發展歷史
明正統(tong)二年(1437年)施(shi)工(gong),正統(tong)四年完工(gong)。明《英宗實錄》載:“(正統(tong))正年四月丙午(wu),修(xiu)造京師門樓、城壕、橋(qiao)閘完。……城四隅(yu)立角樓。”角樓建成(cheng)后,歷代(dai)均有(you)修(xiu)繕。1935年大(da)修(xiu),曾將內(nei)部的大(da)木(mu)結構上的彩繪(hui)改為滿堂(tang)紅油飾。
明(ming)(ming)清(qing)時期(qi)北京內城(cheng)(cheng)東南(nan)(nan)角城(cheng)(cheng)防建(jian)筑。在北京市建(jian)國(guo)門(men)南(nan)(nan)北京火車(che)站東南(nan)(nan)。建(jian)于明(ming)(ming)代正(zheng)統四年(nian)(1439),明(ming)(ming)清(qing)兩代曾(ceng)多次修(xiu)繕。1935年(nian)維修(xiu)時,部分(fen)構件(jian)有改(gai)動(dong),但基本(ben)保存明(ming)(ming)代結構,是明(ming)(ming)代北京城(cheng)(cheng)唯一保存至今的一座(zuo)角樓,建(jian)筑別具一格。1982年(nian)中華人民(min)共和國(guo)國(guo)務院公(gong)布為全國(guo)重點文(wen)物保護單位。
角(jiao)(jiao)樓(lou)建(jian)于明代內(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)的東(dong)城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)和南城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)結合處,突出(chu)城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)外(wai)緣(yuan)的方形臺座上(shang)。臺高12米(mi)(mi)(mi),底(di)邊(bian)(bian)長39.45米(mi)(mi)(mi),上(shang)邊(bian)(bian)長 15米(mi)(mi)(mi)。樓(lou)沿(yan)(yan)城(cheng)(cheng)臺外(wai)緣(yuan)轉(zhuan)角(jiao)(jiao)建(jian)造,高 17米(mi)(mi)(mi),平面呈曲尺形,東(dong)西(xi)長35米(mi)(mi)(mi),南北(bei)長35米(mi)(mi)(mi),寬16米(mi)(mi)(mi),建(jian)筑面積(ji)700余平方米(mi)(mi)(mi)。四(si)面砌磚(zhuan)(zhuan)垣,重(zhong)檐七(qi)檁歇山頂,兩條大脊于轉(zhuan)角(jiao)(jiao)處相交成(cheng)十字,灰筒(tong)瓦綠(lv)(lv)剪邊(bian)(bian),綠(lv)(lv)琉璃列脊飾(shi)獸頭(tou)。樓(lou)體(ti)外(wai)側(ce)辟有4層共144個箭窗,亦(yi)稱射孔。樓(lou)體(ti)內(nei)側(ce) (背面)出(chu)抱廈,亦(yi)相連成(cheng)轉(zhuan)角(jiao)(jiao)房,辟2門,一向西(xi),一向北(bei)。門上(shang)設直欞(ling)窗。樓(lou)內(nei)立(li)兩排金柱(zhu)(zhu)20根,是角(jiao)(jiao)樓(lou)的主(zhu)要承(cheng)重(zhong)骨(gu)干。金柱(zhu)(zhu)都是由楔形木(mu)包(bao)鑲八棱形木(mu)心拼(pin)接而成(cheng),底(di)徑70厘米(mi)(mi)(mi),上(shang)徑45~50厘米(mi)(mi)(mi)。金柱(zhu)(zhu)上(shang)承(cheng)三層架梁,每架梁的西(xi)端有桁、墊、枋(fang),形成(cheng)角(jiao)(jiao)樓(lou)主(zhu)體(ti)框架。外(wai)金柱(zhu)(zhu)一側(ce)沿(yan)(yan)箭窗由承(cheng)重(zhong)枋(fang)隔為 3層,承(cheng)重(zhong)枋(fang)之間由四(si)根楞木(mu)橫(heng)向聯接,上(shang)鋪樓(lou)板,站(zhan)在樓(lou)板上(shang)可從箭窗向外(wai)投射和瞭(liao)望。角(jiao)(jiao)樓(lou)城(cheng)(cheng)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)大小(xiao)一致(zhi),規格為43×24×12厘米(mi)(mi)(mi)。有些磚(zhuan)(zhuan)的一頭(tou)印有嘉靖、隆慶等年(nian)號或窯記、私人印記等。
建國后城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)逐段(duan)拆除,東南城(cheng)(cheng)角(jiao)一(yi)帶亦因1958年新建北(bei)京火車站(zhan)受到(dao)(dao)影響,只(zhi)保留了(le)角(jiao)樓城(cheng)(cheng)臺和(he)(he)迤西近百米(mi)的(de)一(yi)段(duan)城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang),當時由(you)文物(wu)管理部門作了(le)一(yi)些簡單的(de)保護措(cuo)施,殘(can)留的(de)角(jiao)樓和(he)(he)城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)并未遭到(dao)(dao)破壞。只(zhi)是在(zai)“文化大革命”期間,遭到(dao)(dao)人為(wei)的(de)破壞,再加年久(jiu)失修,圮敗日(ri)趨嚴(yan)重(zhong)。1981年由(you)政府(fu)拔(ba)款修繕,1983年修竣。根據不改(gai)變原(yuan)狀的(de)修繕原(yuan)則,恢(hui)復了(le)民國年間修繕后的(de)舊貌。并設立了(le)保管所,籌備展覽,對社(she)會開放游(you)覽。
1958年文物管理部門對(dui)角樓(lou)以及城(cheng)墻采取了(le)(le)(le)一些(xie)簡單(dan)的(de)保護(hu)措施。1981年國家撥款(kuan)對(dui)角樓(lou)進(jin)行了(le)(le)(le)全面(mian)修繕(shan),1983年竣(jun)工,并設立了(le)(le)(le)保管所。
主要景點
在建(jian)國(guo)門(men)南(nan)大街(jie)(jie)和(he)(he)崇文(wen)門(men)東(dong)(dong)大街(jie)(jie)相交處的(de)(de)內側,北京(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)火車站東(dong)(dong)南(nan)殘留的(de)(de)一段城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻上,矗立著一座雄(xiong)偉的(de)(de)建(jian)筑物(wu),俯視著乘(cheng)火車進出北京(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)旅客,形成象征(zheng)北京(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)明顯標(biao)志,它(ta)即是建(jian)在北京(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)明、清城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣東(dong)(dong)南(nan)角(jiao)上的(de)(de)角(jiao)樓(lou)。原(yuan)北京(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)有內城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)分,內城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)筑較早,是明代(dai)初期在元大都城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)基礎上改(gai)建(jian)的(de)(de),除于九門(men)興建(jian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)、甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和(he)(he)箭(jian)(jian)樓(lou)外(wai),為(wei)了(le)加強城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣的(de)(de)防衛,于城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)四角(jiao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺上均建(jian)箭(jian)(jian)樓(lou)一座、其(qi)名稱(cheng)應是城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)角(jiao)箭(jian)(jian)樓(lou),簡稱(cheng)角(jiao)樓(lou)。此處是唯一保存(cun)下(xia)來的(de)(de)北京(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)(dong)南(nan)角(jiao)的(de)(de)角(jiao)樓(lou),也是中(zhong)國(guo)現存(cun)最(zui)大的(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣角(jiao)樓(lou)。
樓(lou)(lou)建于突出城墻(qiang)外緣的(de)方形臺(tai)座上(shang)。臺(tai)高(gao)12米(mi),底邊(bian)長39.45米(mi),上(shang)邊(bian)長15米(mi),樓(lou)(lou)高(gao)17米(mi),通高(gao)29米(mi),建筑面積700多平方米(mi)。平面呈曲(qu)尺形,四面磚(zhuan)垣,重檐歇(xie)山頂。樓(lou)(lou)體(ti)(ti)外側(ce)向(xiang)東、向(xiang)南兩闊面和向(xiang)西、向(xiang)北兩側(ce)面均辟(pi)箭(jian)窗(chuang)(射(she)孔),共(gong)4層144孔。樓(lou)(lou)體(ti)(ti)內交(jiao)金柱20根,是角樓(lou)(lou)的(de)主要承重結(jie)構。角樓(lou)(lou)高(gao)大峻拔(ba),形式特(te)殊,是明清城防和城樓(lou)(lou)建筑的(de)獨特(te)例證。