【材質】:紙本
【收(shou)藏(zang)機構】:首都博物館收(shou)藏(zang)
《進學(xue)解》原文(wen)是唐代韓愈的(de)著名文(wen)章。此卷是鮮于樞用行書、草書所寫(xie),其全文(wen),共一○八(ba)行,每行二-十字不等(deng)。
該卷尾題“右(you)韓文公(gong)進學(xue)解(jie)”、未署書(shu)(shu)者名款。據卷后元人之(zhi)跋,和書(shu)(shu)法風(feng)格相較,當為鮮于(yu)(yu)氏所書(shu)(shu)。此卷上下(xia)兩端(duan)有火燒痕跡,下(xia)端(duan)間或有殘(can)缺。卷內鈴有“晉府圖書(shu)(shu)”“晉國奎(kui)章(zhang)”“清和堂章(zhang)”“鄭親王(wang)印(yin)(yin)”等鑒藏用印(yin)(yin)。今節選其一截(jie)五行。文日:“余哉弟子事先生于(yu)(yu)此有年矣先生口不絕(jue)吟于(yu)(yu)六藝之(zhi)文手不停披萬園編記事者心題其”大部草書(shu)(shu)。
國子(zi)(zi)先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)晨入(ru)太學(xue),召(zhao)諸生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)立館下(xia)(xia),誨之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰:“業精于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)勤(qin),荒(huang)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)嬉(xi)。行(xing)成于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)思,毀于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)隨(sui)。方(fang)今(jin)圣(sheng)賢相(xiang)逢(feng),治(zhi)具畢張。拔去兇(xiong)邪,登(deng)崇(chong)(chong)俊良。占小善者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)率(lv)以(yi)(yi)(yi)錄,名一藝者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)無(wu)(wu)(wu)不(bu)(bu)庸。爬(pa)羅(luo)剔抉,刮垢磨光。蓋有(you)(you)(you)幸而(er)(er)(er)(er)獲選,孰云(yun)多而(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)揚?諸生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)業患不(bu)(bu)能(neng)精,無(wu)(wu)(wu)患有(you)(you)(you)司之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)明(ming);行(xing)患不(bu)(bu)能(neng)成,無(wu)(wu)(wu)患有(you)(you)(you)司之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)公(gong)。”言(yan)未(wei)既,有(you)(you)(you)笑于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)列者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)曰:“先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)欺余(yu)哉!弟子(zi)(zi)事先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)茲(zi)有(you)(you)(you)年矣(yi)。先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)口不(bu)(bu)絕吟于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)六藝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文(wen)(wen),手不(bu)(bu)停披于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)百家之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)編(bian)。記事者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)必提(ti)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)要,纂言(yan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)必鉤(gou)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)玄。貪多務(wu)得(de),細(xi)大(da)不(bu)(bu)捐。焚(fen)膏(gao)油以(yi)(yi)(yi)繼晷,恒兀(wu)兀(wu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)窮年。先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業,可(ke)(ke)謂(wei)(wei)勤(qin)矣(yi)。抵排異端,攘斥(chi)佛(fo)老(lao);補苴罅漏,張皇幽眇。尋墜緒(xu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)茫(mang)茫(mang),獨旁搜(sou)而(er)(er)(er)(er)遠紹;障(zhang)百川而(er)(er)(er)(er)東之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),回狂瀾于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)既倒。先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)儒(ru),可(ke)(ke)謂(wei)(wei)有(you)(you)(you)勞矣(yi)。沈浸濃郁,含英(ying)咀華(hua);作為(wei)(wei)文(wen)(wen)章(zhang),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)書滿(man)家。上(shang)窺姚姒,渾渾無(wu)(wu)(wu)涯;周《誥》殷《盤》,佶屈聱牙。《春秋》謹嚴(yan),《左(zuo)氏(shi)》浮(fu)夸;《易》奇而(er)(er)(er)(er)法(fa),《詩》正而(er)(er)(er)(er)葩。下(xia)(xia)逮《莊(zhuang)》《騷》,太史所(suo)錄;子(zi)(zi)云(yun)、相(xiang)如(ru),同工(gong)異曲。先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen),可(ke)(ke)謂(wei)(wei)閎其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中而(er)(er)(er)(er)肆其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)外(wai)矣(yi)!少(shao)始知(zhi)學(xue),勇(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)敢(gan)為(wei)(wei)。長(chang)通于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)方(fang),左(zuo)右(you)俱宜(yi):先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)為(wei)(wei)人,可(ke)(ke)謂(wei)(wei)成矣(yi)。然而(er)(er)(er)(er)公(gong)不(bu)(bu)見(jian)信(xin)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)人,私(si)不(bu)(bu)見(jian)助于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)友。跋前(qian)致(躓)后,動輒得(de)咎。暫為(wei)(wei)御史,遂竄南夷。三年博士,冗不(bu)(bu)見(jian)治(zhi)。命(ming)與仇謀(mou),取(qu)敗幾時!冬暖而(er)(er)(er)(er)兒(er)號寒(han),年豐而(er)(er)(er)(er)妻啼饑。頭童齒(chi)豁,竟死何裨?不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)慮此,(而(er)(er)(er)(er))反教人為(wei)(wei)!”先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)曰:“吁(yu)!子(zi)(zi)來前(qian)。夫大(da)木為(wei)(wei)杗,細(xi)木為(wei)(wei)桷。欂櫨侏儒(ru),椳闑扂楔,各得(de)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)宜(yi),施以(yi)(yi)(yi)成室者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),匠氏(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)也(ye)。玉札、丹砂,赤(chi)箭、青芝,牛溲,馬(ma)勃,敗鼓(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)皮,俱收(shou)并(bing)蓄,待用無(wu)(wu)(wu)遺者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),醫(yi)(yi)(師(shi))之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)良也(ye)。登(deng)明(ming)選公(gong),雜進(jin)巧拙,紆余(yu)為(wei)(wei)妍,卓犖為(wei)(wei)杰(jie),校(xiao)短量長(chang),惟器(qi)是適者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),宰相(xiang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)也(ye)。昔者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)孟軻好辯,孔(kong)道(dao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)明(ming)。轍環天下(xia)(xia),卒老(lao)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)行(xing)。荀卿守正,大(da)論以(yi)(yi)(yi)興。逃(tao)讒于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)楚,廢死蘭(lan)陵。是二儒(ru)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),吐(tu)辭(ci)為(wei)(wei)經,舉足為(wei)(wei)法(fa)。絕類離倫,優入(ru)圣(sheng)域,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)遇于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)世何如(ru)也(ye)?今(jin)先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)學(xue)雖(sui)勤(qin)而(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)繇其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)統,言(yan)雖(sui)多而(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)要其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中。文(wen)(wen)雖(sui)奇而(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)濟(ji)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)用,行(xing)雖(sui)修而(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)顯(xian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)眾。猶(you)且月費俸錢,歲糜廩(lin)粟(su)。子(zi)(zi)不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)耕,婦(fu)不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)織。乘馬(ma)從徒,安坐(zuo)而(er)(er)(er)(er)食。踵(zhong)常途之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)役役,窺陳編(bian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)盜竊。然而(er)(er)(er)(er)圣(sheng)主(zhu)不(bu)(bu)加誅(zhu),宰臣(chen)不(bu)(bu)見(jian)斥(chi),茲(zi)非(其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi))幸歟?動而(er)(er)(er)(er)得(de)謗,名亦隨(sui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。投閑(xian)置(zhi)散(san),乃(nai)分之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宜(yi)。若夫商財賄之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)無(wu)(wu)(wu),計班資之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)崇(chong)(chong)庳(bi)。忘己量之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)稱,指(zhi)前(qian)人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)瑕疵(ci)。是所(suo)謂(wei)(wei)詰匠氏(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)杙為(wei)(wei)楹(ying),而(er)(er)(er)(er)訾醫(yi)(yi)師(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)昌陽引年,欲進(jin)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)豨(xi)苓。”右(you)韓(han)文(wen)(wen)公(gong)《進(jin)學(xue)解(jie)》。
鮮于樞書(shu)寫的《韓愈進學(xue)解(jie)卷》,該作(zuo)品前半(ban)部以(yi)行書(shu)為主(zhu),后半(ban)部以(yi)草書(shu)為主(zhu),瀟灑(sa)(sa)自(zi)然(ran),一氣呵成,剛柔頓挫(cuo),節奏分(fen)明。如(ru)(ru)水(shui)墨畫(hua)高低遠近,起(qi)(qi)伏多(duo)變。用筆(bi)主(zhu)鋒圓畫(hua),飄逸之(zhi)甚。每字(zi)起(qi)(qi)筆(bi)似(si)(si)(si)都(dou)上(shang)承前字(zi)而來(lai),絕無突入之(zhi)感;每字(zi)收(shou)筆(bi)又都(dou)似(si)(si)(si)下連(lian)(lian)后字(zi)之(zhi)起(qi)(qi)筆(bi),雖不見得(de)有牽絲可(ke)循,然(ran)其筆(bi)意字(zi)態,清晰可(ke)見。雖以(yi)斷(duan)字(zi)為主(zhu),但亦(yi)有三(san)字(zi)相連(lian)(lian)者兩(liang)處(chu),二字(zi)相連(lian)(lian)者三(san)處(chu),其余皆字(zi)字(zi)不作(zuo)牽絲縈繞,整(zheng)篇看來(lai),竟似(si)(si)(si)都(dou)不連(lian)(lian)屬(shu),方顯(xian)出點(dian)點(dian)灑(sa)(sa)灑(sa)(sa),如(ru)(ru)銀漢之(zhi)群星(xing),漫灑(sa)(sa)天(tian)河而又互相顧盼,彼此都(dou)各自(zi)為是,又有統(tong)一之(zhi)意念。
《韓愈進學(xue)解卷》是鮮于樞作品中(zhong)的一件精品。
鮮于(yu)(yu)樞(1254-1322),字(zi)(zi)伯(bo)機,號困學山(shan)民,寄直老人(ren)(ren)(ren),大(da)都(今北(bei)京(jing))人(ren)(ren)(ren),一說(shuo)漁陽(今北(bei)京(jing)薊(ji)縣)人(ren)(ren)(ren),先后(hou)寓居(ju)揚州、杭州,曾任浙東(dong)都省史(shi)掾。1302年(大(da)德六(liu)年)任太常(chang)典薄。早歲學書(shu)(shu),未能如(ru)古人(ren)(ren)(ren),偶于(yu)(yu)野中(zhong)(zhong)見二人(ren)(ren)(ren)挽車淖泥中(zhong)(zhong),頓(dun)有所悟。他與趙孟頫齊名,同(tong)被譽為元代(dai)書(shu)(shu)壇(tan)“巨擘”,并稱“二妙”,但(dan)其(qi)(qi)(qi)影響略遜于(yu)(yu)趙孟頫。鮮于(yu)(yu)樞兼長楷書(shu)(shu)、行、草書(shu)(shu),尤以草書(shu)(shu)為最。其(qi)(qi)(qi)書(shu)(shu)多用中(zhong)(zhong)鋒(feng)回(hui)腕,筆墨淋淳酣(han)暢,氣勢雄(xiong)偉跌(die)宕,酒酣(han)作(zuo)字(zi)(zi)奇態橫生。他的功力(li)很扎實(shi),懸(xuan)腕作(zuo)字(zi)(zi),筆力(li)遒健,同(tong)時代(dai)的袁褒(bao)說(shuo):“困學老人(ren)(ren)(ren)善回(hui)腕,故其(qi)(qi)(qi)書(shu)(shu)圓勁,或者議其(qi)(qi)(qi)多用唐法,然與伯(bo)機相識(shi)凡十(shi)五,六(liu)年間(jian),見其(qi)(qi)(qi)書(shu)(shu)日異,勝人(ren)(ren)(ren)間(jian)俗書(shu)(shu)也。”(《書(shu)(shu)林(lin)藻鑒(jian)》)