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黃草壩上的黃草

興(xing)義，原(yuan)名黃(huang)(huang)草(cao)壩（金釵石(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)），因(yin)盛(sheng)產(chan)(chan)黃(huang)(huang)草(cao)而得名。解放(fang)前，興(xing)義市石(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)收購的最(zui)高年產(chan)(chan)量(liang)達35擔（每擔約(yue)50kg）。黃(huang)(huang)草(cao)，在植(zhi)物分(fen)類(lei)學上屬(shu)于(yu)蘭(lan)科(ke)石(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)屬(shu)植(zhi)物。石(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)屬(shu)是蘭(lan)科(ke)植(zhi)物中的一個大(da)家族，全世界約(yue)產(chan)(chan)1000種(zhong)(zhong)，廣(guang)泛(fan)分(fen)布于(yu)亞洲(zhou)熱帶和亞熱帶地區至大(da)洋洲(zhou)。中國產(chan)(chan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)屬(shu)植(zhi)物75種(zhong)(zhong)2變種(zhong)(zhong)，主產(chan)(chan)秦嶺以南諸省(sheng)區，尤以云南南部種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)最(zui)多。貴州省(sheng)經(jing)過多年的調查研究統計，全省(sheng)產(chan)(chan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)屬(shu)植(zhi)物22種(zhong)(zhong)1變種(zhong)(zhong)，黔西南產(chan)(chan)19種(zhong)(zhong)，興(xing)義市產(chan)(chan)16種(zhong)(zhong)以上，分(fen)別(bie)是細(xi)葉石(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、羅河石(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、疊鞘石(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、流蘇石(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、束(shu)花石(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、紫瓣(ban)石(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、美花石(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、齒瓣(ban)石(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、兜唇(chun)石(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、玫(mei)瑰石(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、鐵皮石(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、盤江石(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、鉤狀(zhuang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、勐海石(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、重唇(chun)石(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、細(xi)莖(jing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)等(deng)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)。石(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)屬(shu)植(zhi)物按照莖(jing)的粗(cu)細(xi)不同被加工成(cheng)中藥材后，民間常分(fen)為(wei)大(da)黃(huang)(huang)草(cao)、中黃(huang)(huang)草(cao)和小黃(huang)(huang)草(cao)，每一類(lei)中都有多種(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)植(zhi)物。

解(jie)放后，1951年收(shou)(shou)購(gou)的(de)(de)黃(huang)草(cao)(cao)達30多擔(dan)(dan)，1964年上升(sheng)到50多擔(dan)(dan)，“文化大革命”期(qi)間年收(shou)(shou)購(gou)量為20多擔(dan)(dan)。在(zai)(zai)二(er)十(shi)(shi)世(shi)(shi)紀的(de)(de)六、七十(shi)(shi)年代，據(ju)有關(guan)人士介紹興義的(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)植(zhi)(zhi)物隨處可見(jian)，到二(er)十(shi)(shi)世(shi)(shi)紀八十(shi)(shi)年代石(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)植(zhi)(zhi)物在(zai)(zai)自然界中仍然可以找(zhao)到，并有初(chu)步的(de)(de)人工(gong)栽培(pei)，進入二(er)十(shi)(shi)世(shi)(shi)紀八十(shi)(shi)年代后期(qi)，由于石(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)用途(tu)的(de)(de)拓展，新藥的(de)(de)開發，石(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)市場(chang)需(xu)求量加大，各地均在(zai)(zai)市場(chang)經濟的(de)(de)沖擊(ji)下進行大量收(shou)(shou)購(gou)，由于帶(dai)兜(dou)采(cai)集等不合理的(de)(de)采(cai)收(shou)(shou)方式(shi)，野生(sheng)石(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)資源急劇下降，造成(cheng)資源快速(su)瀕危，首先(xian)是黑節草(cao)(cao)（鐵皮石(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)）告(gao)急，其次是金釵石(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)（石(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)）在(zai)(zai)興義消失蹤跡，再就是小黃(huang)草(cao)(cao)（美花(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)、粉花(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)）罕見(jian)。黃(huang)草(cao)(cao)原植(zhi)(zhi)物一種一種地變為瀕危植(zhi)(zhi)物種，以至被列入國(guo)際(ji)瀕危植(zhi)(zhi)物（禁止貿易）的(de)(de)名單及“國(guo)家重點保護野生(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)物名錄”中。