木(mu)版年畫(hua)(東(dong)昌府木(mu)版年畫(hua)),山東(dong)省聊(liao)城市傳統美術,國家級非物質文(wen)化遺產(chan)之一。
東昌(chang)(chang)府木版年(nian)(nian)畫(hua)主(zhu)要分(fen)布(bu)在山東省聊城市東昌(chang)(chang)府古(gu)城區內(nei)的(de)東關街、清孝街,堂邑鎮(zhen)(zhen)的(de)許堤口及梁水鎮(zhen)(zhen)的(de)大趙(zhao)等(deng)城鎮(zhen)(zhen)鄉村(cun),其起源于(yu)明代(dai),民(min)國(guo)時(shi)期(qi)達到鼎盛。東昌(chang)(chang)府木版年(nian)(nian)畫(hua)將年(nian)(nian)畫(hua)與門(men)神(shen)畫(hua)融為一(yi)體(ti),兼(jian)具審美欣賞(shang)和驅邪祈福的(de)功能。它(ta)取材廣泛,既(ji)有現實(shi)生活、歷史人(ren)物、戲曲故(gu)事和神(shen)話(hua)傳說的(de)內(nei)容,又(you)有圍繞(rao)福、祿、壽、喜等(deng)祥瑞主(zhu)題(ti)的(de)表現。東昌(chang)(chang)府木版年(nian)(nian)畫(hua)作品構圖(tu)簡潔(jie),格調高(gao),整體(ti)感強,人(ren)物造(zao)型夸張,形體(ti)豐滿(man)樸實(shi),線條(tiao)圓潤(run)流暢,剛柔相濟,色彩(cai)鮮艷亮麗,對(dui)比強烈。
2008年6月(yue)7日,木版年畫(hua)(東昌府木版年畫(hua))經(jing)中華人民共和國(guo)國(guo)務院批準(zhun)列入第二(er)批國(guo)家級非物質文化遺產名錄,遺產編號:Ⅶ-65。
東(dong)(dong)(dong)昌(chang)(chang)府木版(ban)(ban)(ban)年(nian)畫(hua)(hua)開(kai)始于(yu)(yu)明(ming)代。明(ming)朝開(kai)始,東(dong)(dong)(dong)昌(chang)(chang)府成為京杭運河沿岸的(de)(de)九大商(shang)埠(bu)之一,商(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)繁榮帶來了文化(hua)的(de)(de)興盛,包(bao)括(kuo)木版(ban)(ban)(ban)年(nian)畫(hua)(hua)在內的(de)(de)木版(ban)(ban)(ban)印(yin)刷業(ye)(ye)(ye)成為當(dang)(dang)時(shi)東(dong)(dong)(dong)昌(chang)(chang)府商(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)文明(ming)的(de)(de)一大特色。明(ming)朝初(chu)年(nian),山西商(shang)人在離東(dong)(dong)(dong)昌(chang)(chang)府古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)50公里正南(nan)的(de)(de)張(zhang)秋(qiu)鎮(zhen)開(kai)設了三(san)家(jia)畫(hua)(hua)店(dian),經銷(xiao)年(nian)畫(hua)(hua)、門(men)(men)神。后(hou)來,這(zhe)三(san)家(jia)之一的(de)(de)“劉(liu)振升(sheng)畫(hua)(hua)店(dian)”遷往當(dang)(dang)時(shi)東(dong)(dong)(dong)關清孝(xiao)街,此畫(hua)(hua)店(dian)業(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)發展很快。由于(yu)(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)意興隆(long),同(tong)類行(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)應運而生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),有(you)的(de)(de)從外地搬來聊城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),有(you)的(de)(de)在各地經營(ying)。東(dong)(dong)(dong)昌(chang)(chang)府的(de)(de)刻書業(ye)(ye)(ye)發達,刻書業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)插圖雕刻藝(yi)人開(kai)創了東(dong)(dong)(dong)昌(chang)(chang)府木版(ban)(ban)(ban)年(nian)畫(hua)(hua)這(zhe)一藝(yi)術(shu)(shu)形式(shi)。當(dang)(dang)時(shi)雕刻版(ban)(ban)(ban)畫(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)有(you)上百人,是個(ge)(ge)藝(yi)術(shu)(shu)群(qun)體,他們專門(men)(men)負責為各個(ge)(ge)作坊雕刻畫(hua)(hua)版(ban)(ban)(ban)。東(dong)(dong)(dong)昌(chang)(chang)府木版(ban)(ban)(ban)年(nian)畫(hua)(hua)作坊分布(bu)于(yu)(yu)聊城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、堂(tang)邑(yi)、陽谷、壽張(zhang)、東(dong)(dong)(dong)阿、莘縣、朝城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、范(fan)縣、古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)等(deng)(deng)(deng)二(er)十幾個(ge)(ge)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)和數(shu)百個(ge)(ge)鄉村。作坊生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)年(nian)畫(hua)(hua)銷(xiao)往魯西、魯南(nan)、魯北各縣以及東(dong)(dong)(dong)邊的(de)(de)泰安、濟南(nan)、濰縣等(deng)(deng)(deng)地,還(huan)遠(yuan)銷(xiao)山西、河南(nan)、河北、東(dong)(dong)(dong)北等(deng)(deng)(deng)地。
清朝末期(qi),東(dong)昌(chang)(chang)府(fu)古城內仍(reng)有(you)二十余家較(jiao)大的(de)年(nian)(nian)畫(hua)店面,它們(men)資金(jin)雄厚,業務范(fan)圍廣,并且(qie)儲備了大批的(de)畫(hua)版,因(yin)此常年(nian)(nian)開工。因(yin)為價廉物美,船(chuan)隊載(zai)著(zhu)各地(di)(di)的(de)商販到東(dong)昌(chang)(chang)府(fu)訂購年(nian)(nian)畫(hua),有(you)的(de)商販則根據(ju)自己(ji)當地(di)(di)的(de)風俗,拿(na)著(zhu)準(zhun)備好的(de)畫(hua)樣找刻(ke)版藝人(ren)印刷。
民(min)國前期,東(dong)昌府(fu)木(mu)版年畫達到(dao)鼎盛,從魯(lu)西平原到(dao)山東(dong)各地,從晉、陜(shan)、冀、豫(yu)到(dao)東(dong)北三省,都有東(dong)昌府(fu)木(mu)版年畫的(de)銷售市場。
民國中期,由于日(ri)寇(kou)侵略,漕運(yun)(yun)廢止(zhi),黃河(he)改(gai)道(dao),運(yun)(yun)河(he)堵(du)塞斷(duan)流,再加上津浦、京漢鐵(tie)路的(de)興修,京杭大運(yun)(yun)河(he)給豫(yu)魯西北(bei)帶來的(de)地利(li)日(ri)漸(jian)衰微。南北(bei)交通動脈地位(wei)的(de)消(xiao)失,使得東(dong)昌府漸(jian)漸(jian)變成(cheng)落后封閉的(de)區域(yu),東(dong)昌府年畫(hua)也逐漸(jian)失去了往日(ri)的(de)輝(hui)煌。
“文化(hua)大革命”時期,東昌府木版年畫遭到了較大的破壞,許多木版樣式因此而消(xiao)失。
20世紀,經過政府(fu)部門的(de)重視和民間藝人的(de)挖掘整理,東昌(chang)府(fu)木(mu)版年畫這一(yi)民間藝術得以重新發展。
東昌府(fu)(fu)木版年(nian)(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)構(gou)(gou)圖(tu)特點(dian)可以(yi)用(yong)“滿(man)(man)(man)、全”兩個(ge)字來概括。東昌府(fu)(fu)木版年(nian)(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)采用(yong)中(zhong)心(xin)式(shi)構(gou)(gou)圖(tu)的(de)年(nian)(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)作品居多,畫(hua)(hua)(hua)面以(yi)一(yi)個(ge)中(zhong)心(xin)人物(wu)(wu)或景(jing)物(wu)(wu)為中(zhong)心(xin),向畫(hua)(hua)(hua)面的(de)上下、左右展開(kai)直至布滿(man)(man)(man)整個(ge)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)面。這種構(gou)(gou)圖(tu)容納(na)了(le)豐(feng)富的(de)主(zhu)(zhu)題內容,體現圓(yuan)滿(man)(man)(man)的(de)藝(yi)術效果。這種“滿(man)(man)(man)、全”的(de)構(gou)(gou)圖(tu)形式(shi),正(zheng)好符合勞動人民祈求美滿(man)(man)(man)幸福(fu)生活的(de)愿望(wang),營造了(le)一(yi)種喜慶、歡(huan)快的(de)氣(qi)(qi)氛。另(ling)外,東昌府(fu)(fu)木版年(nian)(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)構(gou)(gou)圖(tu)也(ye)與其獨(du)特的(de)印刷(shua)(shua)工藝(yi)有關。東昌府(fu)(fu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)是全部套版印刷(shua)(shua),畫(hua)(hua)(hua)面中(zhong)若留有空白容易造成(cheng)紙(zhi)張塌陷玷(dian)污(wu)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)面。由(you)于受到制作工藝(yi)的(de)影響,所以(yi)藝(yi)人們(men)盡量將畫(hua)(hua)(hua)面填滿(man)(man)(man),將自己心(xin)里所能想(xiang)到的(de)和(he)主(zhu)(zhu)題有關的(de)形象組織在畫(hua)(hua)(hua)稿中(zhong),空余處再添加一(yi)些象征吉(ji)祥、平安等吉(ji)祥物(wu)(wu)。畫(hua)(hua)(hua)面豐(feng)滿(man)(man)(man),和(he)諧統(tong)一(yi),同時營造了(le)喜氣(qi)(qi)洋洋的(de)歡(huan)快氛圍(wei),符合了(le)過年(nian)(nian)(nian)時熱(re)鬧的(de)場景(jing)。
東昌府年畫藝(yi)人善于(yu)抓住對象(xiang)的(de)(de)主要(yao)特點和精(jing)神面貌,采用概括(kuo)的(de)(de)手法刻(ke)畫對象(xiang)的(de)(de)形態,其(qi)塑造的(de)(de)人物氣質淳厚(hou)質樸,體現(xian)出中國勞(lao)動(dong)人民(min)勤勞(lao)勇敢(gan)、艱苦樸素的(de)(de)精(jing)神面貌。
東昌(chang)府木版年(nian)畫(hua)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)物造型飽滿完整,以人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)物頭(tou)部(bu)的刻畫(hua)為重點,塑造出(chu)頭(tou)大(da)身小的人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)物形象。藝(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)在塑造人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)物五官時,又夸大(da)了眉(mei)毛(mao)和(he)眼睛(jing)的比(bi)例,眼型窄長(chang),眉(mei)角上翹,使人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)物形象生(sheng)動(dong)有神。在衣服(fu)和(he)花紋的處理上,通常概括成塊面,不注(zhu)重細節的表現,與刻畫(hua)細致的人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)物頭(tou)部(bu)形成對(dui)比(bi),這種塑造人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)物的方法,將人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)物的性格很好(hao)地表現出(chu)來。
東昌府(fu)木版年畫(hua)(hua)所選用(yong)的(de)(de)顏色(se)與(yu)勞動人民祈求(qiu)幸福(fu)安康(kang)、生(sheng)活(huo)美滿(man)的(de)(de)愿望息(xi)息(xi)相關,以(yi)水紅、黃、綠(lv)、青、紫為基(ji)本顏色(se)。東昌府(fu)木版年畫(hua)(hua)中除了(le)黑色(se)的(de)(de)輪(lun)廓線,幾乎沒(mei)有(you)黑色(se),需要(yao)用(yong)黑色(se)的(de)(de)地方多用(yong)紫色(se)代替。因為在(zai)人們的(de)(de)傳(chuan)統觀念中黑色(se)是(shi)不(bu)(bu)吉利的(de)(de)象(xiang)征,而(er)且黑色(se)通常(chang)帶有(you)沉悶、嚴肅之感(gan),與(yu)過年的(de)(de)熱(re)鬧的(de)(de)氣氛不(bu)(bu)符(fu)。年畫(hua)(hua)藝人在(zai)色(se)彩(cai)搭配上采用(yong)補(bu)色(se)、純度對比(bi)的(de)(de)手(shou)法,畫(hua)(hua)面色(se)彩(cai)鮮艷明(ming)亮、對比(bi)強烈,形成(cheng)了(le)裝飾意味較強的(de)(de)藝術風格。
東昌府(fu)木(mu)版年畫(hua)(hua)的線條穩健有(you)力、流暢、圓潤,弧中有(you)直,柔中帶剛,具有(you)版畫(hua)(hua)意味(wei)。
東(dong)昌府木(mu)版(ban)年畫(hua)(hua)歷來只有(you)“草(cao)版(ban)”,即只印(yin)(yin)不畫(hua)(hua),畫(hua)(hua)面全部采用木(mu)版(ban)分色套印(yin)(yin),其制作工藝包括刻版(ban)和印(yin)(yin)刷(shua)兩個(ge)步驟(zou),而(er)這兩個(ge)步驟(zou)確分開進行,刻版(ban)藝人專門(men)負責(ze)刻版(ban),印(yin)(yin)刷(shua)藝人專門(men)進行印(yin)(yin)刷(shua)。
東昌(chang)府木(mu)版(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)年(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)版(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)工藝具有特色(se)。在選材(cai)方面,刻(ke)(ke)(ke)版(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)所用的(de)木(mu)材(cai)多選取梨木(mu),因(yin)為其(qi)木(mu)質(zhi)光滑細(xi)膩,不(bu)(bu)易變形;同(tong)時,為防止木(mu)版(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)在一段時期后產生裂紋,在刻(ke)(ke)(ke)版(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)前,木(mu)材(cai)需要在水中浸(jin)泡四至五(wu)個月。在刻(ke)(ke)(ke)版(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)時,刻(ke)(ke)(ke)版(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)藝人先將準備好(hao)的(de)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)樣用膠(jiao)粘在特制的(de)木(mu)板(ban)上,然后沿著圖(tu)樣進(jin)行雕刻(ke)(ke)(ke)。刻(ke)(ke)(ke)版(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)看似(si)簡單,其(qi)實考(kao)驗技藝,需要靠心手互通、長期實踐才能出(chu)色(se)掌握。一套年(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)版(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)分(fen)為線(xian)版(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)和色(se)版(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban),除了線(xian)版(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)外,年(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)中有幾種顏(yan)色(se),便要刻(ke)(ke)(ke)幾塊色(se)版(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)。東昌(chang)府木(mu)版(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)年(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)版(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)技藝的(de)獨(du)特之(zhi)處在于(yu),刀工刻(ke)(ke)(ke)版(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)貫穿始終,既刻(ke)(ke)(ke)線(xian)版(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban),又(you)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)色(se)版(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)。這與(yu)楊柳青木(mu)版(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)年(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)等只刻(ke)(ke)(ke)線(xian)版(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban),不(bu)(bu)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)色(se)版(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban),以(yi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)筆著色(se)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)。正因(yin)如此(ci),東昌(chang)府木(mu)版(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)年(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)在眾(zhong)多年(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)派別中,因(yin)其(qi)原(yuan)汁原(yuan)味的(de)粗獷與(yu)純粹而與(yu)眾(zhong)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)。
東昌(chang)府(fu)木(mu)版(ban)(ban)(ban)年(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)印(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)工藝(yi)也同(tong)樣獨(du)具(ju)特色(se)(se)。在(zai)(zai)選(xuan)材方面,印(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)用(yong)(yong)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)多為(wei)吸水性(xing)強的(de)(de)(de)(de)生宣紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);印(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)時使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)用(yong)(yong)聊城當地(di)野生植物頂端的(de)(de)(de)(de)茸毛和鬃制作(zuo)而成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)圓錐形色(se)(se)刷(shua)(shua)(shua),藝(yi)人(ren)們將(jiang)(jiang)其(qi)(qi)稱(cheng)作(zuo)“趟子(zi)”。在(zai)(zai)印(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)時,藝(yi)人(ren)先將(jiang)(jiang)所(suo)需的(de)(de)(de)(de)線版(ban)(ban)(ban)和色(se)(se)版(ban)(ban)(ban)準備(bei)好,然(ran)后(hou)將(jiang)(jiang)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)固定在(zai)(zai)印(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)案上(shang),把其(qi)(qi)中一塊木(mu)版(ban)(ban)(ban)置于畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)左側,用(yong)(yong)“趟子(zi)”在(zai)(zai)木(mu)版(ban)(ban)(ban)上(shang)涂刷(shua)(shua)(shua)相(xiang)應顏料,將(jiang)(jiang)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)覆蓋(gai)在(zai)(zai)涂勻顏料的(de)(de)(de)(de)木(mu)版(ban)(ban)(ban)上(shang),再用(yong)(yong)“趟子(zi)”在(zai)(zai)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)不斷掃刷(shua)(shua)(shua)。印(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)時按照“先印(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)線版(ban)(ban)(ban),后(hou)印(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)色(se)(se)版(ban)(ban)(ban)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)順序,印(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)完(wan)一塊色(se)(se)版(ban)(ban)(ban)之后(hou),再換其(qi)(qi)他色(se)(se)版(ban)(ban)(ban),重復(fu)上(shang)述步驟,直(zhi)至一幅年(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)完(wan)成(cheng)。東昌(chang)府(fu)木(mu)版(ban)(ban)(ban)年(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)印(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)技藝(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)獨(du)特之處在(zai)(zai)于“雙拉”,即依靠(kao)雙手的(de)(de)(de)(de)特殊合理分工,同(tong)時印(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)制兩幅不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),用(yong)(yong)以提高(gao)印(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)效率(lv),這(zhe)是(shi)中國其(qi)(qi)他年(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)派別(bie)沒有的(de)(de)(de)(de)技藝(yi)。
東昌府木版年畫按照內容劃分,可以分為三(san)大類(lei):一類(lei)是(shi)故(gu)事(shi),包括民間故(gu)事(shi),戲曲故(gu)事(shi),小說(shuo)故(gu)事(shi)等,如(ru)“慶(qing)頂珠”“天河配”“打金枝(zhi)”“趙云奪阿斗”“長坂坡”“武松打虎”“馬(ma)超馬(ma)岱”等;另一類(lei)是(shi)吉(ji)祥(xiang)(xiang)吉(ji)慶(qing)的(de)內容,如(ru)“福壽(shou)三(san)多”“雙喜臨門”“招財進(jin)寶”“連年有余(yu)”“麒麟(lin)送子(zi)”“五(wu)子(zi)登科(ke)”“吉(ji)祥(xiang)(xiang)如(ru)意”等;再一類(lei)是(shi)和生活較為接近的(de),以兒(er)童為題(ti)(ti)材的(de)“胖娃娃”,這種題(ti)(ti)材是(shi)年畫的(de)傳統題(ti)(ti)材,畫面中的(de)兒(er)童,有的(de)抱魚、逗貓、采蓮,有的(de)捧(peng)花、撲蝶,其形象生動(dong),飽滿圓潤。
東昌(chang)府木(mu)版年(nian)畫反映(ying)了聊(liao)城(cheng)當(dang)地的(de)(de)(de)社(she)會生(sheng)活和歷(li)史(shi)文化,具有(you)一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)文化內涵,對于研究(jiu)聊(liao)城(cheng)當(dang)地乃至周邊地區的(de)(de)(de)社(she)會學經濟學、民俗學、美學考古(gu)學等具有(you)較高的(de)(de)(de)參考價(jia)值。
東昌府(fu)木版年(nian)畫(hua)在民族(zu)傳(chuan)統造型藝術方面,它(ta)是彩陶、青(qing)銅器(qi)、畫(hua)像石、石刻線(xian)畫(hua)、宗教壁畫(hua)等民間藝術的發(fa)展(zhan)和延續,具有(you)較(jiao)高的藝術價值(zhi)。
大(da)部分年(nian)(nian)畫藝人年(nian)(nian)事已高,心有余而(er)力不(bu)足,很難再出(chu)好的(de)作品,能推陳出(chu)新的(de)藝人只有少數人。同時,隨著(zhu)市場經濟的(de)發(fa)展,真正能夠靜下(xia)心來學習、鉆(zhan)研東(dong)昌府(fu)木版(ban)年(nian)(nian)畫的(de)年(nian)(nian)輕人越來越少,東(dong)昌府(fu)木版(ban)年(nian)(nian)畫的(de)傳承面臨危機。
代表人物
欒喜魁,男,漢(han)族(zu),第五批國家級非物質文化遺產項(xiang)目代表性(xing)傳承人,項(xiang)目名稱(cheng):木版(ban)年(nian)畫(東昌府木版(ban)年(nian)畫),山東省聊城市申報。
傳承譜系
經過有關人員(yuan)的研究整理,東昌(chang)府(fu)木版年畫(hua)在刻板、印制方面有考證的傳承譜系主要有四家:
居住在(zai)梁(liang)水鎮大(da)(da)趙(zhao)(zhao)村以趙(zhao)(zhao)善(shan)成為代(dai)(dai)表的趙(zhao)(zhao)氏印刷譜系:第(di)(di)(di)(di)一代(dai)(dai)趙(zhao)(zhao)大(da)(da)業,第(di)(di)(di)(di)二代(dai)(dai)趙(zhao)(zhao)學堂(tang),第(di)(di)(di)(di)三代(dai)(dai)趙(zhao)(zhao)子(zi)明(ming),第(di)(di)(di)(di)四代(dai)(dai)趙(zhao)(zhao)汝珍,第(di)(di)(di)(di)五代(dai)(dai)趙(zhao)(zhao)金(jin)鑾,第(di)(di)(di)(di)六(liu)代(dai)(dai)趙(zhao)(zhao)善(shan)成。
居住在(zai)梁(liang)水鎮大趙村以(yi)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)連(lian)(lian)階為代表的相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)氏印刷(shua)譜系:第(di)(di)一(yi)代相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)開忠,第(di)(di)二代相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)玉(yu)和,第(di)(di)三(san)代相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)桂(gui)芬,第(di)(di)四代相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)月德,第(di)(di)五代相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)月廣,第(di)(di)六(liu)代相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)連(lian)(lian)階。
居住在堂邑(yi)鎮許堤口以欒(luan)(luan)(luan)喜魁(kui)為代(dai)表的欒(luan)(luan)(luan)氏刻(ke)版譜系:第(di)(di)一代(dai)欒(luan)(luan)(luan)魁(kui)河,第(di)(di)二(er)代(dai)欒(luan)(luan)(luan)德(de)(de)順、欒(luan)(luan)(luan)德(de)(de)和,第(di)(di)三代(dai)欒(luan)(luan)(luan)金(jin)亮、欒(luan)(luan)(luan)金(jin)臺,第(di)(di)四代(dai)欒(luan)(luan)(luan)秀(xiu)(xiu)峰、欒(luan)(luan)(luan)秀(xiu)(xiu)昆、欒(luan)(luan)(luan)秀(xiu)(xiu)嵐等,第(di)(di)五代(dai)欒(luan)(luan)(luan)喜才、欒(luan)(luan)(luan)喜西、欒(luan)(luan)(luan)喜魁(kui)、第(di)(di)六代(dai)欒(luan)(luan)(luan)占寬(kuan)、欒(luan)(luan)(luan)占星(xing)、欒(luan)(luan)(luan)占海等,第(di)(di)七(qi)代(dai)欒(luan)(luan)(luan)峰。
居住(zhu)在(zai)堂(tang)邑(yi)鎮北關,以黃賢堯(yao)為(wei)代表的(de)黃氏(shi)雕刻譜系:第(di)(di)一代黃蘭香,第(di)(di)二(er)代黃賢堯(yao),第(di)(di)三代黃振龍(long)。 [2]
東(dong)昌府(fu)木版年畫已免費進入(ru)聊城市中小學、幼兒園課堂,并且編(bian)寫了東(dong)昌府(fu)木版年畫校本(ben)課程教材,適合幼兒園和小學生傳習、認知與體(ti)驗(yan)。
2019年(nian)(nian)1月30日,東昌(chang)府(fu)(fu)木版年(nian)(nian)畫國家(jia)(jia)級非遺(yi)傳承人欒喜(xi)魁舉辦了(le)收徒儀式(shi),8人正式(shi)成為他的(de)徒弟(di)。同年(nian)(nian)11月,《國家(jia)(jia)級非物質文化(hua)遺(yi)產代表性項(xiang)目(mu)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)單(dan)(dan)位名單(dan)(dan)》公布(bu),聊城市東昌(chang)府(fu)(fu)區文化(hua)館獲得(de)“木版年(nian)(nian)畫(東昌(chang)府(fu)(fu)木版年(nian)(nian)畫)”項(xiang)目(mu)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)單(dan)(dan)位資格。
2023年(nian)(nian)10月(yue)31日(ri),《國家級(ji)非物質文(wen)化遺產(chan)代表性項目保護單(dan)位(wei)名單(dan)》公布,木版(ban)年(nian)(nian)畫(東昌(chang)府(fu)木版(ban)年(nian)(nian)畫)項目保護單(dan)位(wei)聊城市(shi)東昌(chang)府(fu)區文(wen)化館評估合(he)格。
2017年9月,2017東(dong)昌府木版(ban)年畫精品展在(zai)中華水上古城樓東(dong)大街東(dong)昌府木版(ban)年畫社舉辦(ban)。
2018年(nian)9月,東昌府木版(ban)年(nian)畫在第五屆中國非物質文化(hua)遺產博(bo)覽會中展出(chu)。
2020年(nian)6月,東(dong)昌(chang)府木版年(nian)畫在(zai)“聊城(cheng)市(shi)2020年(nian)‘文(wen)化(hua)(hua)和(he)自然遺產(chan)日’非(fei)遺宣傳展示活動”中(zhong)(zhong)展出;同(tong)年(nian)9月,郭春奎的東(dong)昌(chang)府木版年(nian)畫作品《古今京(jing)杭攬(lan)勝(sheng)》在(zai)首屆中(zhong)(zhong)國國際文(wen)化(hua)(hua)旅游博覽(lan)會中(zhong)(zhong)展出。