十七(qi)孔橋(qiao)是古(gu)代橋(qiao)梁建(jian)(jian)筑的(de)杰(jie)作。它位(wei)于北京市西(xi)郊頤和園內(nei),是連接昆(kun)明湖(hu)東岸與(yu)南(nan)湖(hu)島(dao)的(de)一(yi)座(zuo)長(chang)橋(qiao)。清(qing)乾隆(long)時(1736一(yi)1795)建(jian)(jian),是園內(nei)較大(da)的(de)石橋(qiao)。 橋(qiao)由(you)17個(ge)橋(qiao)洞組成,長(chang)150米,飛(fei)跨(kua)于東堤(di)和南(nan)湖(hu)島(dao),狀若長(chang)虹臥波。其造(zao)型兼有(you)北京盧溝橋(qiao)、蘇(su)州寶(bao)帶橋(qiao)的(de)特點(dian)。橋(qiao)上石雕極其精美,每(mei)個(ge)橋(qiao)欄的(de)望柱上都雕有(you)神態各異的(de)獅子(zi),大(da)小共544個(ge)。兩橋(qiao)頭還有(you)石雕異獸,十分生動。橋(qiao)額(e)北面書“靈鼉偃(yan)月”,南(nan)面書“修蝀(dong)凌波”,蘊涵著深(shen)厚的(de)文化底蘊, 具(ju)有(you)極高的(de)美學價(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)、學術價(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)和使(shi)用價(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)。
欣賞十(shi)七(qi)(qi)孔(kong)橋(qiao)之美,有(you)四(si)時(shi)之美,有(you)晨(chen)昏之美,但更重要的(de)是(shi)(shi)從不(bu)同角度去領(ling)略(lve),即站在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)園(yuan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)各處(chu)望(wang)橋(qiao),和站在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)橋(qiao)上(shang)望(wang)園(yuan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)各處(chu)。比如(ru)站在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)橋(qiao)上(shang)眺望(wang)萬(wan)壽山(shan)(shan)(shan),這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)十(shi)七(qi)(qi)孔(kong)橋(qiao)的(de)最好鏡頭。扶著(zhu)(zhu)漢白(bai)(bai)玉橋(qiao)欄,欣賞萬(wan)壽山(shan)(shan)(shan),水波(bo)、雕(diao)欄、長廊、綠樹、崇閣、黃瓦、青天(tian)(tian)、白(bai)(bai)云,渾然一(yi)體,如(ru)世(shi)界上(shang)真有(you)“蓬(peng)萊仙山(shan)(shan)(shan)”,也不(bu)會(hui)勝過這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)里。北京(jing)春(chun)天(tian)(tian)多風(feng),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)風(feng)天(tian)(tian)站在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)橋(qiao)邊,望(wang)著(zhu)(zhu)昆明湖(hu)動蕩的(de)波(bo)濤,似乎萬(wan)壽山(shan)(shan)(shan)也會(hui)浮(fu)動起來,一(yi)線白(bai)(bai)石(shi)(shi)欄桿也成為(wei)一(yi)條幌(huang)動著(zhu)(zhu)的(de)珍珠項鏈了。二(er)是(shi)(shi)站在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)萬(wan)壽山(shan)(shan)(shan)麓看(kan)“十(shi)七(qi)(qi)孔(kong)橋(qiao)”,這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)庚子前自然是(shi)(shi)辦不(bu)到(dao)的(de),但頤和園(yuan)開放之后,這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)便成為(wei)游人不(bu)可忽略(lve)的(de)一(yi)個美麗(li)的(de)畫面(mian)了。從知春(chun)亭一(yi)帶,往北,再折而(er)西,沿(yan)湖(hu)走,隨(sui)處(chu)都能(neng)望(wang)到(dao)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)臥波(bo)長橋(qiao),宜(yi)晴,宜(yi)雨,宜(yi)雪,宜(yi)月(yue),無時(shi)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)靜(jing)靜(jing)地臥在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)那(nei)里,如(ru)果你能(neng)坐船(chuan)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)湖(hu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)欣賞她(ta),那(nei)就(jiu)更美了。讀(du)者中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)誰知道嗎?她(ta)是(shi)(shi)無獨有(you)偶(ou)的(de),她(ta)有(you)個“姐姐”,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)蘇(su)州“石(shi)(shi)湖(hu)”,“石(shi)(shi)湖(hu)串(chuan)月(yue)”的(de)“杏(xing)春(chun)橋(qiao)”,同她(ta)的(de)造(zao)型一(yi)樣,只是(shi)(shi)沒有(you)她(ta)華麗(li)。如(ru)果說“十(shi)七(qi)(qi)孔(kong)橋(qiao)”是(shi)(shi)“宮廷妃子”,那(nei)石(shi)(shi)湖(hu)杏(xing)春(chun)橋(qiao)該是(shi)(shi)江村的(de)浣紗(sha)女了吧。
公(gong)交:在東宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)外、北(bei)(bei)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)外和(he)(he)(he)新(xin)建宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)外,分(fen)別設有多(duo)(duo)路(lu)(lu)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)汽車站。人(ren)們可(ke)(ke)以方便地乘車去(qu)你想去(qu)的(de)(de)地方。各路(lu)(lu)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)汽車,除332路(lu)(lu)和(he)(he)(he)375路(lu)(lu)末班(ban)車較(jiao)晚外,其余車次的(de)(de)末班(ban)車大(da)(da)都在晚八點左(zuo)右收車。需要(yao)(yao)注意(yi)的(de)(de)是,乘客(ke)一(yi)定要(yao)(yao)弄清(qing)楚(chu):北(bei)(bei)京頤和(he)(he)(he)園(yuan)(yuan)占地面積很大(da)(da),宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)和(he)(he)(he)公(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)入(ru)(ru)口很多(duo)(duo)。從可(ke)(ke)以購買(mai)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)票進(jin)入(ru)(ru)公(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)入(ru)(ru)口而言,有:頤和(he)(he)(he)園(yuan)(yuan)正(zheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(東宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men))、新(xin)建宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、南如意(yi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、北(bei)(bei)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、北(bei)(bei)如意(yi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),以及(ji)中(zhong)央(yang)黨(dang)校(xiao)對(dui)面新(xin)開辟的(de)(de)園(yuan)(yuan)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)等(deng)。 通常(chang),外地游人(ren)和(he)(he)(he)不(bu)常(chang)來的(de)(de)本(ben)地游人(ren)會從東宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、北(bei)(bei)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)和(he)(he)(he)新(xin)建宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)三(san)個(ge)入(ru)(ru)口入(ru)(ru)園(yuan)(yuan)。但是,新(xin)建宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)與頤和(he)(he)(he)園(yuan)(yuan)東宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)要(yao)(yao)有近(jin)兩公(gong)里路(lu)(lu)程(cheng)(其間沒(mei)有公(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)汽車),東宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)至(zhi)北(bei)(bei)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)又要(yao)(yao)有近(jin)兩公(gong)里路(lu)(lu)程(cheng)。如果事前沒(mei)說清(qing)楚(chu),無論是乘坐公(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)汽車還是乘坐出租(zu)汽車都可(ke)(ke)能造成雙方之(zhi)間的(de)(de)不(bu)愉(yu)快。為此(ci),特將頤和(he)(he)(he)園(yuan)(yuan)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)景(jing)點和(he)(he)(he)三(san)個(ge)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)入(ru)(ru)口宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)位置附(fu)于一(yi)張(zhang)圖上,請游人(ren)先(xian)參照我(wo)們建議的(de)(de)游覽路(lu)(lu)線(xian),再(zai)選(xuan)擇好進(jin)園(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)入(ru)(ru)口。 另(ling)外,下面所列的(de)(de)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)汽車中(zhong)可(ke)(ke)以換乘地鐵(tie)的(de)(de)有:808路(lu)(lu)、運通106線(xian)、717路(lu)(lu)、817路(lu)(lu)、374路(lu)(lu)支線(xian)、374路(lu)(lu)、新(xin)建宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)專(zhuan)線(xian)、375路(lu)(lu)、904路(lu)(lu)、375路(lu)(lu)支線(xian)。
自(zi)駕:頤(yi)和(he)園在清華和(he)北大(da)向西(xi)大(da)約(yue)5公里左右,開(kai)車較為方便
頤和園依山水,園中昆明湖約占全園面積的四分之三(3/4)。昆明湖中有一座(zuo)南湖島,是(shi)由一座(zuo)美麗的(de)十(shi)七孔橋(qiao)和岸上相連(lian)。 頤(yi)和園(yuan)(yuan),原(yuan)是(shi)作為(wei)(wei)帝王的(de)行(xing)宮與(yu)游賞花園(yuan)(yuan),面(mian)積(ji)達290公頃(4350畝),整座(zuo)園(yuan)(yuan)林,以萬壽山上的(de)佛香閣為(wei)(wei)中心,依不同的(de)地點和地形,配置了殿、堂、樓、閣、廊、亭(ting)等等,精致而優美。
十(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)孔橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)西(xi)連(lian)南(nan)湖(hu)(hu)島(dao),東接(jie)廓如亭飛(fei)跨于(yu)東堤(di)和(he)南(nan)湖(hu)(hu)島(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)間,不(bu)但(dan)是(shi)前(qian)往南(nan)湖(hu)(hu)島(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)通道(dao),而且是(shi)湖(hu)(hu)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)重要(yao)景點(dian)。橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)身長(chang)(chang)一(yi)百五(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)米(mi),寬(kuan)八米(mi),由十(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)個(ge)(ge)券洞組(zu)成(cheng),是(shi)頤和(he)園(yuan)內較大的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)座橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)。遠遠望(wang)去像一(yi)道(dao)長(chang)(chang)虹飛(fei)跨在(zai)碧(bi)(bi)波(bo)(bo)之(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)。十(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)孔橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)上(shang)所有(you)匾聯(lian)(lian),均為清乾隆皇帝所撰寫。在(zai)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)南(nan)端(duan)橫(heng)(heng)聯(lian)(lian)上(shang)刻有(you)“修蝀(dong)凌波(bo)(bo)”四個(ge)(ge)字,形容十(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)孔橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)如同一(yi)道(dao)彩虹,飛(fei)架于(yu)昆明湖(hu)(hu)碧(bi)(bi)波(bo)(bo)之(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)。橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)北(bei)端(duan)橫(heng)(heng)聯(lian)(lian)則有(you)“靈鼉偃月(yue)”幾個(ge)(ge)大字,又把十(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)孔橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)比(bi)喻成(cheng)水(shui)中神獸(shou),橫(heng)(heng)臥(wo)水(shui)中如半月(yue)狀。橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)北(bei)端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)另一(yi)副對聯(lian)(lian)寫著(zhu):“虹臥(wo)石(shi)(shi)(shi)梁(liang)岸(an)引(yin)長(chang)(chang)風(feng)吹(chui)不(bu)斷,波(bo)(bo)回蘭(lan)漿影(ying)翻(fan)明月(yue)照(zhao)還望(wang)”。此橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)景,在(zai)優雅寧靜之(zhi)(zhi)夜游賞更加怡人。十(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)孔橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)上(shang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)雕極其(qi)精(jing)美,每個(ge)(ge)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)欄(lan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)望(wang)柱(zhu)上(shang)都雕有(you)神態各異的(de)(de)(de)(de)獅(shi)子,大小共(gong)五(wu)(wu)百四十(shi)(shi)(shi)四只。橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)兩(liang)邊(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)白(bai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)欄(lan)桿,共(gong)有(you)128根(gen)望(wang)柱(zhu),每根(gen)望(wang)柱(zhu)上(shang)都雕刻著(zhu)精(jing)美的(de)(de)(de)(de)姿態各異的(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)獅(shi),有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)母(mu)子相抱(bao),有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)玩耍嬉鬧(nao),有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)你追我趕,有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)凝神觀(guan)景,個(ge)(ge)個(ge)(ge)惟(wei)妙惟(wei)肖(xiao)。橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)頭各有(you)兩(liang)只大水(shui)獸(shou),很像麒麟,十(shi)(shi)(shi)分(fen)威(wei)武。橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)頭有(you)四只石(shi)(shi)(shi)刻異獸(shou),形象威(wei)猛異常,極為生動。
出文昌閣(ge)向(xiang)南(nan),湖(hu)濱(bin)小島上即(ji)知(zhi)春亭(ting),因島上遍植桃柳,最(zui)早顯(xian)春意,故得此名。站立亭(ting)中遠眺近望,遠、中、近景(jing)一(yi)覽無遺,是觀全(quan)園景(jing)色的(de)(de)最(zui)佳(jia)地點。岸邊還(huan)有元朝宰相耶律楚材(cai)祠。再向(xiang)南(nan)行,即(ji)可見全(quan)園最(zui)大的(de)(de)廓如亭(ting),八(ba)角重檐(yan),由(you)內外三(san)層24根(gen)圓柱和16根(gen)方柱支撐,獨具特色。該亭(ting)如一(yi)秤錘,壓在十七孔橋(qiao)(qiao)東端,挑起橋(qiao)(qiao)西(xi)側的(de)(de)重點景(jing)區南(nan)湖(hu)島。廓如亭(ting)旁邊有一(yi)銅(tong)牛,鑄于(yu)1775年,是特有景(jing)觀,青銅(tong)牛身下是石雕的(de)(de)海浪紋須彌座(zuo),表示(shi)鎮(zhen)水之意。