一(yi).自(zi)然(ran)生態環境和人(ren)文(wen)歷(li)史因素
1、地(di)(di)形地(di)(di)貌(mao):貴州地(di)(di)處云貴高(gao)原(yuan)東(dong)(dong)南斜(xie)坡地(di)(di)帶,地(di)(di)勢西(xi)高(gao)東(dong)(dong)低,自(zi)中(zhong)部(bu)(bu)向北(bei)、東(dong)(dong)、南傾斜(xie)。貴州西(xi)部(bu)(bu)海拔1500~2800米(mi)以上,中(zhong)部(bu)(bu)海拔1000米(mi)左右(you),北(bei)、東(dong)(dong)、南三面(mian)邊緣河谷地(di)(di)帶在500米(mi)以下,屬(shu)于典(dian)型的(de)卡斯特巖溶(rong)地(di)(di)貌(mao),
2、生(sheng)態(tai):貴(gui)州植(zhi)(zhi)被既有(you)(you)亞熱帶(dai)類(lei)型(xing)的(de)地(di)帶(dai)性植(zhi)(zhi)被常綠(lv)闊葉(xie)林(lin),又有(you)(you)近熱帶(dai)性質的(de)溝谷(gu)季(ji)雨林(lin)、山(shan)地(di)季(ji)雨林(lin);既有(you)(you)寒溫性亞高山(shan)針葉(xie)林(lin),又有(you)(you)暖(nuan)性同(tong)地(di)針葉(xie)林(lin);植(zhi)(zhi)被在(zai)空間(jian)分布上表(biao)現出明顯的(de)過渡性,從而(er)使(shi)各種植(zhi)(zhi)被類(lei)型(xing)在(zai)地(di)理分布上相互重疊、交錯,形(xing)成各種復雜多樣(yang)的(de)植(zhi)(zhi)被類(lei)型(xing)組合。貴(gui)州森覆蓋率已(yi)達50%,茶園周圍植(zhi)(zhi)被類(lei)型(xing)復雜多樣(yang),構成了茶林(lin)相間(jian)、相得益彰的(de)生(sheng)態(tai)植(zhi)(zhi)被系(xi)統。
3、氣(qi)(qi)候(hou):貴(gui)(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)屬(shu)(shu)低偉度(du)(du)區(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu),絕(jue)大部(bu)(bu)分地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)分布在(zai)中(zhong)亞(ya)熱(re)(re)帶(dai)、北(bei)亞(ya)熱(re)(re)帶(dai)氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)區(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)。貴(gui)(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)大部(bu)(bu)分地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)年平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫在(zai)14—16℃之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)(jian)(jian),冬(dong)(dong)天(tian)最冷的(de)(de)(de)1月(yue)(yue)(yue)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫3—8℃,而夏天(tian)最熱(re)(re)的(de)(de)(de)7月(yue)(yue)(yue)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫在(zai)18—26℃之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)。貴(gui)(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)境內大小山脈高低不同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、走向不同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、坡度(du)(du)不同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),凹凸(tu)不同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),在(zai)各(ge)種(zhong)復雜地(di)(di)形(xing)地(di)(di)貌的(de)(de)(de)等定(ding)區(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)往(wang)往(wang)存在(zai)復雜的(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)類型。“一(yi)山有(you)四季、十里(li)不同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)天(tian)”就是(shi)(shi)(shi)貴(gui)(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)立(li)體氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)的(de)(de)(de)體現,可使不同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)發育期(qi)、不同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)特(te)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)茶(cha)(cha)樹(shu)品種(zhong)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)可在(zai)貴(gui)(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)生長(chang)。貴(gui)(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)總體上(shang)屬(shu)(shu)中(zhong)國亞(ya)熱(re)(re)帶(dai)高原季風濕潤氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)。從全省看,通常最冷月(yue)(yue)(yue)(1月(yue)(yue)(yue))平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun) 氣(qi)(qi)溫多(duo)(duo)在(zai)3℃~6℃,比同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)緯度(du)(du)其他地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)高;最熱(re)(re)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(7月(yue)(yue)(yue))平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫一(yi)般是(shi)(shi)(shi)22℃~25℃,為典型夏涼地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)。年降水量(liang)大部(bu)(bu)分地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)在(zai)1100—1300毫米之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)。因貴(gui)(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)處(chu)于高原山地(di)(di)。濕度(du)(du)大,陰雨(yu)(yu)天(tian)多(duo)(duo),大部(bu)(bu)分地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)相對(dui)濕度(du)(du)在(zai)80%以(yi)上(shang),降水日數多(duo)(duo)在(zai)160—200天(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)。大部(bu)(bu)分地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)云(yun)量(liang)在(zai)8成以(yi)上(shang),年平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)晴(qing)天(tian)不足30天(tian),故有(you)“天(tian)無(wu)三(san)日晴(qing)”之(zhi)(zhi)說。大部(bu)(bu)分地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)年平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫14℃~16℃,≥10℃年有(you)效積(ji)溫4000℃~5500℃,年平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)日照(zhao)時數1200~1600小時,月(yue)(yue)(yue)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)空氣(qi)(qi)相對(dui)濕度(du)(du)長(chang)期(qi)穩定(ding)在(zai)79~82%之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)(jian)(jian),無(wu)霜期(qi)270天(tian)左(zuo)右。特(te)殊的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)理(li)區(qu)(qu)(qu)位和(he)氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)類型形(xing)成了貴(gui)(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)冬(dong)(dong)無(wu)嚴(yan)寒、夏無(wu)酷暑、雨(yu)(yu)量(liang)充(chong)沛、雨(yu)(yu)熱(re)(re)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)季、多(duo)(duo)云(yun)寡照(zhao)、降雨(yu)(yu)日數多(duo)(duo)、空氣(qi)(qi)濕度(du)(du)較大、漫(man)射(she)光(guang)較多(duo)(duo)、垂(chui)直差(cha)異明顯的(de)(de)(de)立(li)體氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)特(te)征, 符合茶(cha)(cha)樹(shu)喜溫、喜濕、喜漫(man)射(she)光(guang)的(de)(de)(de)生長(chang)要(yao)求。加之(zhi)(zhi)多(duo)(duo)夜雨(yu)(yu),晚間(jian)(jian)(jian)介紹傾盆大雨(yu)(yu),次日天(tian)空晴(qing)朗,對(dui)茶(cha)(cha)樹(shu)芬香物(wu)質的(de)(de)(de)合成和(he)積(ji)累特(te)別有(you)利。是(shi)(shi)(shi)農業部(bu)(bu)《特(te)色農產品區(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)布局規劃(2013-2020年)》的(de)(de)(de)長(chang)江中(zhong)上(shang)游綠(lv)茶(cha)(cha)優勢產區(qu)(qu)(qu)核(he)心(xin)區(qu)(qu)(qu),是(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)國提出的(de)(de)(de)世界綠(lv)茶(cha)(cha)金三(san)角(jiao)核(he)心(xin)。
4、土壤(rang)(rang):貴州土壤(rang)(rang)主要以中亞熱(re)帶常綠闊葉林紅壤(rang)(rang)——黃壤(rang)(rang)為主的(de)大(da)多(duo)數土壤(rang)(rang)呈酸(suan)性或弱酸(suan)性、土質(zhi)疏松、土層深(shen)厚、有機質(zhi)豐(feng)富、極適于茶(cha)樹生(sheng)長。
5、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)文:貴(gui)(gui)(gui)州(zhou)河(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)處(chu)(chu)在長(chang)(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)和(he)珠江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)兩大水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)上游交錯地帶,有(you)69個(ge)縣屬長(chang)(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)防護林保護區范(fan)圍,是長(chang)(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)、珠江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)上游地區的(de)(de)(de)重要生(sheng)態屏障(zhang)。全省(sheng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)順地勢(shi)由西部、中部向北、東、南(nan)三面(mian)分流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)。苗(miao)(miao)嶺(ling)是長(chang)(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)和(he)珠江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)兩流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域的(de)(de)(de)分水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)嶺(ling),以北屬長(chang)(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域,流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域面(mian)積(ji)(ji)115747平(ping)方(fang)(fang)公(gong)里(li),占全省(sheng)國(guo)土(tu)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)65.7%,主要河(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)有(you):烏(wu)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)、赤水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)河(he)(he)、清(qing)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)、洪(hong)州(zhou)河(he)(he)、舞(wu)陽河(he)(he)、錦江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)、松桃河(he)(he)、松坎河(he)(he)、牛欄江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)、橫江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)等(deng);苗(miao)(miao)嶺(ling)以南(nan)屬珠江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域,流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域面(mian)積(ji)(ji)60420平(ping)方(fang)(fang)公(gong)里(li),占全省(sheng)國(guo)土(tu)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)34.3%,主要河(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)有(you):南(nan)盤江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)、北盤江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)、紅水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)河(he)(he)、都(dou)柳江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)、打狗河(he)(he)等(deng)。貴(gui)(gui)(gui)州(zhou)河(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)數量(liang)較多(duo)(duo),處(chu)(chu)處(chu)(chu)川(chuan)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)不(bu)息,長(chang)(chang)度在10公(gong)里(li)以上的(de)(de)(de)河(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)有(you)984條(tiao)。貴(gui)(gui)(gui)州(zhou)河(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)山(shan)區性(xing)特征(zheng)明顯(xian),大多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)(de)河(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)上游,河(he)(he)谷開闊,水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)平(ping)緩,水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)小;中游河(he)(he)谷束放相間,水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)湍急;下(xia)游河(he)(he)谷深切狹窄,水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)大,水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)力資(zi)源豐富。貴(gui)(gui)(gui)州(zhou)山(shan)清(qing)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)秀(xiu),宜茶好水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)多(duo)(duo)。優越的(de)(de)(de)自然地理條(tiao)件,為貴(gui)(gui)(gui)州(zhou)茶葉生(sheng)產奠定(ding)了良好基礎。
二.地域范圍
“貴(gui)州綠茶”農(nong)產品(pin)地理標志保護范(fan)圍為貴(gui)州省轄(xia)區(qu)內的9個市(州)61個縣市(區(qu))的茶樹(shu)生長區(qu),貴(gui)陽市
(4縣區(qu)):清鎮市、花(hua)溪區(qu)、烏當區(qu)、開陽縣;遵義市
(9縣(xian)(xian)區):播州(zhou)區、湄潭(tan)縣(xian)(xian)、鳳岡縣(xian)(xian)、余慶縣(xian)(xian)、習水縣(xian)(xian)、綏陽縣(xian)(xian)、正安縣(xian)(xian)、道真縣(xian)(xian)、務川縣(xian)(xian);安順市
(6縣(xian)(xian)(xian)區):西秀(xiu)區、普定縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、鎮寧(ning)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、平壩區、關嶺縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、紫云縣(xian)(xian)(xian);銅(tong)仁(ren)市(shi)(8縣(xian)(xian)(xian)區):萬山區、印江縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、石阡縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、松桃縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、德江縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、沿河縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、思南縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、江口縣(xian)(xian)(xian);畢(bi)節市(shi)
(8縣區):七星關區、金沙縣、黔西縣、納雍縣、赫章縣、大方縣、威(wei)寧縣、織金縣;六(liu)盤水市(shi)
(3縣(xian)區(qu)):六枝特區(qu)、水(shui)城區(qu)、盤縣(xian);黔南州(zhou)
(10縣(xian)市(shi)區(qu)):都(dou)勻(yun)市(shi)、貴定縣(xian)、龍里縣(xian)、甕(weng)安縣(xian)、福泉市(shi)、平(ping)塘縣(xian)、長順縣(xian)、獨山(shan)縣(xian)、惠水縣(xian);黔東(dong)南(nan)州
(7縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)市區):凱里市、雷山縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、丹(dan)寨縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、黎(li)平縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、臺江縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、岑鞏縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、鎮(zhen)遠縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian);黔西南州
(6市縣區(qu)):興義市、晴隆(long)縣、普安縣、興仁縣、安龍縣、貞豐(feng)縣。貴安新區(qu)。地理(li)坐(zuo)標東(dong)經103°36′~108°35′/、北緯24°55′~29°13′/之間,保護面(mian)積(ji)約1162萬公(gong)頃。貴州綠茶(cha)生產面(mian)積(ji)700萬畝(mu)。
三.產品(pin)品(pin)質特性特征
1、感官品質:
1.1、獨特的(de)感官品質(zhi)特征:卷曲形茶(cha):緊細較卷,白(bai)毫顯露、色澤(ze)綠(lv)(lv)潤。湯(tang)色黃(huang)綠(lv)(lv)亮(liang),葉底嫩(nen)勻、明亮(liang)、鮮(xian)活、完整(zheng)(zheng);扁形茶(cha):茶(cha)身扁、平、直,色澤(ze)綠(lv)(lv)翠(cui)。湯(tang)色黃(huang)綠(lv)(lv)亮(liang),葉底嫩(nen)綠(lv)(lv)勻整(zheng)(zheng);顆粒形茶(cha):圓(yuan)結(jie)重實呈粒、含芽(ya)團抱(bao),毫中透綠(lv)(lv)。湯(tang)色黃(huang)綠(lv)(lv)亮(liang),葉底柔軟、芽(ya)葉完整(zheng)(zheng)。貴州高海拔、低緯(wei)度、寡日(ri)照、冷涼多霧等條件(jian)孕(yun)育茶(cha)葉的(de)物質(zhi)組合性(xing)好,三款茶(cha)都具備(bei):翡翠(cui)綠(lv)(lv)、嫩(nen)栗香、濃爽味的(de)特點。
1.2、各質量等級(ji)的感(gan)官品(pin)質:
1.2.1、卷(juan)曲形(xing)茶各質(zhi)量等級的感官品質(zhi)。
2、理化品質:
2.1、特異的理化(hua)品質特征:貴州(zhou)綠茶粗纖維含量以6.8-9.5%為(wei)(wei)最(zui)多,水溶性灰分含量在59%-99%之間(jian)(jian)(jian),平(ping)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)64%,游離氨基酸總量4%-6%,平(ping)均(jun)含量為(wei)(wei)5.61%,水浸出物在40%-50%之間(jian)(jian)(jian),平(ping)均(jun)值為(wei)(wei)45.8%,茶多酚(fen)含量主(zhu)要分布在22-28%之間(jian)(jian)(jian),平(ping)均(jun)含量為(wei)(wei)19.13%,咖啡堿含量在3%-5%之間(jian)(jian)(jian),平(ping)均(jun)含量為(wei)(wei)4.37%,
2.2、理化(hua)品質:
2.2.1、卷曲形茶各質(zhi)量等級理化品質(zhi)。
3、質量安全(quan):貴州綠(lv)茶執行GB2762《食(shi)品(pin)安全(quan)國(guo)家標(biao)準食(shi)品(pin)中(zhong)污染物(wu)限(xian)量》和GB2763《食(shi)品(pin)安全(quan)國(guo)家標(biao)準食(shi)品(pin)中(zhong)農藥殘(can)留最大限(xian)量》標(biao)準。
五.特定生產方式
1、產地環(huan)境質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量:貴州絕(jue)大部(bu)分茶(cha)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)建園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)都遠離城區、工礦(kuang)區、交通主干(gan)線、工業污染源;二是(shi)貴州絕(jue)大部(bu)分茶(cha)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)建園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)都在生態環(huan)境良好、生態植被豐富的(de)山坡地上。茶(cha)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)選址規(gui)定:有效(xiao)土層厚度(du)≥80厘米(mi)、有機質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(0cm~20cm土層)≥1.5g/kg、環(huan)境相對濕度(du)≥80%、坡度(du)≤30度(du)。并要求(qiu)一(yi)氧化碳、鉛兩項指(zhi)標要達到(dao)GB3095-1996 《環(huan)境空(kong)氣質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量標準(zhun)》要求(qiu)。
2、品(pin)種(zhong):貴州綠茶(cha)原料茶(cha)樹(shu)品(pin)種(zhong)以中小葉種(zhong)為主,如湄潭、石阡、貴定鳥(niao)王等地方良種(zhong)、福鼎大白(bai)茶(cha)等。
3、種植。
4、采摘:
4.1、采摘(zhai)標(biao)準:貴州(zhou)綠茶采摘(zhai)標(biao)準為單芽至一芽三葉。
4.2、采摘要求:采摘采用提手采,鮮(xian)葉(xie)應(ying)保持芽(ya)葉(xie)完整、新鮮(xian)、勻凈、無污染物和其(qi)他非茶類雜(za)物。
4.3、鮮葉裝(zhuang)運:盛裝(zhuang)茶表的工(gong)具應為竹制品(竹簍、竹筐、竹籮(luo)等(deng))
5、加工。
6、包(bao)裝和貯藏:
6.1、包(bao)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang):茶葉包(bao)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)應符合《貴州(zhou)茶葉包(bao)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)通用(yong)技術規范》(DB52/T648-2010)要求,包(bao)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)材料應無毒、無異味(wei)、無脫(tuo)色、無脫(tuo)層,并不(bu)得含有(you)熒光染(ran)料等污染(ran)物。
6.2、貯(zhu)(zhu)藏(zang)(zang):產(chan)品(pin)貯(zhu)(zhu)存應符合SB/T10095《茶葉貯(zhu)(zhu)藏(zang)(zang)養護通用技術條(tiao)件》的(de)要求,應貯(zhu)(zhu)于清潔(jie)、干燥、陰(yin)諒、無異味(wei)庫(柜)中貯(zhu)(zhu)藏(zang)(zang),溫度5℃-8℃為宜,產(chan)品(pin)運(yun)輸應符合SB/T10037的(de)要求。運(yun)輸工具應清潔(jie)、干燥、無異味(wei)、無污染(ran)。運(yun)輸時應有防(fang)雨、防(fang)潮、防(fang)曬(shai)措施。嚴(yan)禁(jin)與(yu)有毒、有害、有異味(wei)、易污染(ran)的(de)物品(pin)混裝(zhuang)、混運(yun)。裝(zhuang)卸時應輕裝(zhuang)輕卸,嚴(yan)禁(jin)摔撞。
五(wu).包裝標識相關規(gui)定
貴州(zhou)(zhou)綠茶(cha)標(biao)志使用人嚴格遵守(shou)《貴州(zhou)(zhou)綠茶(cha)標(biao)志使用管(guan)理辦法》