十(shi)七孔(kong)橋(qiao)是(shi)古代橋(qiao)梁建(jian)筑的(de)杰作。它位于(yu)北(bei)京市西郊頤(yi)和園內,是(shi)連接昆明湖(hu)東岸與南(nan)湖(hu)島的(de)一(yi)座長(chang)橋(qiao)。清(qing)乾隆時(1736一(yi)1795)建(jian),是(shi)園內較大的(de)石(shi)橋(qiao)。 橋(qiao)由17個橋(qiao)洞組成,長(chang)150米(mi),飛跨于(yu)東堤(di)和南(nan)湖(hu)島,狀若(ruo)長(chang)虹臥波(bo)。其造型兼有北(bei)京盧溝橋(qiao)、蘇(su)州寶帶橋(qiao)的(de)特點。橋(qiao)上(shang)石(shi)雕極其精美,每個橋(qiao)欄的(de)望(wang)柱上(shang)都雕有神態各異的(de)獅子,大小共(gong)544個。兩橋(qiao)頭(tou)還有石(shi)雕異獸,十(shi)分生動。橋(qiao)額北(bei)面書(shu)“靈鼉偃月”,南(nan)面書(shu)“修(xiu)蝀凌波(bo)”,蘊涵著(zhu)深厚的(de)文(wen)化(hua)底蘊, 具有極高(gao)的(de)美學價(jia)值(zhi)、學術價(jia)值(zhi)和使用價(jia)值(zhi)。
欣(xin)賞(shang)十七(qi)(qi)孔(kong)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)之(zhi)美,有(you)(you)(you)(you)四時(shi)之(zhi)美,有(you)(you)(you)(you)晨昏之(zhi)美,但更(geng)重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)從不(bu)同角度去領略,即站在(zai)園中各處望(wang)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao),和站在(zai)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)上(shang)(shang)望(wang)園中各處。比如站在(zai)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)上(shang)(shang)眺望(wang)萬壽(shou)山,這是(shi)十七(qi)(qi)孔(kong)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最好鏡頭(tou)。扶著漢白玉橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)欄(lan),欣(xin)賞(shang)萬壽(shou)山,水波(bo)(bo)、雕欄(lan)、長廊、綠樹(shu)、崇(chong)閣、黃(huang)瓦、青天(tian)、白云,渾(hun)然(ran)一(yi)體,如世界(jie)上(shang)(shang)真有(you)(you)(you)(you)“蓬萊仙山”,也不(bu)會勝(sheng)過這里(li)。北京春天(tian)多風(feng),在(zai)風(feng)天(tian)站在(zai)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)邊,望(wang)著昆明(ming)湖(hu)(hu)動(dong)(dong)蕩的(de)(de)(de)(de)波(bo)(bo)濤(tao),似乎萬壽(shou)山也會浮動(dong)(dong)起來,一(yi)線白石欄(lan)桿也成為一(yi)條幌動(dong)(dong)著的(de)(de)(de)(de)珍(zhen)珠項鏈了(le)(le)。二是(shi)站在(zai)萬壽(shou)山麓(lu)看“十七(qi)(qi)孔(kong)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)”,這在(zai)庚子前自然(ran)是(shi)辦(ban)不(bu)到的(de)(de)(de)(de),但頤和園開(kai)放之(zhi)后,這便成為游(you)人不(bu)可(ke)忽(hu)略的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個(ge)美麗的(de)(de)(de)(de)畫(hua)面了(le)(le)。從知春亭一(yi)帶,往(wang)北,再折而西,沿湖(hu)(hu)走,隨處都能望(wang)到這一(yi)臥波(bo)(bo)長橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao),宜(yi)晴,宜(yi)雨,宜(yi)雪,宜(yi)月,無時(shi)不(bu)是(shi)靜靜地臥在(zai)那里(li),如果(guo)你能坐(zuo)船在(zai)湖(hu)(hu)中欣(xin)賞(shang)她,那就更(geng)美了(le)(le)。讀者中有(you)(you)(you)(you)誰知道嗎?她是(shi)無獨有(you)(you)(you)(you)偶的(de)(de)(de)(de),她有(you)(you)(you)(you)個(ge)“姐姐”,在(zai)蘇州(zhou)“石湖(hu)(hu)”,“石湖(hu)(hu)串月”的(de)(de)(de)(de)“杏春橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)”,同她的(de)(de)(de)(de)造型一(yi)樣,只是(shi)沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)她華麗。如果(guo)說(shuo)“十七(qi)(qi)孔(kong)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)”是(shi)“宮廷妃(fei)子”,那石湖(hu)(hu)杏春橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)該是(shi)江村的(de)(de)(de)(de)浣(huan)紗(sha)女了(le)(le)吧(ba)。
公(gong)交:在東(dong)(dong)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)門(men)(men)外(wai)、北(bei)(bei)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)門(men)(men)外(wai)和(he)(he)新(xin)(xin)建(jian)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)門(men)(men)外(wai),分(fen)別設有(you)多(duo)路(lu)(lu)公(gong)共汽(qi)車(che)(che)站。人(ren)(ren)們(men)可以方(fang)便地(di)(di)乘(cheng)(cheng)車(che)(che)去(qu)你(ni)想去(qu)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)方(fang)。各路(lu)(lu)公(gong)共汽(qi)車(che)(che),除332路(lu)(lu)和(he)(he)375路(lu)(lu)末(mo)(mo)班(ban)車(che)(che)較晚外(wai),其余(yu)車(che)(che)次(ci)的(de)(de)(de)末(mo)(mo)班(ban)車(che)(che)大都在晚八(ba)點左右(you)收車(che)(che)。需要注意的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi),乘(cheng)(cheng)客一定(ding)要弄清(qing)楚:北(bei)(bei)京頤(yi)和(he)(he)園(yuan)(yuan)占(zhan)地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)積很大,宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)門(men)(men)和(he)(he)公(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)入(ru)口(kou)(kou)很多(duo)。從可以購(gou)買門(men)(men)票進入(ru)公(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)入(ru)口(kou)(kou)而言(yan),有(you):頤(yi)和(he)(he)園(yuan)(yuan)正門(men)(men)(東(dong)(dong)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)門(men)(men))、新(xin)(xin)建(jian)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)門(men)(men)、南如(ru)意門(men)(men)、北(bei)(bei)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)門(men)(men)、北(bei)(bei)如(ru)意門(men)(men),以及(ji)中(zhong)央黨校對(dui)面(mian)(mian)新(xin)(xin)開辟的(de)(de)(de)園(yuan)(yuan)門(men)(men)等。 通常,外(wai)地(di)(di)游人(ren)(ren)和(he)(he)不常來的(de)(de)(de)本地(di)(di)游人(ren)(ren)會從東(dong)(dong)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)門(men)(men)、北(bei)(bei)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)門(men)(men)和(he)(he)新(xin)(xin)建(jian)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)門(men)(men)三個入(ru)口(kou)(kou)入(ru)園(yuan)(yuan)。但(dan)是(shi)(shi),新(xin)(xin)建(jian)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)門(men)(men)與頤(yi)和(he)(he)園(yuan)(yuan)東(dong)(dong)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)門(men)(men)要有(you)近(jin)兩公(gong)里(li)路(lu)(lu)程(cheng)(其間(jian)沒(mei)有(you)公(gong)共汽(qi)車(che)(che)),東(dong)(dong)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)門(men)(men)至(zhi)北(bei)(bei)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)門(men)(men)又要有(you)近(jin)兩公(gong)里(li)路(lu)(lu)程(cheng)。如(ru)果事前沒(mei)說清(qing)楚,無論(lun)是(shi)(shi)乘(cheng)(cheng)坐公(gong)共汽(qi)車(che)(che)還是(shi)(shi)乘(cheng)(cheng)坐出租汽(qi)車(che)(che)都可能造成雙方(fang)之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)不愉快(kuai)。為此(ci),特將(jiang)頤(yi)和(he)(he)園(yuan)(yuan)主要景(jing)點和(he)(he)三個主要入(ru)口(kou)(kou)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)門(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)位置附(fu)于一張圖上,請(qing)游人(ren)(ren)先(xian)參照我們(men)建(jian)議的(de)(de)(de)游覽路(lu)(lu)線(xian)(xian),再選(xuan)擇好進園(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)入(ru)口(kou)(kou)。 另(ling)外(wai),下面(mian)(mian)所列的(de)(de)(de)公(gong)共汽(qi)車(che)(che)中(zhong)可以換(huan)乘(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)鐵的(de)(de)(de)有(you):808路(lu)(lu)、運通106線(xian)(xian)、717路(lu)(lu)、817路(lu)(lu)、374路(lu)(lu)支線(xian)(xian)、374路(lu)(lu)、新(xin)(xin)建(jian)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)門(men)(men)專線(xian)(xian)、375路(lu)(lu)、904路(lu)(lu)、375路(lu)(lu)支線(xian)(xian)。
自駕(jia):頤和園在清華和北大(da)向西大(da)約5公(gong)里左右,開車(che)較為方便
頤和園依山水,園中昆明湖約占全園面積的四分之三(3/4)。昆明湖中有一座(zuo)(zuo)南(nan)湖島(dao),是由一座(zuo)(zuo)美麗的(de)(de)十七孔(kong)橋和(he)岸上(shang)(shang)相連。 頤和(he)園,原是作為(wei)帝王的(de)(de)行(xing)宮與游賞花園,面積達290公(gong)頃(4350畝(mu)),整座(zuo)(zuo)園林(lin),以萬(wan)壽山上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)佛(fo)香閣(ge)為(wei)中心,依(yi)不同的(de)(de)地點和(he)地形(xing),配置了殿(dian)、堂(tang)、樓(lou)、閣(ge)、廊、亭等(deng)等(deng),精致而優美。
十(shi)七孔橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)西連南湖島(dao),東接(jie)廓(kuo)如(ru)亭(ting)飛跨于(yu)東堤(di)和南湖島(dao)之(zhi)間(jian),不但是(shi)前(qian)往南湖島(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)道,而且是(shi)湖區的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)重要景(jing)點。橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)身長(chang)(chang)(chang)一(yi)(yi)百(bai)五十(shi)米,寬八(ba)米,由(you)十(shi)七個(ge)券洞組成(cheng),是(shi)頤和園內較大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)座橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)。遠(yuan)遠(yuan)望(wang)(wang)(wang)去像(xiang)(xiang)一(yi)(yi)道長(chang)(chang)(chang)虹飛跨在碧(bi)波之(zhi)上(shang)。十(shi)七孔橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)上(shang)所有(you)(you)(you)(you)匾聯,均為清乾隆皇帝(di)所撰寫。在橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)南端橫聯上(shang)刻有(you)(you)(you)(you)“修蝀凌波”四個(ge)字,形容十(shi)七孔橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)如(ru)同一(yi)(yi)道彩虹,飛架(jia)于(yu)昆明(ming)湖碧(bi)波之(zhi)上(shang)。橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)北端橫聯則(ze)有(you)(you)(you)(you)“靈(ling)鼉(tuo)偃月”幾個(ge)大(da)(da)字,又(you)把十(shi)七孔橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)比喻成(cheng)水中神(shen)獸,橫臥水中如(ru)半月狀(zhuang)。橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)北端的(de)(de)(de)(de)另一(yi)(yi)副對聯寫著(zhu):“虹臥石梁(liang)岸引(yin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)風(feng)吹(chui)不斷(duan),波回蘭(lan)漿影翻明(ming)月照(zhao)還望(wang)(wang)(wang)”。此橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)景(jing),在優雅(ya)寧(ning)靜之(zhi)夜(ye)游(you)賞更加怡人。十(shi)七孔橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)上(shang)石雕極(ji)其精美,每個(ge)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)欄的(de)(de)(de)(de)望(wang)(wang)(wang)柱(zhu)上(shang)都雕有(you)(you)(you)(you)神(shen)態各異(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)獅子,大(da)(da)小(xiao)共(gong)五百(bai)四十(shi)四只(zhi)(zhi)。橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)兩(liang)邊的(de)(de)(de)(de)白石欄桿,共(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)128根望(wang)(wang)(wang)柱(zhu),每根望(wang)(wang)(wang)柱(zhu)上(shang)都雕刻著(zhu)精美的(de)(de)(de)(de)姿態各異(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)石獅,有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)母子相抱(bao),有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)玩(wan)耍嬉鬧,有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)你追我(wo)趕,有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)凝神(shen)觀景(jing),個(ge)個(ge)惟妙惟肖。橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)頭(tou)各有(you)(you)(you)(you)兩(liang)只(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)水獸,很像(xiang)(xiang)麒麟(lin),十(shi)分威武。橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)頭(tou)有(you)(you)(you)(you)四只(zhi)(zhi)石刻異(yi)獸,形象(xiang)威猛異(yi)常,極(ji)為生動。
出文(wen)昌(chang)閣(ge)向南,湖濱(bin)小島上(shang)即(ji)知春亭(ting),因(yin)島上(shang)遍(bian)植桃柳,最(zui)早顯春意(yi)(yi),故得此(ci)名。站(zhan)立亭(ting)中(zhong)遠眺近望,遠、中(zhong)、近景(jing)一(yi)覽無(wu)遺,是(shi)觀全園景(jing)色的(de)(de)最(zui)佳地(di)點。岸邊(bian)還有(you)元朝(chao)宰相耶律楚材祠。再(zai)向南行,即(ji)可(ke)見全園最(zui)大的(de)(de)廓(kuo)如(ru)亭(ting),八角重檐,由(you)內外三層24根圓柱(zhu)(zhu)和16根方柱(zhu)(zhu)支撐,獨具(ju)特色。該亭(ting)如(ru)一(yi)秤(cheng)錘,壓在十七孔橋東(dong)端,挑起橋西側的(de)(de)重點景(jing)區南湖島。廓(kuo)如(ru)亭(ting)旁邊(bian)有(you)一(yi)銅牛,鑄于1775年,是(shi)特有(you)景(jing)觀,青銅牛身下(xia)是(shi)石雕(diao)的(de)(de)海浪紋(wen)須彌座,表示鎮水(shui)之意(yi)(yi)。