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黃草壩上的黃草

興義(yi)，原(yuan)名黃(huang)(huang)草(cao)壩（金釵石(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)），因(yin)盛產黃(huang)(huang)草(cao)而得名。解放前，興義(yi)市石(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)收購的最(zui)高年產量(liang)達(da)35擔(dan)（每擔(dan)約50kg）。黃(huang)(huang)草(cao)，在植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)分類學上屬于蘭科石(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)屬植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)。石(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)屬是蘭科植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)中(zhong)的一個大(da)家族，全世界約產1000種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，廣(guang)泛分布(bu)于亞洲(zhou)熱帶和(he)亞熱帶地區至(zhi)大(da)洋洲(zhou)。中(zhong)國產石(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)屬植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)75種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)2變種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，主(zhu)產秦嶺以(yi)(yi)南(nan)諸(zhu)省區，尤以(yi)(yi)云(yun)南(nan)南(nan)部種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類最(zui)多。貴州(zhou)省經過多年的調查研(yan)究(jiu)統計(ji)，全省產石(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)屬植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)22種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)1變種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，黔西南(nan)產19種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，興義(yi)市產16種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)(yi)上，分別是細(xi)葉石(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)、羅河石(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)、疊鞘石(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)、流蘇石(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)、束花(hua)石(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)、紫(zi)瓣石(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)、美花(hua)石(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)、齒(chi)瓣石(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)、兜(dou)唇(chun)石(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)、玫瑰石(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)、鐵(tie)皮石(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)、盤江石(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)、鉤(gou)狀石(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)、勐海(hai)石(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)、重唇(chun)石(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)、細(xi)莖石(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)等種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類。石(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)屬植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)按照莖的粗細(xi)不同被加工成中(zhong)藥材后(hou)，民(min)間常分為大(da)黃(huang)(huang)草(cao)、中(zhong)黃(huang)(huang)草(cao)和(he)小黃(huang)(huang)草(cao)，每一類中(zhong)都(dou)有多種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)。

解放后(hou)，1951年收(shou)購的(de)黃草達30多擔(dan)，1964年上升到(dao)50多擔(dan)，“文化大(da)革命(ming)”期(qi)間年收(shou)購量(liang)為(wei)20多擔(dan)。在(zai)二十(shi)世紀(ji)的(de)六、七十(shi)年代，據有關人(ren)士(shi)介紹興義的(de)石(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)植物(wu)(wu)隨(sui)處可見，到(dao)二十(shi)世紀(ji)八十(shi)年代石(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)植物(wu)(wu)在(zai)自然界中仍(reng)然可以找到(dao)，并有初(chu)步的(de)人(ren)工栽(zai)培，進(jin)入(ru)二十(shi)世紀(ji)八十(shi)年代后(hou)期(qi)，由于(yu)石(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)用途的(de)拓展，新藥的(de)開發，石(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)市場(chang)需求量(liang)加大(da)，各地均在(zai)市場(chang)經濟的(de)沖擊下(xia)進(jin)行大(da)量(liang)收(shou)購，由于(yu)帶(dai)兜采集等不合理(li)的(de)采收(shou)方式(shi)，野生(sheng)(sheng)石(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)資源(yuan)急劇下(xia)降(jiang)，造成資源(yuan)快(kuai)速瀕(bin)危，首先是(shi)黑節草（鐵皮石(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)）告急，其次是(shi)金釵(chai)石(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)（石(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)）在(zai)興義消失蹤(zong)跡，再(zai)就是(shi)小黃草（美花石(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、粉花石(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)）罕(han)見。黃草原植物(wu)(wu)一種一種地變(bian)為(wei)瀕(bin)危植物(wu)(wu)種，以至(zhi)被(bei)列入(ru)國際瀕(bin)危植物(wu)(wu)（禁止(zhi)貿(mao)易）的(de)名(ming)單(dan)及“國家重點保(bao)護野生(sheng)(sheng)植物(wu)(wu)名(ming)錄”中。