主要性狀
本品為不規則結(jie)節狀(zhuang)拳形團塊(kuai),直(zhi)徑2~7cm。表面(mian)黃(huang)(huang)褐色,粗(cu)糙皺縮,有(you)多(duo)數平行隆起(qi)的(de)輪(lun)節,頂端有(you)凹陷的(de)類圓形莖(jing)痕(hen)(hen),下(xia)側及輪(lun)節上有(you)多(duo)數小瘤(liu)狀(zhuang)根(gen)痕(hen)(hen)。質堅實(shi),不易(yi)折斷(duan),斷(duan)面(mian)黃(huang)(huang)白色或灰黃(huang)(huang)色,散有(you)黃(huang)(huang)棕色的(de)油(you)室,形成層呈(cheng)波狀(zhuang)環紋。氣濃香,味苦、辛。稍有(you)麻(ma)舌感,微(wei)回(hui)甜。
具體應用
1.血(xue)(xue)(xue)瘀(yu)氣滯(zhi)痛(tong)證。本品辛散溫通,既能活血(xue)(xue)(xue)化瘀(yu),又能行氣止痛(tong),為(wei)“血(xue)(xue)(xue)中之(zhi)氣藥(yao)(yao)”,具(ju)通達氣血(xue)(xue)(xue)功效,故治氣滯(zhi)血(xue)(xue)(xue)瘀(yu)之(zhi)胸脅、腹部諸痛(tong)。若(ruo)治心脈(mo)瘀(yu)阻之(zhi)胸痹心痛(tong),常與(yu)丹參、桂枝、檀香等同用;若(ruo)治肝郁氣滯(zhi)之(zhi)脅痛(tong),常配(pei)柴(chai)胡、白芍、香附,如柴(chai)胡疏(shu)肝散(《景岳全書(shu)》);如肝血(xue)(xue)(xue)瘀(yu)阻,積聚痞塊(kuai)、胸脅刺痛(tong),多與(yu)桃仁、紅花等同用,如血(xue)(xue)(xue)府逐瘀(yu)湯(《醫林改錯》)。若(ruo)治跌(die)仆損傷,瘀(yu)腫疼痛(tong),可配(pei)乳(ru)香、沒藥(yao)(yao)、三七等藥(yao)(yao)用。
川芎善(shan)“下(xia)調經水,中開郁結”,為婦科要(yao)藥,能活血調經,可用治(zhi)多(duo)種婦產科的疾病。如(ru)(ru)治(zhi)血瘀經閉,痛經,常(chang)與赤芍、桃仁(ren)等(deng)(deng)同用,如(ru)(ru)血府逐(zhu)瘀湯(tang)(tang)(《醫林改錯》);若(ruo)屬寒凝(ning)血瘀者,可配桂心、當歸等(deng)(deng),如(ru)(ru)溫經湯(tang)(tang)(《婦人大全良(liang)方(fang)》);若(ruo)治(zhi)產后(hou)惡露不(bu)(bu)下(xia),瘀阻腹痛,可配當歸、桃仁(ren)、炮姜(jiang)等(deng)(deng),如(ru)(ru)生化湯(tang)(tang)(《傅青(qing)主女(nv)科》);若(ruo)治(zhi)月經不(bu)(bu)調,經期超前或錯后(hou),可配益母(mu)草、當歸等(deng)(deng),如(ru)(ru)益母(mu)勝金丹(dan)(《醫學(xue)心悟》)。
2.頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)痛(tong)(tong)(tong),風(feng)濕痹痛(tong)(tong)(tong)。本品辛(xin)溫升散(san),能“上行頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)目(mu)”,祛風(feng)止痛(tong)(tong)(tong),為治(zhi)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)痛(tong)(tong)(tong)要藥,無(wu)論(lun)風(feng)寒(han)、風(feng)熱、風(feng)濕、血虛(xu)、血瘀頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)痛(tong)(tong)(tong)均可隨證(zheng)配(pei)伍用之,故李(li)東垣言“頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)痛(tong)(tong)(tong)須用川(chuan)芎(xiong)(xiong)”。治(zhi)風(feng)寒(han)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)痛(tong)(tong)(tong),配(pei)羌活(huo)、細辛(xin)、白(bai)(bai)芷,如(ru)川(chuan)芎(xiong)(xiong)茶調散(san)(《和劑(ji)局方》);若(ruo)配(pei)菊(ju)花、石膏、僵蠶(can),可治(zhi)風(feng)熱頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)痛(tong)(tong)(tong),如(ru)川(chuan)芎(xiong)(xiong)散(san)(《衛生(sheng)保健》);若(ruo)治(zhi)風(feng)濕頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)痛(tong)(tong)(tong),可配(pei)羌活(huo)、獨活(huo)、防(fang)風(feng),如(ru)羌活(huo)勝濕湯(《內(nei)外傷辨惑(huo)論(lun)》);配(pei)當歸、白(bai)(bai)芍,取本品祛風(feng)止痛(tong)(tong)(tong)之功(gong),可治(zhi)血虛(xu)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)痛(tong)(tong)(tong),如(ru)加味四物湯(《金匱翼》);若(ruo)治(zhi)血瘀頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)痛(tong)(tong)(tong),可配(pei)赤(chi)芍、麝香,如(ru)通(tong)竅活(huo)血湯(《醫林改(gai)錯》)。
本品(pin)辛(xin)散溫通(tong)(tong),能(neng)祛風通(tong)(tong)絡止痛,又可治風濕痹痛,常(chang)配獨(du)活、秦(qin)艽、防風、桂枝等藥同用,如獨(du)活寄生湯(《千(qian)金方》)。
使用注意
陰虛火旺,多汗,熱盛及無瘀之(zhi)出(chu)血(xue)證和孕婦(fu)慎用。
川穹性(xing)溫,是婦(fu)科(ke)常用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)品(pin),有活血順氣的作(zuo)用(yong)(yong),但也(ye)不能(neng)多用(yong)(yong),尤其是身體有出血現象的人不適合(he)服(fu)用(yong)(yong),如女性(xing)經期。陰虛火旺,多汗,熱盛(sheng)及無瘀(yu)之出血證慎(shen)用(yong)(yong),孕婦(fu)慎(shen)用(yong)(yong)。此藥(yao)久服(fu)傷正,“能(neng)致暴亡(wang)”。
食用含川(chuan)穹的藥膳后不要馬(ma)上飲綠茶(cha),因綠茶(cha)性涼(liang),會減弱川(chuan)穹的功效。
川穹又是(shi)藥(yao)膳中常(chang)用(yong)的藥(yao)材之一(yi),與(yu)烏雞同食,可以養(yang)陰活(huo)血,是(shi)女性滋補佳品。
古籍摘要
1.《神農本草(cao)經》:“主(zhu)中風入腦(nao)頭痛(tong)、寒(han)痹,筋脈緩急(ji),金瘡,婦人血閉無子。”
2.《本草匯言》:“芎(xiong)??,上行(xing)頭目,下調經(jing)水,中開郁結,血中氣(qi)(qi)(qi)藥。嘗為當歸所使,非第治(zhi)血有功,而治(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)亦神驗也(ye)……味(wei)辛性(xing)陽,氣(qi)(qi)(qi)善走竄而無(wu)陰凝粘(zhan)滯之態,雖入血分(fen),又(you)能(neng)去(qu)一切風,調一切氣(qi)(qi)(qi)。”
3.《本草新編》:“川(chuan)芎……血閉者能(neng)通,外感者能(neng)散(san),療頭風其神,止金瘡疼(teng)痛(tong)(tong)。此藥(yao)可君可臣,又(you)可為佐(zuo)使,但不可單(dan)用(yong)(yong)……倘(tang)單(dan)用(yong)(yong)一味以補血,則血動,反有散(san)失之(zhi)憂。若(ruo)單(dan)用(yong)(yong)一味以止痛(tong)(tong),則痛(tong)(tong)止,轉(zhuan)有暴亡之(zhi)慮。”
現代研究
化學成分
本(ben)品(pin)含生物堿(如川芎嗪),揮(hui)發油(主要(yao)為藁(gao)本(ben)內(nei)脂(zhi)、香(xiang)燴烯等),酚類物質(如阿魏酸),內(nei)脂(zhi)素以及(ji)維(wei)生素A,葉(xie)酸,蔗糖(tang),甾醇,脂(zhi)肪油等。
藥理作用
川(chuan)芎(xiong)嗪能擴張冠(guan)狀(zhuang)動脈,增(zeng)加冠(guan)狀(zhuang)動脈血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)流量(liang)(liang)(liang),改善心(xin)肌(ji)的(de)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)氧供應,并(bing)降低(di)心(xin)肌(ji)的(de)耗氧量(liang)(liang)(liang);川(chuan)芎(xiong)嗪可擴張腦血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)管,降低(di)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)管阻力(li),顯著增(zeng)加腦及(ji)肢體血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)流量(liang)(liang)(liang),改善微循環;能降低(di)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)小板(ban)表面活性,抑制(zhi)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)小板(ban)凝集(ji),預防血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)栓的(de)形成,;所含阿魏酸(suan)的(de)中性成分(fen)小劑(ji)量(liang)(liang)(liang)促進,大劑(ji)量(liang)(liang)(liang)抑制(zhi)子(zi)宮平滑肌(ji);水煎劑(ji)對動物中樞神經系統(tong)有(you)鎮靜(jing)作用(yong)(yong),并(bing)有(you)明顯而持久的(de)降壓作用(yong)(yong);可加速(su)骨折局部(bu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)腫的(de)吸收(shou),促進骨痂形成;有(you)抗(kang)維生(sheng)素E缺乏作用(yong)(yong);能抑制(zhi)多(duo)種桿菌;有(you)抗(kang)組織胺和利(li)膽(dan)作用(yong)(yong)。
臨床研究
川芎在臨床上(shang)應用廣泛。如:用川芎、紅花(hua)各等(deng)份壓(ya)片,每(mei)天口(kou)服3次(ci),每(mei)次(ci)4片(每(mei)片含川芎、紅花(hua)各1.25 克),治療冠(guan)心病(bing)(bing)心絞痛84例,83例有效。(北京(jing)地區冠(guan)心病(bing)(bing)協作組。資(zi)料(liao)匯編(第二(er)輯),1972,12)。
每日用川(chuan)芎(xiong)嗪80—100毫(hao)升加入5%葡萄糖液500毫(hao)升靜(jing)滴(di)1次,10次為(wei)1療(liao)程(cheng),治療(liao)缺血性中風急(ji)性期66例,恢復(fu)期154例,后遺癥期47例。結(jie)果:急(ji)性期有效率(lv)100%,恢復(fu)期有效率(lv)95.4%,后遺癥期有效率(lv)70.2%。(陜(shan)西中醫,1988.(9):408)。
用(yong)川(chuan)芎24—28克,白(bai)酒30毫(hao)升,水250毫(hao)升,浸(jin)泡1小(xiao)時后,加蓋(gai)用(yong)文火燉(dun)煎分2次服,不飲酒者(zhe)可(ke)單加水燉(dun)服,治療功能性子宮出血29例,均有效(陜(shan)西中(zhong)醫,1990,11(4):150)。
鑒別方法
* 本品(pin)橫(heng)切面(mian):木(mu)栓層(ceng)(ceng)為10余列(lie)細胞(bao)(bao)。皮層(ceng)(ceng)狹窄,散(san)(san)有(you)根跡維管束,其(qi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)層(ceng)(ceng)明顯。韌皮部寬廣,形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)層(ceng)(ceng)環(huan)波(bo)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)或(huo)(huo)(huo)不(bu)規則多角(jiao)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。木(mu)質部導(dao)(dao)管多角(jiao)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)類(lei)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),大多單(dan)列(lie)或(huo)(huo)(huo)排成(cheng)“V”形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),偶有(you)木(mu)纖維束。髓(sui)部較大。薄(bo)壁組織中(zhong)(zhong)散(san)(san)有(you)多數(shu)油室(shi),類(lei)圓(yuan) 形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、橢圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)不(bu)規則,淡黃(huang)棕(zong)色(se),靠近(jin)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)油室(shi)小,向外漸大;薄(bo)壁細胞(bao)(bao)中(zhong)(zhong)富含(han)淀粉粒(li),有(you)的(de)(de)薄(bo)壁細胞(bao)(bao)中(zhong)(zhong)含(han)草(cao)酸鈣晶體,呈(cheng)類(lei)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)團塊或(huo)(huo)(huo)類(lei)簇(cu)晶狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)。粉末淡黃(huang)棕(zong)色(se)或(huo)(huo)(huo)灰棕(zong)色(se)。淀粉粒(li)較多,單(dan)粒(li)橢圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、長(chang)(chang)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、類(lei)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、卵圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)腎形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),直徑5~16μm,長(chang)(chang)約21μm,臍點(dian)點(dian)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)、長(chang)(chang)縫(feng)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)或(huo)(huo)(huo)人字狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang);偶見(jian)復粒(li),由2~4分(fen)粒(li)組成(cheng)。草(cao)酸鈣晶體存在于薄(bo)壁細胞(bao)(bao)中(zhong)(zhong),呈(cheng)類(lei)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)團塊或(huo)(huo)(huo)類(lei)簇(cu)晶狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang),直徑10~25μm。木(mu)栓細胞(bao)(bao)深黃(huang)棕(zong)色(se),常多層(ceng)(ceng)重疊,表面(mian)觀呈(cheng)多角(jiao)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),壁薄(bo)。油室(shi)多己破碎,偶可見(jian)油室(shi)碎片,分(fen)泌細胞(bao)(bao)壁薄(bo),含(han)有(you)較多的(de)(de)油滴(di)。導(dao)(dao)管主(zhu)為螺(luo)(luo)紋(wen)(wen)導(dao)(dao)管,亦有(you)網紋(wen)(wen)及梯紋(wen)(wen)導(dao)(dao)管,直徑14~50μm,有(you)的(de)(de)螺(luo)(luo)紋(wen)(wen)導(dao)(dao)管增厚(hou)壁互相聯(lian)結(jie),似(si)網狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)螺(luo)(luo)紋(wen)(wen)導(dao)(dao)管。
* 取(qu)本品(pin)粉末(mo)1g,加(jia)石油醚(30~60℃)5ml,放置10小(xiao)時(shi),時(shi)時(shi)振搖,靜置,取(qu)上清(qing)液1ml,揮干后,殘渣(zha)加(jia)甲醇(chun)1ml使溶解,再加(jia)2%3,5-二硝基苯(ben)甲酸的甲醇(chun)溶液2 ~3滴(di)與(yu)甲醇(chun)飽和(he)的氫氧(yang)化鉀溶液2滴(di),顯紅紫色(se)。
* 取(qu)本品(pin)粉末1g,加乙(yi)(yi)(yi)醇20ml,加熱(re)回流1小(xiao)時,濾過,濾液揮干,殘渣加醋(cu)酸乙(yi)(yi)(yi)酯2ml使溶解,作為供(gong)試品(pin)溶液。另取(qu)川芎對(dui)(dui)照藥材(cai)1g,同法制成(cheng)對(dui)(dui)照藥材(cai)溶液。照薄層色(se)(se)譜法(附錄Ⅵ B)試驗,吸取(qu)上(shang)述(shu)兩種溶液各1~2μl ,分(fen)別點于同一硅膠G薄層板上(shang),以正(zheng)己烷-醋(cu)酸乙(yi)(yi)(yi)酯(9:1)為展開(kai)劑,展開(kai),取(qu)出,晾干,置紫外光燈(365nm)下(xia)檢視(shi)。供(gong)試 品(pin)色(se)(se)譜中,在(zai)與對(dui)(dui)照藥材(cai)色(se)(se)譜相應的位置上(shang),顯相同顏色(se)(se)的熒光斑點。