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建筑特點

該(gai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑由曾在英國(guo)(guo)留學的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑師沈琪主(zhu)(zhu)持設計，用清(qing)(qing)朝慈禧太后(hou)挪用的(de)(de)(de)海軍(jun)經(jing)費修頤(yi)和園剩下的(de)(de)(de)款(kuan)項做(zuo)資(zi)金(jin)，由中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)營造廠施(shi)工建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)造。樓(lou)(lou)群皆(jie)為(wei)(wei)(wei)西(xi)洋古(gu)典形式(shi)(shi)。其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)樓(lou)(lou)為(wei)(wei)(wei)歐洲(zhou)古(gu)典式(shi)(shi)灰磚(zhuan)(zhuan)樓(lou)(lou)，前(qian)后(hou)面三間樓(lou)(lou)門，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)部門廳以上三層，兩(liang)側(ce)及翼樓(lou)(lou)均為(wei)(wei)(wei)二層，外(wai)檐為(wei)(wei)(wei)聯拱柱廊。樓(lou)(lou)體滿布精(jing)細的(de)(de)(de)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)雕(diao)花(hua)飾，門窗、天花(hua)、地板和護壁(bi)(bi)板全(quan)用優質(zhi)木(mu)材精(jing)雕(diao)細作，華麗壯觀，表現出(chu)歐洲(zhou)折中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)主(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)風(feng)格(ge)(ge)。主(zhu)(zhu)樓(lou)(lou)的(de)(de)(de)東(dong)(dong)、西(xi)、北(bei)面各有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)座樓(lou)(lou)房，形成一(yi)(yi)組樓(lou)(lou)群。在這組樓(lou)(lou)群的(de)(de)(de)東(dong)(dong)西(xi)兩(liang)邊各有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)組風(feng)格(ge)(ge)相(xiang)同的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑。東(dong)(dong)部作為(wei)(wei)(wei)海軍(jun)部，西(xi)部作為(wei)(wei)(wei)陸軍(jun)部。大(da)(da)門在主(zhu)(zhu)樓(lou)(lou)前(qian)，朝南(nan)，面闊五間，灰筒瓦(wa)懸(xuan)山大(da)(da)脊(ji)頂(ding)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間三間開門的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)木(mu)構建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑形式(shi)(shi)，東(dong)(dong)西(xi)山墻外(wai)露七(qi)架梁。門前(qian)有(you)(you)3米多高石獅一(yi)(yi)對(dui)，隔街對(dui)面有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)座懸(xuan)山頂(ding)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)雕(diao)大(da)(da)影壁(bi)(bi)。反映了二十(shi)世紀(ji)初中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑設計和營造施(shi)工的(de)(de)(de)高超水平。西(xi)洋古(gu)典建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑風(feng)格(ge)(ge)如此大(da)(da)膽地運用于(yu)新建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)清(qing)(qing)廷軍(jun)事衙署，也體現出(chu)西(xi)風(feng)東(dong)(dong)漸的(de)(de)(de)歷史時代的(de)(de)(de)奇異心態。

歷史背景

該建筑群東部原為康熙帝九子允禟的府第。允禟于1726年（雍正四年）被禁錮致死。1733年（雍正十一年）雍正帝(di)賜允(yun)禟(tang)宅第于五子弘晝，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)和(he)親；西(xi)(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)原(yuan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)順治帝(di)五子常(chang)寧的恭親，到清(qing)末時已遞降為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)公(gong)(gong)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)，分別由兩(liang)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)后(hou)裔承(cheng)(cheng)熙、溥廉(lian)居此，因此兩(liang)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)被時人稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)承(cheng)(cheng)公(gong)(gong)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)、廉(lian)公(gong)(gong)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)，再(zai)晚則又(you)分別稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)德公(gong)(gong)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)（承(cheng)(cheng)熙孫德茂）、毓(yu)公(gong)(gong)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)（溥廉(lian)子毓(yu)璋）。1885年，清(qing)朝創辦了(le)海(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)衙門(men)，海(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)事(shi)務。中日甲午戰爭后(hou)北洋水師全軍(jun)覆沒后(hou)，清(qing)政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)撤(che)消了(le)已無海(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)的海(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)衙門(men)。1906年（光緒(xu)三十(shi)二(er)年），清(qing)朝政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)“改定官制以(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)立憲(xian)預備”，實(shi)行“新政(zheng)(zheng)”，改兵部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)陸(lu)軍(jun)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)，將(jiang)兵部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、練兵處、太(tai)仆寺合(he)并為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)陸(lu)軍(jun)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)，1906年清(qing)政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)用慈禧挪用的海(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)經費修頤(yi)和(he)園剩下的款項興(xing)建(jian)了(le)東西(xi)(xi)兩(liang)組西(xi)(xi)洋巴洛(luo)克式磚木(mu)結構樓(lou)房，西(xi)(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)陸(lu)軍(jun)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)，東部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)陸(lu)軍(jun)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)所屬的貴(gui)胄學(xue)堂。1907年（宣統(tong)元年）清(qing)政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)重建(jian)海(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)，撤(che)消貴(gui)胄學(xue)堂，后(hou)將(jiang)貴(gui)胄學(xue)堂改為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)海(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)。自此該建(jian)筑群形成為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)清(qing)末陸(lu)軍(jun)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)和(he)海(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)建(jian)筑群。

歷史沿革

中華(hua)民(min)(min)國(guo)(guo)(guo)成立后(hou)，袁世凱(kai)在1912年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)將總統府和(he)國(guo)(guo)(guo)務(wu)(wu)院設于(yu)此。1924一1926年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)為(wei)(wei)段(duan)祺瑞執政(zheng)府駐地(di)。1926年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)3月18日(ri)(ri)，學(xue)生在此地(di)的(de)大門前(qian)請(qing)愿(yuan)時與軍警發(fa)生沖突，死亡多(duo)人，發(fa)生了震驚中外的(de)“三(san)·一八(ba)”慘(can)案(an)。1928年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)后(hou)，這(zhe)里(li)改為(wei)(wei)北(bei)(bei)平(ping)衛戍區(qu)司(si)(si)(si)令部(bu)。“七七事變”前(qian)，為(wei)(wei)宋哲元二(er)十九軍軍部(bu)及冀察政(zheng)務(wu)(wu)委員(yuan)會所(suo)在地(di)。1937年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，日(ri)(ri)軍侵占(zhan)北(bei)(bei)平(ping)，西(xi)院、東(dong)院分別(bie)由日(ri)(ri)本華(hua)北(bei)(bei)駐軍總司(si)(si)(si)令部(bu)和(he)特務(wu)(wu)機關“興亞(ya)(ya)院”使用。抗戰(zhan)(zhan)勝利后(hou)，國(guo)(guo)(guo)民(min)(min)政(zheng)府接管，改為(wei)(wei)十一戰(zhan)(zhan)區(qu)長官司(si)(si)(si)令部(bu)、國(guo)(guo)(guo)民(min)(min)黨北(bei)(bei)平(ping)警備司(si)(si)(si)令部(bu)等。1949年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，中華(hua)人民(min)(min)共(gong)和(he)國(guo)(guo)(guo)成立后(hou)用作中國(guo)(guo)(guo)人民(min)(min)大學(xue)校舍。1978年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)起，西(xi)院主樓(lou)屬(shu)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)人民(min)(min)大學(xue)書報(bao)資料中心和(he)清史研(yan)究(jiu)所(suo)，后(hou)配樓(lou)仍為(wei)(wei)宿舍；東(dong)院樓(lou)群則劃歸(gui)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)社會科(ke)學(xue)院的(de)所(suo)屬(shu)日(ri)(ri)、俄、亞(ya)(ya)太、拉美(mei)、西(xi)亞(ya)(ya)非(fei)等多(duo)個國(guo)(guo)(guo)際問題類研(yan)究(jiu)所(suo)的(de)辦公地(di)。1984年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，該建筑以(yi)“段(duan)祺瑞執政(zheng)府舊(jiu)址(zhi)”名稱被(bei)列為(wei)(wei)北(bei)(bei)京(jing)市文物保護單位(wei)。2006年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)5月被(bei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)務(wu)(wu)院定為(wei)(wei)第六批全國(guo)(guo)(guo)文物保護單位(wei)。同時更名為(wei)(wei)“清陸(lu)軍部(bu)和(he)海軍部(bu)舊(jiu)址(zhi)”。