑(bei)也(ye)。爾何(he)(he)曾(ceng)(ceng)比(bi)予(yu)于是(shi)?’曰(yue):“管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong),曾(ceng)(ceng)皙(xi)之(zhi)所(suo)不為也(ye),而子(zi)(zi)為我愿之(zhi)乎?”
曰(yue):“管(guan)仲以(yi)其君(jun)霸,晏子(zi)(zi)以(yi)其君(jun)顯,管(guan)仲晏子(zi)(zi)猶(you)(you)不(bu)足為與(yu)?”曰(yue):“以(yi)齊(qi)王(wang),由(you)反手也(ye)。”曰(yue):“若是,則(ze)弟子(zi)(zi)之惑滋甚。且以(yi)文王(wang)之德,百(bai)年而后崩,猶(you)(you)未洽于天下,武(wu)王(wang)周(zhou)公繼(ji)之,然(ran)后大行。今(jin)言(yan)王(wang)若易然(ran),則(ze)文王(wang)不(bu)足法與(yu)?”曰(yue):“文王(wang)何可當也(ye)。由(you)湯至于武(wu)丁(ding),賢圣之君(jun)六七(qi)作,天下歸殷久矣,久則(ze)難變也(ye)。武(wu)丁(ding)朝諸侯(hou)有天下,猶(you)(you)運之掌也(ye)。紂(zhou)之去武(wu)丁(ding),未久也(ye)。其故(gu)家遺俗流風善政(zheng),猶(you)(you)有存(cun)者(zhe)。又有微丁(ding)微仲王(wang)子(zi)(zi)比(bi)干箕子(zi)(zi)膠鬲,皆賢人(ren)也(ye),相(xiang)與(yu)輔(fu)相(xiang)之,故(gu)久而后失之也(ye)。
尺地(di)莫(mo)(mo)非(fei)其(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)也(ye)(ye)(ye),一(yi)民莫(mo)(mo)非(fei)其(qi)(qi)(qi)臣(chen)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。然而(er)文王猶方百里(li)起,是以難也(ye)(ye)(ye)。齊(qi)人有(you)言曰:雖有(you)智慧,不如(ru)乘勢;雖有(you)嵫基,不如(ru)待時。今時則易然也(ye)(ye)(ye)。夏后殷周之盛,地(di)未有(you)過千里(li)者也(ye)(ye)(ye),而(er)齊(qi)有(you)其(qi)(qi)(qi)地(di)矣(yi)(yi)。雞(ji)鳴狗吠相聞,而(er)達乎四境,而(er)齊(qi)有(you)其(qi)(qi)(qi)民矣(yi)(yi)。地(di)不改辟(pi)矣(yi)(yi),民不改聚矣(yi)(yi),行仁政(zheng)而(er)王,莫(mo)(mo)之能御也(ye)(ye)(ye)。
且(qie)王(wang)者(zhe)之不作,未(wei)有疏(shu)于(yu)此時(shi)(shi)者(zhe)也;民之憔悴于(yu)虐政(zheng),未(wei)有甚于(yu)此時(shi)(shi)者(zhe)也。饑者(zhe)易(yi)為食,渴者(zhe)易(yi)為飲。孔子曰:’德之流行,速于(yu)置郵而傳命。’當今(jin)之時(shi)(shi),萬乘之國,行仁政(zheng),民之悅之,猶(you)解(jie)倒懸也。故(gu)事半古(gu)之人(ren),功必倍之。惟此時(shi)(shi)為然。”
公(gong)孫丑問曰(yue)(yue):“夫子(zi)加齊之(zhi)卿相,得行道(dao)焉,雖由此霸王不異(yi)矣。如此則動心否乎?”孟子(zi)曰(yue)(yue):“否。我(wo)四(si)十(shi)不動心。”曰(yue)(yue):“若(ruo)是,則夫子(zi)過孟賁遠矣。”曰(yue)(yue):“是不難(nan),告(gao)子(zi)先我(wo)不動心。”
曰(yue):“不(bu)動(dong)心有道乎?”曰(yue):“有。北宮黝之養勇(yong)也,不(bu)膚(fu)撓,不(bu)目(mu)逃,思(si)以(yi)一毫(hao)挫于人,若撻(ta)之于市朝。不(bu)受(shou)(shou)于褐寬博,亦不(bu)受(shou)(shou)于萬乘(cheng)之君。視刺(ci)(ci)萬乘(cheng)之君,若刺(ci)(ci)褐夫(fu)。無嚴(yan)諸侯,惡聲至,必(bi)反之。孟(meng)施(shi)舍之所養勇(yong)也。曰(yue):’視不(bu)勝(sheng),猶勝(sheng)也。量(liang)敵而(er)后進,慮(lv)勝(sheng)而(er)后會(hui),是畏三軍者(zhe)也。舍豈能(neng)為必(bi)勝(sheng)哉?能(neng)無懼而(er)已矣。’孟(meng)施(shi)舍似曾(ceng)子,北宮黝似子夏。夫(fu)二(er)子之勇(yong),未知(zhi)其孰賢,然而(er)孟(meng)施(shi)舍守約也。昔者(zhe)曾(ceng)子謂子襄曰(yue):’子好勇(yong)乎?吾(wu)嘗(chang)聞大勇(yong)于夫(fu)子矣。自(zi)反而(er)不(bu)縮,雖褐寬博,吾(wu)不(bu)惴焉;自(zi)反而(er)縮,雖千萬人,吾(wu)往矣。’孟(meng)施(shi)舍之守氣,又不(bu)如曾(ceng)子之守約也。”
曰(yue)(yue):“敢問夫子之不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)動(dong)心(xin)(xin),與(yu)告子之不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)動(dong)心(xin)(xin),可得聞與(yu)?”“告子曰(yue)(yue):’不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得于(yu)(yu)言,勿求(qiu)于(yu)(yu)心(xin)(xin),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得于(yu)(yu)心(xin)(xin),勿求(qiu)于(yu)(yu)氣。’’不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得于(yu)(yu)心(xin)(xin),勿求(qiu)于(yu)(yu)氣’,可;’不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得于(yu)(yu)言,勿求(qiu)于(yu)(yu)心(xin)(xin)’,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可。夫志,氣之帥也;氣,體之充也。夫志至焉(yan),氣次(ci)焉(yan)。故曰(yue)(yue)持其志,無暴其氣。”“既曰(yue)(yue)志至焉(yan),氣次(ci)焉(yan),又曰(yue)(yue)持其志,無暴其氣者(zhe),何(he)也?”曰(yue)(yue):“志壹則動(dong)氣,氣一則動(dong)志也。今夫蹶者(zhe)趨者(zhe),是氣也,而反動(dong)其心(xin)(xin)。”
“敢問(wen)夫(fu)子惡乎長(chang)?”曰(yue)(yue):“我(wo)(wo)知(zhi)言,我(wo)(wo)善養(yang)吾浩然(ran)之(zhi)氣。”“敢問(wen)何謂浩然(ran)之(zhi)氣?”曰(yue)(yue):“難言也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)為(wei)氣也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),至(zhi)大至(zhi)剛,以(yi)直(zhi)養(yang)而(er)(er)無害,則(ze)塞于天地之(zhi)間(jian)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)為(wei)氣也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),配(pei)義與(yu)道,無是(shi),餒也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。是(shi)集義所生者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),非義襲而(er)(er)取之(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。行有(you)(you)不兼于心(xin),則(ze)餒矣(yi)。我(wo)(wo)故曰(yue)(yue)告子未(wei)嘗知(zhi)義,以(yi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)外之(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。必有(you)(you)事焉(yan)而(er)(er)勿(wu)正,心(xin)勿(wu)忘(wang),勿(wu)助(zhu)長(chang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。無若(ruo)宋(song)(song)人(ren)(ren)然(ran)。宋(song)(song)人(ren)(ren)有(you)(you)閔其(qi)(qi)(qi)苗(miao)之(zhi)不長(chang)而(er)(er)揠之(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),芒芒然(ran)歸(gui),謂其(qi)(qi)(qi)人(ren)(ren)曰(yue)(yue):’今日(ri)病矣(yi),予助(zhu)苗(miao)長(chang)矣(yi)。’其(qi)(qi)(qi)子趨而(er)(er)往視之(zhi),苗(miao)則(ze)槁矣(yi)。天下(xia)之(zhi)不助(zhu)苗(miao)長(chang)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)寡(gua)矣(yi)。以(yi)為(wei)無益而(er)(er)舍(she)之(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),不耘苗(miao)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);助(zhu)之(zhi)長(chang)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),揠苗(miao)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。非徒無益,而(er)(er)又害之(zhi)。”
“何謂(wei)知(zhi)言(yan)?”曰(yue):“陂辭(ci)(ci)知(zhi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)所(suo)蔽(bi),淫辭(ci)(ci)知(zhi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)所(suo)陷,邪辭(ci)(ci)知(zhi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)所(suo)離,遁(dun)辭(ci)(ci)知(zhi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)所(suo)窮。生于(yu)(yu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)心(xin),害于(yu)(yu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)政(zheng),害于(yu)(yu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)事。圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)人復起,必從(cong)吾言(yan)矣。”“宰我(wo)子貢(gong),善為說(shuo)辭(ci)(ci);冉牛閔子顏淵,善言(yan)德行,孔子兼之(zhi),曰(yue):’我(wo)于(yu)(yu)辭(ci)(ci)命,則不(bu)(bu)能也。’然則夫(fu)子既圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)矣乎(hu)?”曰(yue):“惡,是何言(yan)也?昔者子貢(gong)問于(yu)(yu)孔子曰(yue):’夫(fu)子圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)矣乎(hu)?’孔子曰(yue):’圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)則吾不(bu)(bu)能。我(wo)學不(bu)(bu)厭(yan)而教不(bu)(bu)倦也。’子貢(gong)曰(yue):’學不(bu)(bu)厭(yan),智(zhi)也;教不(bu)(bu)倦,仁也。仁且智(zhi),夫(fu)子既圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)矣。’夫(fu)圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),孔子不(bu)(bu)居。是何言(yan)也!”
“昔者竊(qie)聞之(zhi),子夏子游子張,皆(jie)有(you)圣(sheng)人(ren)之(zhi)一體(ti);冉牛閔(min)子顏淵(yuan),則(ze)具體(ti)而微,敢問所安?”曰(yue):“姑舍是。”曰(yue):“伯夷(yi)伊尹何如?”曰(yue):“不(bu)同道。非其君不(bu)事,非其民(min)不(bu)使,治(zhi)則(ze)進(jin),亂則(ze)退(tui),伯夷(yi)也。何事非君,何使非民(min),治(zhi)亦(yi)(yi)進(jin),亂亦(yi)(yi)進(jin),伊尹也。可以(yi)仕則(ze)仕,可以(yi)止則(ze)止,可以(yi)久則(ze)久,可以(yi)速(su)則(ze)速(su),孔子也。皆(jie)古圣(sheng)人(ren)也,吾未(wei)能有(you)行焉。乃所愿,則(ze)學孔子也。”
“伯夷伊尹于(yu)孔子,若是(shi)班乎?”曰(yue):“否。自有(you)(you)生民(min)以(yi)來,未有(you)(you)孔子也(ye)。”曰(yue):“然則(ze)有(you)(you)同與?”曰(yue):“有(you)(you)。得(de)百里之地而(er)君之,皆能以(yi)朝諸侯有(you)(you)天下(xia)。行一不(bu)義,殺一不(bu)辜,而(er)得(de)天下(xia),皆不(bu)為也(ye)。是(shi)則(ze)同。
”曰:“敢問(wen)(wen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)所以(yi)(yi)異?”曰:“宰我(wo)、子(zi)貢(gong)、有(you)若,智足以(yi)(yi)知圣人(ren)(ren),污不至阿其(qi)(qi)(qi)所好。宰我(wo)曰:’以(yi)(yi)予觀于夫(fu)子(zi),賢(xian)于堯(yao)舜遠矣(yi)。’子(zi)貢(gong)曰:’見其(qi)(qi)(qi)禮而(er)知其(qi)(qi)(qi)政,問(wen)(wen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)樂而(er)知其(qi)(qi)(qi)德(de),由(you)百(bai)(bai)世(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)后,等(deng)百(bai)(bai)世(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)王,莫之(zhi)(zhi)能違也。自生民以(yi)(yi)來,未(wei)有(you)夫(fu)子(zi)也。’有(you)若曰:’豈惟民哉(zai),麒麟之(zhi)(zhi)于走(zou)獸,鳳凰之(zhi)(zhi)于飛(fei)鳥,泰山之(zhi)(zhi)于丘垤,河海之(zhi)(zhi)于行(xing)潦(liao),類也。圣人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)于民,亦類也。出于其(qi)(qi)(qi)類,拔乎其(qi)(qi)(qi)萃。自生民以(yi)(yi)來,未(wei)有(you)盛于孔子(zi)也。’”
孟子曰:“以(yi)(yi)力假(jia)仁者(zhe)霸,霸必有(you)大國。以(yi)(yi)德(de)行仁者(zhe)王,王不待大。湯以(yi)(yi)七十里,文(wen)王以(yi)(yi)百(bai)里。以(yi)(yi)力服(fu)人者(zhe),非心服(fu)也,力不贍也。以(yi)(yi)德(de)服(fu)人者(zhe),中心悅而(er)誠(cheng)服(fu)也。如七十子之(zhi)服(fu)孔子也。詩云:自(zi)(zi)西自(zi)(zi)東,自(zi)(zi)南自(zi)(zi)北,無思不服(fu)。此之(zhi)謂也。”
孟子曰:“仁則榮,不(bu)仁則辱。今惡辱而居不(bu)仁,是(shi)猶惡濕而居下也。如惡之,莫如貴德而尊士。賢者在(zai)位(wei),能者在(zai)職,國(guo)家閑暇(xia),及是(shi)時明其(qi)政刑,雖大(da)國(guo)必畏之矣(yi)。詩(shi)云:迨天之未(wei)陰(yin)雨,撤(che)彼桑(sang)土,綢繆牖戶,今此下民,或(huo)敢侮予。孔(kong)子曰:為此詩(shi)者,其(qi)知道乎?能治(zhi)其(qi)國(guo)家,誰敢侮之?今國(guo)家閑暇(xia),及是(shi)時,般樂怠(dai)敖,是(shi)自(zi)(zi)(zi)求(qiu)禍(huo)(huo)也。禍(huo)(huo)福(fu)無不(bu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)己求(qiu)之者。詩(shi)云:永言配命,自(zi)(zi)(zi)求(qiu)多福(fu)。太甲曰:天作(zuo)孽,猶可違,自(zi)(zi)(zi)作(zuo)孽,不(bu)可活。此之謂也。”
孟子(zi)曰(yue):“天(tian)(tian)(tian)時不(bu)(bu)如(ru)(ru)地(di)利(li),地(di)利(li)不(bu)(bu)如(ru)(ru)人和。三里(li)之(zhi)(zhi)城(cheng),七(qi)里(li)之(zhi)(zhi)郭,環而(er)攻(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)而(er)不(bu)(bu)勝。夫環而(er)攻(gong)之(zhi)(zhi),必(bi)有得天(tian)(tian)(tian)時者(zhe)矣;然而(er)不(bu)(bu)勝者(zhe),是(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)時不(bu)(bu)如(ru)(ru)地(di)利(li)也(ye)。城(cheng)非(fei)不(bu)(bu)高也(ye),池非(fei)不(bu)(bu)深也(ye),兵(bing)革(ge)非(fei)不(bu)(bu)堅利(li)也(ye),米(mi)粟非(fei)不(bu)(bu)多(duo)也(ye);委而(er)去之(zhi)(zhi),是(shi)地(di)利(li)不(bu)(bu)如(ru)(ru)人和也(ye)。故曰(yue):域民不(bu)(bu)以(yi)封疆之(zhi)(zhi)界,固國不(bu)(bu)以(yi)山溪(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)險(xian),威天(tian)(tian)(tian)下不(bu)(bu)以(yi)兵(bing)革(ge)之(zhi)(zhi)利(li)。得道(dao)者(zhe)多(duo)助,失道(dao)者(zhe)寡(gua)助。寡(gua)助之(zhi)(zhi)至,親(qin)戚畔(pan)之(zhi)(zhi);多(duo)助之(zhi)(zhi)至,天(tian)(tian)(tian)下順(shun)之(zhi)(zhi)。以(yi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)下之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)順(shun),攻(gong)親(qin)戚之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)畔(pan);故君子(zi)有不(bu)(bu)戰,戰必(bi)勝矣。”
孟子(zi)將(jiang)朝王(wang),王(wang)使人來曰(yue):“寡人如(ru)就見(jian)者也,有(you)寒疾(ji)(ji),不(bu)可以風。朝,將(jiang)視朝,不(bu)識可使寡人得(de)見(jian)乎?”對曰(yue):“不(bu)幸而有(you)疾(ji)(ji),不(bu)能造朝。”明日(ri),出吊(diao)于東郭氏。公孫(sun)丑(chou)曰(yue):“昔(xi)者辭以病,今日(ri)吊(diao),或者不(bu)可乎?”曰(yue):“昔(xi)者疾(ji)(ji),今日(ri)愈,如(ru)之(zhi)何不(bu)吊(diao)?”
王使(shi)(shi)人(ren)問疾,醫來。孟(meng)仲子(zi)對曰:“昔者有王命,有采(cai)薪之憂,不能造(zao)(zao)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)。今病小(xiao)愈,趨造(zao)(zao)于朝(chao)(chao)(chao),我不識能至否乎。”使(shi)(shi)數人(ren)要(yao)于路,曰:“請(qing)必無(wu)歸,而造(zao)(zao)于朝(chao)(chao)(chao)!”不得已而之景丑氏(shi)宿(su)焉(yan)。
景(jing)子(zi)(zi)曰:“內則(ze)父子(zi)(zi),外則(ze)君(jun)(jun)臣,人之大倫(lun)也。父子(zi)(zi)主恩,君(jun)(jun)臣主敬(jing)。丑見王(wang)之敬(jing)子(zi)(zi)也,未(wei)見所以敬(jing)王(wang)也。”
曰:“惡!是(shi)何(he)言(yan)也(ye)!齊人(ren)無以仁義(yi)與(yu)(yu)王(wang)言(yan)者,豈以仁義(yi)為不美?其心曰:‘是(shi)何(he)足(zu)與(yu)(yu)言(yan)仁義(yi)也(ye)’云(yun)爾(er),則不敬(jing)莫大乎(hu)是(shi)。我非堯舜之道(dao),不敢以陳于王(wang)前,故齊人(ren)莫如我敬(jing)王(wang)也(ye)。”景子曰:“否,非此之謂也(ye)。禮曰:‘父召(zhao)無諾(nuo);君命(ming)召(zhao)不俟(si)駕。’固將朝(chao)也(ye),聞王(wang)命(ming)而遂不果,宜與(yu)(yu)夫禮若不相(xiang)似然。”
曰(yue):“豈(qi)謂是(shi)與?曾子(zi)曰(yue):‘晉(jin)楚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)富(fu),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可及也(ye);彼(bi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)其富(fu),我以(yi)(yi)(yi)吾(wu)仁;彼(bi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)其爵,我以(yi)(yi)(yi)吾(wu)義(yi),吾(wu)何慊乎哉?’夫豈(qi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)義(yi)而(er)曾子(zi)言之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)?是(shi)或一(yi)道(dao)也(ye)。天(tian)下有(you)達尊(zun)三:爵一(yi),齒一(yi),德(de)一(yi)。朝(chao)廷莫(mo)如爵,鄉黨莫(mo)如齒,輔世長民莫(mo)如德(de)。惡得有(you)其一(yi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)慢其二(er)哉?故(gu)(gu)(gu)將大有(you)為之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)君,必有(you)所(suo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)召(zhao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen);欲有(you)謀焉,則(ze)就之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。其尊(zun)德(de)樂道(dao),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)如是(shi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足(zu)與有(you)為也(ye)。故(gu)(gu)(gu)湯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)伊尹,學焉而(er)后(hou)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故(gu)(gu)(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)勞而(er)王;桓公之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)管仲,學焉而(er)后(hou)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故(gu)(gu)(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)勞而(er)霸。今天(tian)下地丑德(de)齊,莫(mo)能相尚,無(wu)他.好(hao)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其所(suo)教,而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)好(hao)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其所(suo)受教。湯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)伊尹,桓公之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)管仲,則(ze)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敢(gan)召(zhao)。管仲且猶不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可召(zhao),而(er)況不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)為管仲者乎?”
《孟(meng)子(zi)》的(de)(de)語言明白曉(xiao)暢(chang),平(ping)實淺近,同(tong)時又精(jing)煉(lian)準確。作為(wei)散文(wen),《孟(meng)子(zi)》長于論辯,更具(ju)藝術的(de)(de)表現(xian)力(li),具(ju)有(you)文(wen)學散文(wen)的(de)(de)性(xing)質。其中的(de)(de)論辯文(wen),巧妙的(de)(de)運(yun)用了邏輯推理的(de)(de)方(fang)法,孟(meng)子(zi)得心應手地運(yun)用類比推理,往往是欲擒故縱,反復(fu)詰(jie)難(nan),迂(yu)回(hui)曲折的(de)(de)把對(dui)方(fang)引(yin)入自(zi)己預(yu)設的(de)(de)結論中,如(ru)《梁惠王下》。
氣勢(shi)浩(hao)(hao)然是《孟子》散文(wen)的(de)重要風(feng)格特征。這種風(feng)格源(yuan)于孟子人格修養的(de)力量(liang)。具有(you)這種浩(hao)(hao)然之氣的(de)人,能夠在精神上壓(ya)倒對(dui)方,能夠做到藐(miao)視政治(zhi)權勢(shi),鄙(bi)夷物質(zhi)貪欲,氣概非凡,剛正(zheng)不(bu)阿,無私無畏(wei)。《孟子》中大量(liang)使用(yong)排偶句、疊句等(deng)修辭手(shou)法(fa)。來(lai)增強文(wen)章的(de)氣勢(shi),使文(wen)氣磅礴,若(ruo)決江河,沛然莫之能御(yu)。