簡要介紹
大(da)鐘(zhong)寺(si)古鐘(zhong)博物館是(shi)中國專業性(xing)博物館。位于(yu)北(bei)京北(bei)三(san)環(huan)西路北(bei)側大(da)鐘(zhong)寺(si)。寺(si)為清雍(yong)正十一(yi)年(1733)敕建(jian)(jian),是(shi)清帝(di)祈雨場所之一(yi)。1980年 3月,成立(li)大(da)鐘(zhong)寺(si)文物保管(guan)所,1985年10月建(jian)(jian)為大(da)鐘(zhong)寺(si)古鐘(zhong)博物館。
該(gai)館展(zhan)覽(lan)由“大鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寺(si)歷(li)史沿革”、“曾侯乙(yi)編鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)”、“外(wai)國(guo)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)”、“古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)精品”等十一項(xiang)組(zu)成(cheng),以收(shou)藏展(zhan)示古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)(he)研(yan)究(jiu)普及(ji)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)文化為(wei)宗(zong)旨(zhi),展(zhan)示各(ge)種(zhong)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)文物480余件,為(wei)廣大市(shi)民提(ti)供了(le)一個知識的殿堂、休閑(xian)的場所。“鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鈴大觀”和(he)(he)“九朝(chao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)”是該(gai)館兩(liang)個主要(yao)展(zhan)覽(lan),薈萃了(le)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)今中外(wai)代(dai)表性(xing)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)400余口,堪稱鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的海洋。“古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)簡(jian)史”、“古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)代(dai)鑄鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)工藝”展(zhan)覽(lan)則(ze)提(ti)供了(le)有(you)(you)關(guan)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的基本知識。“九亭鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)園”是一組(zu)新修復(fu)的建筑,懸掛著全國(guo)各(ge)地(di)有(you)(you)代(dai)表性(xing)的古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),別(bie)有(you)(you)情(qing)趣。
該(gai)館館藏古(gu)(gu)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)文物品種比較齊(qi)全(quan),有(you)樂(le)(le)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、朝鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、佛鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、道(dao)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、金剛鈴等古(gu)(gu)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)文物 400多件,其中一(yi)級文物6件。古(gu)(gu)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)222口、鈴192只,大(da)(da)的(de)(de)近7米高(gao),小的(de)(de)可放在手掌之中;年代最遠(yuan)的(de)(de)為(wei)西周(zhou)編鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),近的(de)(de)為(wei)民國道(dao)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。其中最珍(zhen)貴(gui)的(de)(de)是(shi)永樂(le)(le)大(da)(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),約1420年鑄成,高(gao)6.75米,直徑 3.3米,重約46.5噸(dun),有(you)“鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)王五絕”的(de)(de)美譽。鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)身內外(wai)整(zheng)齊(qi)地鑄有(you)漢文、梵文書寫的(de)(de)佛教經咒 100多種,總計(ji)23萬多字(zi),是(shi)銘(ming)文字(zi)數最多的(de)(de)大(da)(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。其鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)聲(sheng)悠(you)揚悅耳,能傳(chuan)40~50公里遠(yuan)。大(da)(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)僅靠一(yi)根(gen)小穿(chuan)釘懸掛,其聲(sheng)學特(te)性與力學結構具有(you)科學研究(jiu)價值。大(da)(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)形(xing)體宏偉,鑄造精(jing)麗(li),青銅合金比率科學合理,用(yong)中國傳(chuan)統(tong)工藝一(yi)鑄而成。“鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)林”中的(de)(de)另一(yi)珍(zhen)品幽冥鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),鑄于明正德三年(1508)。
該(gai)館(guan)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)列(lie)(lie)(lie)面積2500平方米。現(xian)有《大(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)寺歷史沿革陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)列(lie)(lie)(lie)》、《古鐘(zhong)(zhong)簡(jian)史陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)列(lie)(lie)(lie)》、《鑄鐘(zhong)(zhong)工藝陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)列(lie)(lie)(lie)》、《鐘(zhong)(zhong)王銘文陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)列(lie)(lie)(lie)》等基本陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)列(lie)(lie)(lie)。還設置了供觀(guan)眾敲擊(ji)和娛樂的編鐘(zhong)(zhong)、佛鐘(zhong)(zhong)和龍洗。該(gai)館(guan)出(chu)版有《古鐘(zhong)(zhong)文化》叢書。
歷史沿革
清雍(yong)正(zheng)十一年(nian)(公元1733年(nian))正(zheng)月,雍(yong)正(zheng)皇帝建覺生寺(即(ji)大(da)鐘寺)。
清(qing)雍正十二年(公元1734年)冬,覺(jue)生寺建成(cheng)。
清乾隆(long)八年(公元1743年),永樂大鐘(zhong)移至(zhi)覺(jue)生寺(si),大鐘(zhong)懸掛與大鐘(zhong)樓建造工程完(wan)工。
自清(qing)乾隆八年起至清(qing)末,覺生寺(si)成為清(qing)代皇室祈雨拜天的宗(zong)教(jiao)場所(suo)。
民國時(shi)期,覺生寺由行使神權的皇家(jia)祈(qi)雨場所逐步進入平民化(hua)時(shi)期,并成(cheng)為(wei)京城(cheng)幾大廟(miao)會舉(ju)辦地之一。
1957年,北京市(shi)政(zheng)府公布覺生寺為市(shi)級文物保護單位。
1980年(nian)3月11日,北京市人民政府(fu)批準成(cheng)立大鐘(zhong)寺文物保管所。
1980年10月12日,大鐘寺展覽正式對外開放(fang)。
1985年10月4日,大鐘(zhong)寺(si)古鐘(zhong)博物館成立。
1986年3月30日,舉辦大鐘寺古鐘博物館南(nan)門開放儀式。
1986年(nian)10月7日,大鐘寺當選為新北(bei)京16景之一。
1990年(nian)3月19日,北京市文(wen)物局召開辦公會討論大(da)(da)鐘寺東路(lu)修(xiu)(xiu)繕(shan)規劃。會議確立了在大(da)(da)鐘寺原(yuan)有(you)格(ge)局上修(xiu)(xiu)建、復建的決定。
1996年12月27日,大鐘(zhong)寺被國務院(yuan)公布為(wei)第四批全國重點文物保護單位。
2000年2月,大鐘寺(si)古鐘博物(wu)館電(dian)力增容改造工程開(kai)工。
2000年7月(yue)5日,大鐘寺古鐘博(bo)物館避雷工(gong)程開工(gong)。
館舍館藏
永(yong)(yong)樂(le)大(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong),鑄(zhu)于明(ming)朝(chao)永(yong)(yong)樂(le)年間(jian)(1403~1424年),由明(ming)成祖朱棣下(xia)令(ling)鑄(zhu)造。通(tong)高675厘米,口徑(jing)330厘米,重46500千克。鐘(zhong)(zhong)身遍鑄(zhu)佛教經咒銘文(wen),有(you)漢梵兩種文(wen)字,總計(ji)達(da)23萬多(duo)字。永(yong)(yong)樂(le)大(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)以“世(shi)界(jie)銘文(wen)字數(shu)第一(yi)”入選“北京(jing)世(shi)界(jie)旅游之(zhi)最。”永(yong)(yong)樂(le)大(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)是在明(ming)代(dai)鑄(zhu)造技(ji)(ji)術最發達(da)的(de)時期鑄(zhu)成的(de),是這一(yi)時代(dai)集(ji)冶金技(ji)(ji)術之(zhi)大(da)成者,是大(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)寺古鐘(zhong)(zhong)博(bo)物館的(de)鎮館之(zhi)寶。
永樂大鐘
鎏金銅鐘,鑄于明成化年(nian)間(jian)(1465—1487年(nian)),通高45.9厘米(mi),口徑(jing)31.4厘米(mi)。整個(ge)(ge)鐘體自(zi)上(shang)而(er)下分(fen)成六個(ge)(ge)部分(fen),每部分(fen)都飾(shi)(shi)以不同的鎏金紋(wen)飾(shi)(shi)。依次為(wei) :一(yi)、方折(zhe)回紋(wen);二、云(yun)(yun)雷(lei)地饕餮紋(wen);三、底(di)紋(wen)為(wei)錦紋(wen),上(shang)飾(shi)(shi)纏枝(zhi)蓮花;四、開光(guang)內鑄有篆書的鐘款識(shi),間(jian)飾(shi)(shi)蓮花;五、云(yun)(yun)雷(lei)紋(wen)地上(shang)飾(shi)(shi)變形龍(long)紋(wen);六、云(yun)(yun)龍(long)戲珠(zhu)圖案。
鎏金銅鐘
弘治道鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),鑄(zhu)于明弘治五(wu)年(1492年),通高124.5厘(li)米,口徑89.5厘(li)米,重514千克(ke)。鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鈕(niu)為交龍(long)蒲牢鈕(niu),龍(long)身相互交纏(chan)。鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)肩飾蓮瓣花(hua)紋(wen)二十(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)朵,蓮花(hua)瓣內鑄(zhu)二十(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)星宿名。鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)體無(wu)任何分(fen)區,鑄(zhu)滿文字(zi)。鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)腰處(chu)有(you)蓮花(hua)牌位(wei),鑄(zhu)有(you)“大明弘治壬(ren)子仲夏吉日(ri)制”款,鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)身文字(zi)全部為橫向排列,其中起始部位(wei)鑄(zhu)有(you)《北方(fang)真(zhen)武經》。鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)體下部平均(jun)分(fen)布八(ba)(ba)卦符號(hao),鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)裙部鑄(zhu)滿道教符號(hao)。
弘治道鐘
三十五佛名(ming)鐘(zhong),鑄于明正(zheng)德七年(1512年),通高105.3厘米,口徑68厘米,重188千克。青銅材(cai)質。鐘(zhong)鈕(niu)為雙龍頭蒲牢(lao)鈕(niu)。鐘(zhong)肩(jian)飾蓮(lian)瓣花(hua)紋(wen)十六朵。鐘(zhong)體(ti)上半部銘文區內鑄滿(man)三十五佛名(ming)號。下半部鑄有捐資鑄鐘(zhong)的太監姓名(ming)。鐘(zhong)裙鑄滿(man)波浪及(ji)四個鐘(zhong)月。
三十五佛名鐘
云(yun)紋銅(tong)鐘(zhong),鑄于明正德八年(1513年),通(tong)高(gao)118.7厘米,口徑72.2厘米,重212千克。鐘(zhong)身各(ge)分(fen)區內布滿(man)浮雕狀(zhuang)云(yun)紋,中間皆為云(yun)紋組成(cheng)的“王”字。鐘(zhong)月間飾以云(yun)紋、飛(fei)龍及波(bo)濤(tao)的浮雕。
云紋銅鐘
萬(wan)善寺銅鐘(zhong),鑄(zhu)于清康熙(xi)四十一(yi)年(1702年),通高110厘(li)米,口徑(jing)78.7厘(li)米,重228千克(ke)。鐘(zhong)身鑄(zhu)有(you)一(yi)部(bu)《阿(a)彌陀經》,在經文中間還鑄(zhu)有(you)一(yi)些(xie)精致的(de)小(xiao)(xiao)圖形,有(you)蟠(pan)螭紋、陰陽(yang)魚、香(xiang)爐(lu)、寶瓶、卍字符號、雙魚、小(xiao)(xiao)龍、云(yun)頭等(deng)。
萬善寺銅鐘
乾隆銅(tong)鐘(zhong)(zhong),鑄于(yu)清乾隆年(nian)(1736~1796年(nian)),體高(gao)210.7厘(li)米(mi),鈕高(gao)43.5厘(li)米(mi),口徑157厘(li)米(mi),重3108千克。青銅(tong)材質。鐘(zhong)(zhong)鈕為雙龍頭蒲牢鈕,鐘(zhong)(zhong)體自肩下(xia)逐漸外敞,鐘(zhong)(zhong)肩飾(shi)蓮瓣(ban)花(hua)紋二(er)十朵,蓮瓣(ban)內(nei)亦有紋飾(shi)。
景點簡介
聯想東(dong)橋旁,正名(ming)叫覺(jue)生(sheng)寺,里面(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)樓(lou)放著(zhu)一口大(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),據說(shuo)此鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)四十三噸半(八萬七千斤),號(hao)稱北京(jing)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)王。傳聞明(ming)朝燕王朱(zhu)棣做了(le)(le)(le)皇帝(di)(di)以后,老(lao)(lao)怕有人推(tui)翻(fan)他(ta)的(de)寶座(zuo)(zuo),為了(le)(le)(le)消滅民間(jian)反(fan)抗力量,派軍師(shi)姚(yao)廣孝(xiao)收集老(lao)(lao)百姓(xing)刀槍(qiang)等武器(qi),鑄(zhu)了(le)(le)(le)一口大(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),上面(mian)(mian)(mian)刻著(zhu)全(quan)部(bu)華嚴經(jing),認為老(lao)(lao)百姓(xing)聽了(le)(le)(le)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)聲(sheng),就不(bu)會再反(fan)抗他(ta)。后來(lai)大(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)知什么緣故(gu)沉到了(le)(le)(le)西直門外萬壽寺前(qian)面(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)長河河底(現在動物園和展覽館(guan)后面(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)那(nei)條河),到清(qing)朝時,皇帝(di)(di)命人把鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)撈出(chu)來(lai),挪到覺(jue)生(sheng)寺去,并(bing)蓋(gai)一座(zuo)(zuo)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)樓(lou)懸掛大(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。經(jing)工匠們平地(di)、挖槽、放水、結冰(bing),大(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)就打(da)冰(bing)上滑(hua)挪到了(le)(le)(le)覺(jue)生(sheng)寺。后人順(shun)口都叫了(le)(le)(le)大(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寺,覺(jue)生(sheng)寺反(fan)倒被人忘掉了(le)(le)(le)。
大(da)鐘(zhong)寺(si)規(gui)模(mo)宏大(da),是清(qing)代(dai)雍正皇帝下令建造。有(you)山門、天王殿、正殿、后(hou)殿、藏經(jing)樓、大(da)鐘(zhong)殿、配殿建筑,原是皇帝祈雨和信徒朝圣(sheng)的(de)(de)場(chang)所(suo)。寺(si)內(nei)(nei)大(da)鐘(zhong)名為(wei)華嚴鐘(zhong),通(tong)高6.75米(mi),外徑3.3米(mi),重約46.5噸,是我國(guo)歷史上無與倫比的(de)(de)巨鐘(zhong),在世界上也極為(wei)罕見,素有(you)“鐘(zhong)王”之稱。鐘(zhong)內(nei)(nei)外鑄滿佛教經(jing)咒17種,總計22萬7千馀字(zi)。相(xiang)傳為(wei)明初(chu)書法(fa)家(jia)(jia)沈(shen)度的(de)(de)手(shou)(shou)筆(bi),是明初(chu)館閣體(ti)書法(fa)藝術的(de)(de)代(dai)表作,內(nei)(nei)容為(wei)永樂帝御制的(de)(de)《諸佛世尊如來菩(pu)薩尊者神僧名》為(wei)主的(de)(de)8種經(jing)。文字(zi)擺布得嚴絲(si)合縫,字(zi)面清(qing)晰(xi)。字(zi)形(xing)恭楷(kai)端正,古樸(pu)遒勁,相(xiang)傳為(wei)明書法(fa)家(jia)(jia)沈(shen)度手(shou)(shou)筆(bi),有(you)極高的(de)(de)藝術價值,是難得的(de)(de)國(guo)寶。大(da)鐘(zhong)鑄造精致,造型奇特,銅質烏亮(liang)美(mei)觀,輕擊鐘(zhong)聲圓潤深沉(chen),重擊渾厚宏亮(liang),音波(bo)起伏(fu),節奏明快幽雅(ya),尾音長達(da)2分鐘(zhong)以上,遠(yuan)達(da)18-40公里,體(ti)現了我國(guo)古代(dai)高超的(de)(de)冶煉技術。
這樣(yang)"魁梧"的大(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)當初是怎(zen)樣(yang)掛到(dao)鐘(zhong)(zhong)架(jia)上去的呢?原來大(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)鑄好后(hou)。待到(dao)冬天,先每隔500米挖(wa)(wa)一口井,再沿路挖(wa)(wa)溝引水,潑水結冰(bing),大(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)在冰(bing)上滑行至覺(jue)生寺的冰(bing)土堆上。然后(hou)建(jian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)樓(lou),鐘(zhong)(zhong)掛于樓(lou)頂,春暖解凍后(hou)取土而鐘(zhong)(zhong)懸(xuan)。
古鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)博物館設有外(wai)國鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鈴(ling)(歐洲)和(he)戰國編(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),共(gong)有400多不同(tong)的(de)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);其中戰國編(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)有65個。東邊是(shi)清(qing)代(dai)的(de)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),西邊是(shi)明(ming)朝的(de)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。1985年(nian)這里成為了博物館。
佛(fo)道鐘鈴(一(yi)):清代(dai)是中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)古(gu)代(dai)鐘鈴文化發展的(de)(de)(de)晚期(qi)階(jie)段(duan),也是中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)古(gu)代(dai)鐘鈴文化由繁盛走向衰落的(de)(de)(de)階(jie)段(duan),清朝早期(qi)康熙(xi)、雍正、乾(qian)隆三朝盛世,鑄造的(de)(de)(de)鐘工(gong)藝精良;到清代(dai)中(zhong)(zhong)晚期(qi),隨(sui)著國(guo)(guo)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)衰退,各種(zhong)鑄造的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)藝越來(lai)越粗陋,不僅鐵質佛(fo)鐘數(shu)量增(zeng)多(duo),而(er)且形體越來(lai)越小,紋樣也變的(de)(de)(de)粗糙(cao)。
佛(fo)(fo)道(dao)鐘(zhong)(zhong)鈴(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(二):佛(fo)(fo)道(dao)鐘(zhong)(zhong)鈴(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)出現(xian)在中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)古代鐘(zhong)(zhong)鈴(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)文化發展(zhan)的(de)后(hou)期階段。佛(fo)(fo)鐘(zhong)(zhong)又稱梵鐘(zhong)(zhong),指(zhi)佛(fo)(fo)教(jiao)用鐘(zhong)(zhong)。道(dao)鐘(zhong)(zhong):道(dao)教(jiao)是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)的(de)本土宗(zong)教(jiao)。更(geng)鐘(zhong)(zhong):更(geng)鐘(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)古代城市中(zhong)向公眾(zhong)統一(yi)報時的(de)器具。佛(fo)(fo)教(jiao)鐘(zhong)(zhong):佛(fo)(fo)教(jiao)鈴(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)用于佛(fo)(fo)教(jiao)領域的(de)鈴(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling),主要充當佛(fo)(fo)教(jiao)樂器、法(fa)器和(he)佛(fo)(fo)教(jiao)建筑(zhu)的(de)裝飾品(pin)。金剛鈴(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling):金剛鈴(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)是(shi)(shi)佛(fo)(fo)教(jiao)密(mi)宗(zong)的(de)法(fa)器之一(yi)。鐘(zhong)(zhong)鈴(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)鑄造(zao):中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)古代鐘(zhong)(zhong)鈴(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)的(de)質地以青銅為主。青銅主要由銅、錫(xi)鉛融合組成(cheng)。它的(de)方法(fa)有:失蠟法(fa),分鑄法(fa),疊(die)鑄(筑(zhu))法(fa),陶范法(fa)。
明(ming)清精(jing)品:這里集中(zhong)(zhong)展出了(le)明(ming)清時期(qi)北京地區鑄造(zao)的(de)古(gu)鐘精(jing)品,既反映了(le)中(zhong)(zhong)國古(gu)代(dai)鐘鈴(ling)鑄造(zao)所取得(de)的(de)輝煌(huang)藝術(shu)成就(jiu),也(ye)體現(xian)了(le)北京地區深厚(hou)的(de)歷史和文化(hua)。其中(zhong)(zhong)有:天(tian)寧寺銅(tong)(tong)鐘,云紋銅(tong)(tong)鐘,弘(hong)治道鐘,張淮等造(zao)銅(tong)(tong)鐘,三十五佛名銅(tong)(tong)鐘,柏林寺銅(tong)(tong)鐘,摩訶庵銅(tong)(tong)鐘,藥王廟銅(tong)(tong)鐘,彌勒庵銅(tong)(tong)鐘,鑄佛銅(tong)(tong)鐘,善緣庵銅(tong)(tong)鐘等。
永樂大(da)鐘(zhong):永樂大(da)鐘(zhong)是明成(cheng)祖(zu)朱(zhu)棣下令(ling)鑄造。通高675厘米(mi),直徑330厘米(mi),重46500千克。鐘(zhong)身內壁(bi)有佛教經咒(zhou)100多(duo)種,總計23萬多(duo)字,有漢梵兩種文字組成(cheng)。已有600多(duo)年歷史,是世界上最大(da)的鐘(zhong)。
在大(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)樓東面(mian)的(de)庭院里,按(an)歷(li)史年代陳(chen)列著40馀口形(xing)(xing)狀各異的(de)古鐘(zhong)(zhong)。宋、元時代的(de)鐘(zhong)(zhong)呈桶形(xing)(xing),如珍(zhen)藏在藏經樓里的(de)大(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong),是(shi)宋熙寧(ning)年間鑄造(zao),距今已(yi)有900多年的(de)歷(li)史,是(shi)大(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)寺最古老的(de)鐘(zhong)(zhong)。明初開始鐘(zhong)(zhong)口逐漸外張,呈喇叭形(xing)(xing),反映出(chu)在我國古鐘(zhong)(zhong)發展史上,人們對聲學、力學原理的(de)認識過程。
歷史沿革
大(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)寺(si)(si)曾(ceng)是(shi)清(qing)朝皇帝祈雨的(de)地方(fang),寺(si)(si)院坐北朝南,由(you)南往(wang)北依次為山門、鐘(zhong)(zhong)鼓樓(lou)(lou)、天(tian)王殿、大(da)雄寶殿、后殿、藏經樓(lou)(lou)、大(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)樓(lou)(lou)和東西翼(yi)樓(lou)(lou),另外還有六座配(pei)廡分布在兩側(ce)。大(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)樓(lou)(lou)是(shi)寺(si)(si)內(nei)獨(du)具(ju)特色(se)的(de)核心建筑(zhu),它矗立在一(yi)座巨(ju)大(da)的(de)青(qing)石(shi)砌(qi)成的(de)臺基(ji)上(shang),整(zheng)個鐘(zhong)(zhong)樓(lou)(lou)上(shang)圓下方(fang),象征“天(tian)圓地方(fang)”,青(qing)石(shi)臺基(ji)上(shang)砌(qi)有八角形“散音”池,在它的(de)作用下,輕擊大(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)時(shi),方(fang)圓百馀(yu)里(li)均可聽到純厚、古雅的(de)鐘(zhong)(zhong)聲(sheng),馀(yu)音可持(chi)續3分鐘(zhong)(zhong)之久。
清雍正十(shi)一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1733年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))開是在此地(di)(舊時(shi)稱曾家(jia)莊)修建寺院(yuan),總占地(di)3萬平方米。乾(qian)隆(long)八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),永(yong)樂大鐘(zhong)從萬壽寺移至覺生寺。乾(qian)隆(long)五十(shi)二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1787年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))成(cheng)為皇(huang)家(jia)祈雨的場所(suo),此活動(dong)一直沿續到清朝末年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)。大鐘(zhong)寺的廟會(hui)至今開放,舊時(shi)每年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)正月初一起,開廟半月,游人云(yun)集,原有“打金錢眼”等活動(dong),很是熱鬧。近年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)來旅游事業發達,恢復了廟會(hui),并增加了新年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)鳴鐘(zhong)的傳統。
寺史簡述
清(qing)(qing)代,這里"長(chang)林佳茂",是"右隔城市之囂,左(zuo)繞山川之勝"的(de)(de)(de)"寂靜清(qing)(qing)修之地(di)"。雍正(zheng)十(shi)(shi)一(yi)年(nian)(nian)(1733)在此建(jian)覺(jue)生(sheng)寺(si)(si)(si)。為(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)懸(xuan)掛(gua)萬(wan)壽寺(si)(si)(si)遺落的(de)(de)(de)大(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),按陰陽家的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)?之說(shuo),特地(di)在寺(si)(si)(si)內設計(ji)了(le)(le)一(yi)座上圓(yuan)下方的(de)(de)(de)二(er)層鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)樓。此后人們遂(sui)稱(cheng)此寺(si)(si)(si)為(wei)(wei)(wei)大(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寺(si)(si)(si)。覺(jue)生(sheng)寺(si)(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)本名反被(bei)人忘。覺(jue)生(sheng)寺(si)(si)(si)建(jian)造之初為(wei)(wei)(wei)佛徒,僧人的(de)(de)(de)寂靜清(qing)(qing)修和(he)善男(nan)信女(nv)們的(de)(de)(de)鼎禮朝(chao)(chao)拜之所。乾隆五(wu)十(shi)(shi)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(1787)又(you)為(wei)(wei)(wei)皇(huang)上祈(qi)雨的(de)(de)(de)場所,若持(chi)續時間(jian)長(chang),便由皇(huang)貴戚們來寺(si)(si)(si)代皇(huang)帝拈香,此活動(dong)一(yi)直沿續到清(qing)(qing)朝(chao)(chao)末年(nian)(nian)。大(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寺(si)(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)廟(miao)會(hui)(hui)期是每年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)月初一(yi)至(zhi)十(shi)(shi)五(wu),開廟(miao)半月。廟(miao)會(hui)(hui)上最吸引人的(de)(de)(de)項(xiang)目是"打(da)金錢眼"。鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)內懸(xuan)一(yi)銅?。用銅元擊(ji)中(zhong)作響,主一(yi)年(nian)(nian)順利。清(qing)(qing)末民初時,每逢(feng)廟(miao)會(hui)(hui)之期,地(di)上銅元可積數(shu)十(shi)(shi)層,至(zhi)30年(nian)(nian)代,物(wu)困財竭,鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)下銅元已所積不多。到新(xin)中(zhong)國成(cheng)立前夕,廟(miao)宇(yu)已相當敗(bai)(bai)落。建(jian)國后,1957年(nian)(nian)10月28日(ri),大(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寺(si)(si)(si)被(bei)公布為(wei)(wei)(wei)北京市第一(yi)批文(wen)物(wu)保護單位。"文(wen)化大(da)革命(ming)"期間(jian)因無人管(guan)理(li),寺(si)(si)(si)院變成(cheng)廠房(fang),大(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)樓的(de)(de)(de)油(you)漆已剝蝕,大(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)被(bei)塵(chen)埃封滿,雖(sui)然還掛(gua)著,但噤若寒蟬,一(yi)派(pai)凄涼(liang)殘敗(bai)(bai)的(de)(de)(de)景象。1980年(nian)(nian)10月大(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寺(si)(si)(si)把70年(nian)(nian)代就有人建(jian)議籌建(jian)"鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)林"的(de)(de)(de)愿望實現(xian)了(le)(le),以(yi)寺(si)(si)(si)藏的(de)(de)(de)30多口古(gu)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)基礎(chu),建(jian)成(cheng)了(le)(le)古(gu)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)博物(wu)館。1986年(nian)(nian)又(you)作了(le)(le)調整和(he)充實。1987年(nian)(nian)被(bei)評為(wei)(wei)(wei)北京十(shi)(shi)六景之一(yi),大(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寺(si)(si)(si)遂(sui)建(jian)成(cheng)一(yi)座利用古(gu)代建(jian)筑(zhu)、輔以(yi)旅游、綠化、收藏、研(yan)究、復制、展覽古(gu)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)多功能的(de)(de)(de)古(gu)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)博物(wu)館和(he)旅游勝地(di)。近年(nian)(nian)來旅游事(shi)業發達,不僅恢復了(le)(le)廟(miao)會(hui)(hui),繁榮了(le)(le)經濟,"打(da)金錢眼"已成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)項(xiang)別(bie)具(ju)風格的(de)(de)(de)娛樂項(xiang)目再現(xian)于廟(miao)會(hui)(hui)期間(jian)。
主要景點
覺生(sheng)寺(si)坐北朝南,規模(mo)宏大(da),一(yi)派(pai)皇家建筑氣勢。由南向北依次(ci)為山門、鐘(zhong)(zhong)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)、鼓樓(lou)(lou)(lou)、天王(wang)殿、大(da)雄寶(bao)殿、觀音殿、藏經樓(lou)(lou)(lou)、大(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)樓(lou)(lou)(lou);兩側有配殿、群(qun)房和跨院(yuan)。1?大(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)大(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)是寺(si)內(nei)獨具特(te)色的核心建筑,矗立在一(yi)座巨大(da)的由青(qing)石砌成的臺(tai)基上,整座鐘(zhong)(zhong)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)上部(bu)圓(yuan)形,下部(bu)方
大鐘樓
形,象征(zheng)天圓地方。臺基(ji)上(shang)砌有八角形散音池(chi),池(chi)深70厘米(mi),直徑4米(mi),鐘(zhong)響時(shi)起(qi)共鳴作用。此池(chi)之建造不僅利于聲學,同時(shi)降低(di)鐘(zhong)架的高度(du),符合力學原理,又(you)是參觀者觀察大(da)鐘(zhong)內部(bu)的好地方。
兩口大鐘
(1)沿革
大鐘鑄(zhu)造(zao)于明朝永(yong)樂年間(jian)(jian),故人(ren)稱"永(yong)樂大鐘"。鑄(zhu)造(zao)地(di)點是德勝(sheng)門內鑄(zhu)鐘廠。鑄(zhu)成(cheng)之(zhi)后,存放在漢經(jing)廠(遺(yi)址在今(jin)嵩祝寺(si)一(yi)帶),直(zhi)到(dao)萬歷三十五年(1607)才被移(yi)(yi)到(dao)西直(zhi)門外(wai)萬壽寺(si)懸掛(gua)起(qi)來。每日由6個(ge)和尚(shang)敲鐘。到(dao)天啟年間(jian)(jian),由于社會動(dong)蕩(dang),大鐘棄(qi)于地(di)上(shang)。直(zhi)到(dao)清朝雍(yong)正(zheng)年間(jian)(jian)才被重視(shi)。雍(yong)正(zheng)皇帝(di)命(ming)在新建成(cheng)的覺生寺(si)內再(zai)設計(ji)建造(zao)鐘樓,并開始(shi)移(yi)(yi)置大鐘。移(yi)(yi)鐘工程到(dao)乾隆八年(1743)才完(wan)成(cheng)。
(2)結構大(da)(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)通高6?75米(mi),直(zhi)徑(jing)3?3米(mi),鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)唇(chun)厚18?5厘米(mi),重(zhong)46?6噸。大(da)(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)內外皆鑄銘(ming)文(wen)(wen),字(zi)(zi)體(ti)婉麗典雅,是(shi)明初館(guan)閣體(ti)書法藝(yi)術的代表作。過去一直(zhi)傳(chuan)為出自明初書法大(da)(da)家(jia)(jia)沈(shen)度(du)之(zhi)手筆。近(jin)年(nian)來經(jing)(jing)專家(jia)(jia)考證,發現有(you)(you)誤。永樂初年(nian),朱(zhu)棣曾征召四方(fang)善(shan)書之(zhi)士,養在(zai)(zai)宮中(zhong),其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)有(you)(you)被朱(zhu)棣譽為"我(wo)朝王羲之(zhi)"的沈(shen)度(du)及其(qi)(qi)他(ta)館(guan)閣體(ti)書法家(jia)(jia)。大(da)(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)上銘(ming)文(wen)(wen)可能出自其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)某人(ren)之(zhi)手。鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)外銘(ming)文(wen)(wen)有(you)(you)《諸佛如來菩薩尊者(zhe)名號集(ji)經(jing)(jing)》,鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)上鑄此經(jing)(jing)的前20卷。有(you)(you)《彌陀經(jing)(jing)》和(he)《十二因(yin)緣咒》;里(li)面為《妙法蓮嚴(yan)華經(jing)(jing)》,鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)唇(chun)為《金剛般若(ruo)經(jing)(jing)》,蒲(pu)牢(鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)紐)處(chu)刻《楞嚴(yan)咒》等經(jing)(jing)咒17種(zhong)。全(quan)部(bu)(bu)經(jing)(jing)文(wen)(wen)和(he)咒語(yu)共有(you)(you)23萬馀字(zi)(zi)。鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)文(wen)(wen)皆漢字(zi)(zi)楷書,字(zi)(zi)體(ti)工(gong)整,古樸(pu)遒(qiu)勁,勻稱地(di)分(fen)布在(zai)(zai)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)體(ti)各處(chu)。大(da)(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)具有(you)(you)明顯的音樂效果,經(jing)(jing)鑒定,鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)聲可達方(fang)圓(yuan)百里(li)。低(di)音頻(pin)率(lv)豐富,穿透(tou)力強,馀音可持(chi)續(xu)3分(fen)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)久。內行人(ren)從鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)聲中(zhong)分(fen)辨出十幾種(zhong)音素所產(chan)生的和(he)諧音調。其(qi)(qi)原因(yin)之(zhi)一是(shi)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)壁各部(bu)(bu)位厚度(du)不同。頂部(bu)(bu)厚120毫(hao)米(mi),腰部(bu)(bu)厚94毫(hao)米(mi),鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)唇(chun)厚185毫(hao)米(mi)。一經(jing)(jing)撞擊,能產(chan)生出不同的振蕩(dang)頻(pin)率(lv)。原因(yin)之(zhi)二是(shi)內在(zai)(zai)化學結構合(he)理。經(jing)(jing)化驗,其(qi)(qi)成分(fen)比(bi)例為:銅80?54%,錫(xi)16?4%,鉛1?12%及少量的鋅、鎂(mei)、鐵等元素。符(fu)合(he)《考工(gong)記(ji)》中(zhong)"六(liu)齊(qi)(qi)"項下的"鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鼎之(zhi)齊(qi)(qi)"的記(ji)載(zai)。
大鐘五絕
永樂(le)大鐘被譽為鐘王,與世界同類(lei)大鐘相比具有(you)五(wu)(wu)絕(jue),或說五(wu)(wu)大特點。
1、形大體重歷(li)史(shi)價值高
如此重大(da)的(de)巨鐘(zhong),鑄造年代已有560多(duo)年,其歷史(shi)內涵之(zhi)豐(feng)富非他鐘(zhong)所能比(bi)及。遠在15世紀的(de)永樂年間,已是(shi)成(cheng)祖遷都(dou)后的(de)三(san)大(da)工程之(zhi)一了。
2、銘文最多
一只鐘上鑄(zhu)造23萬馀字,而且筆筆清晰,不僅是(shi)鑄(zhu)造技術的奇(qi)跡,也(ye)是(shi)書法的典范。
3、一(yi)流(liu)的(de)音樂特性(xing)
輕擊大鐘,其音(yin)圓(yuan)潤、深沉、古雅;重擊則純厚、洪亮、莊嚴。內行人(ren)能辨(bian)出1?3?5?Ⅰ等完全諧和音(yin)組成(cheng)的泛音(yin)系列。無論該鐘的音(yin)質、音(yin)色(se)還是傳播距離,在世界(jie)古鐘之林中,都名列前茅。
4、先進(jin)的力學結構
46.5噸的大鐘懸在(zai)木梁上,只靠一根長1米,高14厘(li)米,寬6?5厘(li)米的銅穿釘,實在(zai)令人(ren)驚訝。據力(li)學(xue)專家測算,穿釘恰(qia)能承受40多噸的剪切力(li),而且保(bao)證了鐘體(ti)和鐘鈕的合理比例,不破壞大鐘的整體(ti)美(mei)觀。
5、高(gao)超的(de)鑄造工藝
我國(guo)15世(shi)紀的(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)技術已居(ju)世(shi)界領(ling)先(xian)水平(ping)。我國(guo)鑄(zhu)(zhu)鐘(zhong)有三大傳統(tong)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi),即泥(ni)范(fan)法(fa)(fa)、鐵范(fan)法(fa)(fa)、失蠟法(fa)(fa)。該(gai)鐘(zhong)是采用地坑泥(ni)范(fan)法(fa)(fa)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)的(de)(de)。該(gai)鐘(zhong)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)之技術,居(ju)世(shi)界領(ling)先(xian)地位。18世(shi)紀俄國(guo)沙(sha)皇(huang)下(xia)令要(yao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)一口超(chao)過(guo)北京大鐘(zhong)的(de)(de)皇(huang)鐘(zhong)。沙(sha)俄用了(le)大量的(de)(de)人力、物力、財力、鑄(zhu)(zhu)成了(le)一口重193噸的(de)(de)大鐘(zhong)。由于(yu)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)不濟、冷(leng)卻后出現大裂縫,成為世(shi)界上(shang)從未響(xiang)過(guo)的(de)(de)大鐘(zhong)。
鐘林介紹
大鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)樓東(dong)面(mian)的(de)(de)庭院(yuan)里陳(chen)列著40馀口古(gu)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),最早(zao)的(de)(de)是宋代(dai)熙寧年間(jian)鑄造的(de)(de),距今900多年。按(an)年代(dai)順沿分(fen)別有宋、元(yuan)、明(ming)、清(qing)各代(dai)古(gu)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。藏經樓一(yi)(yi)樓是古(gu)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)簡史(shi)陳(chen)列廳(ting)。展(zhan)品中最小的(de)(de)香煙盒大小的(de)(de)陶鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),是距今五六千年前(qian)的(de)(de)最古(gu)老(lao)之鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。展(zhan)品中的(de)(de)精品有商代(dai)青銅鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、三件(jian)一(yi)(yi)組的(de)(de)編(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),西(xi)周編(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、春秋(qiu)編(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、早(zao)商青銅鈴、西(xi)周合瓦形編(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),曾候工編(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)等。
相關內容
1957年10月(yue)28日,大(da)(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寺(si)被(bei)公布(bu)為北京市第(di)一批文物(wu)(wu)(wu)保護單位。文革(ge)期間因無人管理,寺(si)院(yuan)變(bian)成廠(chang)房,廟內建筑凄(qi)涼(liang)破(po)敗(bai)。1985年10月(yue)國(guo)家撥專款重修大(da)(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寺(si),創立了大(da)(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寺(si)古(gu)(gu)(gu)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)博物(wu)(wu)(wu)館,是目前(qian)全國(guo)唯一的(de)以收藏(zang)、展覽、研究、開發利用古(gu)(gu)(gu)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)古(gu)(gu)(gu)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)資料、傳播古(gu)(gu)(gu)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)文化知識為宗旨的(de)專題性博物(wu)(wu)(wu)館。館藏(zang)古(gu)(gu)(gu)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)文物(wu)(wu)(wu)品種(zhong)比較齊全,有(you)(you)樂鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、朝鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、佛(fo)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、道鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、金剛鈴等古(gu)(gu)(gu)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)文物(wu)(wu)(wu)400多(duo)件,其(qi)中(zhong)一級文物(wu)(wu)(wu)6件。古(gu)(gu)(gu)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)222口、鈴192只中(zhong),大(da)(da)的(de)近(jin)(jin)7米高,小的(de)可放在(zai)手掌(zhang)之(zhi)中(zhong);年代(dai)最遠的(de)為西周編鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),近(jin)(jin)的(de)為民國(guo)道鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。該館陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)列(lie)面積2500平方米。現有(you)(you)《大(da)(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寺(si)歷史沿革(ge)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)列(lie)》、《古(gu)(gu)(gu)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)簡(jian)史陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)列(lie)》、《鑄鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)工藝陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)列(lie)》、《鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)王銘(ming)文陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)列(lie)》等基(ji)本陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)列(lie)。還設(she)置了供觀(guan)眾敲擊和(he)娛樂的(de)編鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、佛(fo)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)龍洗(xi)。該館出版有(you)(you)《古(gu)(gu)(gu)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)文化》叢書(shu)。共有(you)(you)10個展廳,分(fen)別為:
第一展廳覺生(sheng)寺歷史(shi)沿革
第三展廳 戰國編鐘
第五展廳(ting) 佛道鐘(zhong)鈴(ling)(魏晉-明(ming)代)
第七展廳 明清(qing)精品
第(di)九展廳(ting)永樂大(da)鐘(zhong)第(di)二(er)展廳(ting)早期鐘(zhong)鈴
第四展廳 佛道(dao)鐘(zhong)鈴(ling)(類(lei)型概(gai)說)
第六展廳 佛(fo)道鐘(zhong)鈴(清代)
第八展(zhan)廳 鐘鈴鑄造
第十展廳 外國鐘鈴
1996年,大鐘寺被(bei)中華人民共和國(guo)國(guo)務院列入全國(guo)重點文物(wu)保(bao)護單(dan)位(wei),正式成為(wei)受(shou)國(guo)家保(bao)護的古跡。
開放時間:
每(mei)周二至(zhi)周日(ri)上午9:00——16:30(16:00停止售票)。每(mei)周一(yi)閉館。
門(men)票價格(ge):20元/人(ren),學生票10元。
每周三前200人免費。
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交通線路:
特(te)8外(wai)(wai)環(huan) 特(te)8內(nei)環(huan) 運(yun)通101線 運(yun)通201線 300快(kuai)車外(wai)(wai)環(huan) 388路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu) 87路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu) 361路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu) 422路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu) 425路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu) 604路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu) 614路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu) 88路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu) 658路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu) 695路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu) 718路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu) 617路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu),地鐵十三號線,到大鐘寺(si)站下車
組織機構
辦公(gong)室:負責博物館行政(zheng)、財(cai)務、人事、后勤管理工作,聯(lian)系(xi)政(zheng)府職能部門(men),協調單(dan)位(wei)各(ge)部(科)室間(jian)的(de)(de)工作,保(bao)證館領導對下級(ji)的(de)(de)指令通達(da)和單(dan)位(wei)各(ge)項工作的(de)(de)有序進行。
社教部(bu):負(fu)責(ze)對來博(bo)物(wu)館觀眾的(de)(de)接待、講解服務(wu),并負(fu)責(ze)博(bo)物(wu)館的(de)(de)對外聯絡與宣傳(chuan)、臨展工作(zuo),開(kai)展愛國主義教育基地活動,并負(fu)責(ze)對博(bo)物(wu)館的(de)(de)網站進(jin)行(xing)維護及內容更新的(de)(de)工作(zuo)。
業務部(bu):負責博(bo)物館文物藏(zang)品的(de)征集、保(bao)管、研究、展覽(lan),開展對外文化(hua)交流(liu)活(huo)動,出(chu)版(ban)學術(shu)著作(zuo)、編輯出(chu)版(ban)圖錄等工(gong)作(zuo)。
保衛科(ke):負責博物館(guan)內部(bu)治安秩序的(de)管(guan)理及安全防(fang)范、宣傳教育、安全監(jian)督、安全檢查等(deng)工(gong)作,落(luo)實市文物局下達(da)部(bu)署的(de)各項(xiang)安全工(gong)作,協調聯(lian)系(xi)公(gong)安、消防(fang)等(deng)部(bu)門,防(fang)止各類事故的(de)發(fa)生。
經營管理部(bu):負責博物館的(de)工藝(yi)品經營部(bu),銷售特(te)色(se)小鐘(zhong)工藝(yi)品、博物館的(de)出版物等,并承接各類鐘(zhong)的(de)設(she)計、鑄(zhu)造(zao)等工作。
展覽與藏品
鎏金銅鐘
鎏金銅鐘(zhong),鑄于明成(cheng)化年間(1465—1487年),通(tong)高45.9厘米,口(kou)徑31.4厘米。整個(ge)鐘(zhong)體自上而下分(fen)成(cheng)六個(ge)部分(fen),每部分(fen)都飾(shi)以不同的鎏金紋(wen)(wen)飾(shi)。依(yi)次為:一、方折(zhe)回紋(wen)(wen);二(er)、云(yun)雷地(di)(di)饕餮紋(wen)(wen);三、底紋(wen)(wen)為錦紋(wen)(wen),上飾(shi)纏枝蓮(lian)花;四、開(kai)光內鑄有篆書的鐘(zhong)款識,間飾(shi)蓮(lian)花;五、云(yun)雷紋(wen)(wen)地(di)(di)上飾(shi)變(bian)形龍紋(wen)(wen);六、云(yun)龍戲(xi)珠(zhu)圖案。
弘治道鐘
鑄(zhu)于(yu)明弘(hong)治五年(1492年),通(tong)高124.5厘米,口(kou)徑89.5厘米,重514千克。鐘(zhong)(zhong)鈕為(wei)交(jiao)(jiao)龍蒲牢鈕,龍身(shen)相互(hu)交(jiao)(jiao)纏。鐘(zhong)(zhong)肩飾(shi)蓮瓣花紋二(er)十八(ba)朵,蓮花瓣內鑄(zhu)二(er)十八(ba)星宿名。鐘(zhong)(zhong)體無(wu)任何分(fen)區,鑄(zhu)滿文(wen)字(zi)。鐘(zhong)(zhong)腰處(chu)有蓮花牌(pai)位,鑄(zhu)有“大明弘(hong)治壬子(zi)仲夏(xia)吉日制”款,鐘(zhong)(zhong)身(shen)文(wen)字(zi)全(quan)部(bu)(bu)為(wei)橫向排列,其中起(qi)始部(bu)(bu)位鑄(zhu)有《北方真(zhen)武(wu)經》。鐘(zhong)(zhong)體下部(bu)(bu)平均分(fen)布八(ba)卦符(fu)號(hao),鐘(zhong)(zhong)裙部(bu)(bu)鑄(zhu)滿道(dao)教(jiao)符(fu)號(hao)。
三十五佛名鐘
三十(shi)(shi)五佛名鐘,鑄于(yu)明正德七年(nian)(1512年(nian)),通高105.3厘米(mi),口徑68厘米(mi),重188千克(ke)。青銅材質(zhi)。鐘鈕為(wei)雙龍頭蒲牢(lao)鈕。鐘肩飾蓮瓣花紋十(shi)(shi)六朵。鐘體上半部(bu)銘文區(qu)內鑄滿三十(shi)(shi)五佛名號。下半部(bu)鑄有捐資鑄鐘的太監姓名。鐘裙鑄滿波浪(lang)及四個鐘月。
云紋銅鐘
云(yun)紋(wen)銅鐘(zhong),鑄于(yu)明正德八年(1513年),通(tong)高(gao)118.7厘(li)米,口(kou)徑72.2厘(li)米,重212千克。鐘(zhong)身各(ge)分區內布滿浮雕(diao)狀云(yun)紋(wen),中間皆為云(yun)紋(wen)組(zu)成的(de)“王(wang)”字。鐘(zhong)月間飾以云(yun)紋(wen)、飛龍(long)及波濤的(de)浮雕(diao)。
萬善寺銅鐘
萬善(shan)寺銅鐘,鑄(zhu)于清康(kang)熙四十一年(1702年),通高110厘(li)米,口徑(jing)78.7厘(li)米,重228千(qian)克。鐘身鑄(zhu)有一部(bu)《阿彌陀經(jing)》,在經(jing)文中(zhong)間(jian)還鑄(zhu)有一些精致的小圖形,有蟠(pan)螭(chi)紋、陰陽魚、香爐、寶瓶、卍字符號、雙魚、小龍、云(yun)頭等。
旅游信息
景點(dian)名稱:大(da)鐘寺古鐘博物館
行車(che)路(lu)線:乘302、300、367、718、運通(tong)101路(lu)車(che)到大鐘寺站下車(che),路(lu)北
所(suo)在區縣:海淀區
景點位(wei)置:北(bei)京市海(hai)淀區北(bei)三環西(xi)路(lu)甲(jia)31號
游客評價
1、位(wei)于(yu)北(bei)京北(bei)三環西路路北(bei)側大鐘(zhong)(zhong)寺站。有樂(le)鐘(zhong)(zhong)、朝鐘(zhong)(zhong)、佛鐘(zhong)(zhong)、道鐘(zhong)(zhong)、金剛鈴等古鐘(zhong)(zhong)類文物400多件。
后面最珍貴的是(shi)永(yong)樂大鐘,約1420年鑄成,高6.75米,直徑3.3米,重(zhong)約46.5噸,有(you)“鐘王五絕”的美譽。
每逢元旦、春節,寺里(li)就會組(zu)織(zhi)議(yi)價敲鐘(zhong),情況隨行(xing)就市,各有不同。
2、還(huan)停(ting)留在兒(er)時(shi)的(de)(de)記憶(yi)。奶(nai)(nai)奶(nai)(nai)家(jia)就(jiu)住(zhu)(zhu)這(zhe)(zhe)邊(bian),每(mei)(mei)年(nian)春(chun)(chun)節(jie)這(zhe)(zhe)里有(you)廟會(hui),于是(shi)大(da)(da)(da)人(ren)就(jiu)每(mei)(mei)一(yi)年(nian)都帶我們去玩,當一(yi)切(qie)都已經(jing)模糊的(de)(de)時(shi)候,唯一(yi)記住(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)就(jiu)是(shi)那(nei)口大(da)(da)(da)鐘(zhong),小小的(de)(de)我站在他面前,感覺他好大(da)(da)(da)好高(gao)啊,直(zhi)到(dao)我能(neng)夠到(dao)敲鐘(zhong)的(de)(de)木棍(gun)時(shi),大(da)(da)(da)鐘(zhong)終于被(bei)我敲響了(le)(le),雖然聲音很小很無力,但這(zhe)(zhe)證(zheng)名我長高(gao)了(le)(le),長大(da)(da)(da)了(le)(le)。這(zhe)(zhe)幾年(nian)大(da)(da)(da)鐘(zhong)寺(si)沉寂(ji)了(le)(le)許多(duo),也(ye)許久沒有(you)再去了(le)(le),仍唯獨不變的(de)(de)是(shi)每(mei)(mei)一(yi)年(nian)的(de)(de)春(chun)(chun)節(jie)零時(shi),鐘(zhong)聲會(hui)準(zhun)時(shi)響起,我又長大(da)(da)(da)一(yi)歲(sui)。
3、是中(zhong)學(xue)時(shi)去過的了。還在(zai)那里(li)買了一盒古鐘(zhong)音(yin)樂的磁(ci)帶(dai),封(feng)套是溥杰題字(zi),據說(shuo)里(li)面的音(yin)樂就是用大鐘(zhong)寺的鐘(zhong)演奏(zou)的(當(dang)然還配其他樂器)。價錢頗(po)貴(至少(shao)當(dang)時(shi)我覺得是的),但這(zhe)是我高中(zhong)時(shi)最喜歡的磁(ci)帶(dai)之一,反復(fu)聽無(wu)數(shu)回(hui),也算值得。
永樂大鐘(zhong)是要登幾層樓梯參觀的(de)(de),有(you)個“打(da)金錢眼”的(de)(de)節目。就是從上面投幣(bi)(bi),如果(guo)打(da)中中央的(de)(de)圓孔(kong)里(li)會響。當(dang)時(shi)我(wo)的(de)(de)心(xin)(xin)理很矛盾(dun),一(yi)方面我(wo)完全不(bu)(bu)(bu)相信,又(you)吝惜錢,上去(qu)之(zhi)前覺得我(wo)才不(bu)(bu)(bu)要扔錢去(qu)打(da)呢(ni)。于是也(ye)就沒有(you)換幣(bi)(bi)(如果(guo)愿(yuan)意(yi)的(de)(de)話,可以跟坐在下面的(de)(de)博物館管(guan)理人(ren)員換1角的(de)(de)硬(ying)幣(bi)(bi)),但(dan)是到(dao)了(le)(le)頂上,我(wo)突然(ran)又(you)感到(dao)很不(bu)(bu)(bu)甘心(xin)(xin),不(bu)(bu)(bu)開心(xin)(xin),摸了(le)(le)摸口袋(dai)里(li)有(you)一(yi)個一(yi)元的(de)(de)硬(ying)幣(bi)(bi),一(yi)沖動就扔出去(qu)了(le)(le)……然(ran)而也(ye)沒有(you)打(da)中“金錢眼”。這樣我(wo)似(si)乎甘心(xin)(xin)了(le)(le),不(bu)(bu)(bu)過更加(jia)不(bu)(bu)(bu)開心(xin)(xin)。
我(wo)去參觀(guan)的那(nei)一(yi)次(ci),見(jian)游客留言簿(bu)寫的都(dou)是些贊美的話(hua),比如(ru)“古代的工匠真偉大”之類(lei)。對于我(wo)來說,只是在心疼那(nei)一(yi)元錢(如(ru)果換成一(yi)角(jiao)的,起碼我(wo)還能(neng)再打九次(ci),打中(zhong)的機會還能(neng)多點),當然我(wo)也沒有往(wang)留言簿(bu)上(shang)寫下這個心情。
現在(zai)(zai),從單位回家如果是坐出租車,司(si)機往往選擇走(zou)(zou)北(bei)(bei)三環,也(ye)就能經過大鐘寺(si)。我常常想,保(bao)存(cun)這(zhe)樣完整的(de)一座寺(si)院,如果不是一個“古(gu)鐘博物(wu)館”,而(er)是一處清凈的(de)道場,該有多么好啊。那樣北(bei)(bei)京(jing)人也(ye)就不用(yong)動輒去走(zou)(zou)柏(bo)林寺(si)、走(zou)(zou)五臺山(shan)、走(zou)(zou)江西、走(zou)(zou)湖南(nan)湖北(bei)(bei)(“走(zou)(zou)江湖”)、走(zou)(zou)廣東(dong)福建去參訪(fang)了,北(bei)(bei)京(jing)的(de)有僧團(tuan)的(de)寺(si)院實在(zai)(zai)是太少了。