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主要建筑

正陽門城樓

門(men)(men)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)坐落在磚(zhuan)砌(qi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺上(shang)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺上(shang)窄下(xia)寬，有明顯的(de)收分，寬95米，厚31.45米，高(gao)(gao)14.7米，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺南北上(shang)沿(yan)各(ge)有1.2米高(gao)(gao)的(de)宇墻，占地3047平方米，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺上(shang)以城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)磚(zhuan)海墁(man)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)為(wei)(wei)灰筒瓦(wa)綠琉璃剪邊重(zhong)檐(yan)歇山三(san)滴水樓(lou)閣式建筑，樓(lou)脊飾龍頭獸吻，每面(mian)有檐(yan)柱、老檐(yan)柱和金柱三(san)層柱子，朱紅梁(liang)柱，金花彩繪，樓(lou)上(shang)樓(lou)下(xia)四面(mian)均(jun)設(she)門(men)(men)，面(mian)闊七間，進(jin)深(shen)三(san)間，上(shang)下(xia)設(she)回廊，上(shang)層前后(hou)裝菱花格隔扇門(men)(men)窗，下(xia)層為(wei)(wei)朱紅磚(zhuan)墻，明間及兩(liang)側正面(mian)各(ge)有實榻大門(men)(men)一(yi)座(zuo)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)兩(liang)端沿(yan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻內(nei)(nei)側設(she)斜坡馬(ma)道以通(tong)上(shang)下(xia)。通(tong)面(mian)寬41米，通(tong)進(jin)深(shen)21米，樓(lou)身寬36.7米，深(shen)16.5米，高(gao)(gao)27.3米，整(zheng)個城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)通(tong)高(gao)(gao)43.65米，為(wei)(wei)老北京(jing)所(suo)有城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)樓(lou)中最高(gao)(gao)者。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)外(wai)側重(zhong)檐(yan)以上(shang)懸掛木質大門(men)(men)匾(bian)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)洞(dong)為(wei)(wei)拱券(quan)式，開在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺正中，五伏五券(quan)，內(nei)(nei)券(quan)高(gao)(gao)9.49米，寬7.08米，外(wai)券(quan)高(gao)(gao)6.29米，寬6米。

箭樓

正(zheng)陽門(men)的箭(jian)(jian)樓(lou)(lou)是(shi)最能(neng)體現古代軍事防御(yu)思想和技術水平的建筑，為一磚(zhuan)砌(qi)堡壘式建筑，雄踞于磚(zhuan)砌(qi)城(cheng)臺之上(shang)。城(cheng)臺高(gao)約12米(mi)，上(shang)窄下(xia)寬(kuan)(kuan)，亦有明(ming)顯(xian)收(shou)分。城(cheng)臺正(zheng)中辟(pi)(pi)券門(men)，與城(cheng)門(men)相對，五伏五券，門(men)洞(dong)內設(she)"千斤閘",南側寬(kuan)(kuan)10米(mi)，北側寬(kuan)(kuan)12.4米(mi)，占地面積(ji)2147平方米(mi)。箭(jian)(jian)樓(lou)(lou)上(shang)下(xia)四(si)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)，樓(lou)(lou)頂為灰(hui)筒綠(lv)琉璃(li)剪邊重檐歇山式，飾綠(lv)琉璃(li)脊獸。南、東(dong)、西三面辟(pi)(pi)箭(jian)(jian)窗，以作對外防御(yu)（射擊）之用，南面四(si)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)，每(mei)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)13孔(kong)，東(dong)、西各四(si)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)，每(mei)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)4孔(kong)，連抱廈(sha)2孔(kong)，共辟(pi)(pi)86孔(kong)。箭(jian)(jian)樓(lou)(lou)的結(jie)構為前樓(lou)(lou)后(hou)廈(sha)，面闊七間，寬(kuan)(kuan)62米(mi)，進(jin)深20米(mi)；北出(chu)抱廈(sha)廡座，面闊五間，寬(kuan)(kuan)42米(mi)，進(jin)深12米(mi)，整座樓(lou)(lou)通高(gao)35.37米(mi)。在明(ming)清北京城(cheng)垣的箭(jian)(jian)樓(lou)(lou)中，唯正(zheng)陽門(men)箭(jian)(jian)樓(lou)(lou)辟(pi)(pi)門(men)，亦最為高(gao)大雄偉。形式比較獨特，一直被(bei)看成是(shi)老北京的象征。

甕城

箭(jian)樓(lou)與城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)樓(lou)之(zhi)間為(wei)(wei)甕(weng)(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)，甕(weng)(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)長方形，南(nan)北長108米(mi)，東(dong)西(xi)(xi)寬88.65米(mi)，東(dong)北、西(xi)(xi)北兩內(nei)(nei)角為(wei)(wei)直角，東(dong)南(nan)、西(xi)(xi)南(nan)兩外角為(wei)(wei)抹角，甕(weng)(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)將城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)、城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)樓(lou)、箭(jian)樓(lou)和(he)兩座閘樓(lou)連接(jie)起來。甕(weng)(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)與城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)高度相同（高約11.36米(mi)），略窄些，內(nei)(nei)為(wei)(wei)土墻(qiang)心外甃大城(cheng)(cheng)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)。上(shang)頂(ding)甬道海墁(man)城(cheng)(cheng)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)，外側筑雉(zhi)堞，內(nei)(nei)側筑女(nv)兒(er)墻(qiang)，內(nei)(nei)有空(kong)場。甕(weng)(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)四面各開辟拱券式門(men)(men)洞(dong)一座，東(dong)、西(xi)(xi)、南(nan)為(wei)(wei)吊落式閘門(men)(men)。北門(men)(men)在(zai)宏(hong)偉的城(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)之(zhi)下(xia)，南(nan)門(men)(men)在(zai)高大的箭(jian)樓(lou)之(zhi)下(xia)，東(dong)西(xi)(xi)門(men)(men)則在(zai)甕(weng)(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)西(xi)(xi)正中的閘樓(lou)之(zhi)下(xia)。

甕城(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)，城(cheng)(cheng)樓南側(ce)靠北門兩側(ce)，建(jian)有關帝(di)(di)(di)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)、觀(guan)音廟(miao)(miao)(miao)各一座，關帝(di)(di)(di)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)居西(xi)，觀(guan)音廟(miao)(miao)(miao)居東，均為南向，一層殿宇、兩側(ce)廡(wu)廊(lang)，規(gui)模(mo)較小。但(dan)兩廟(miao)(miao)(miao)的(de)香(xiang)火很(hen)旺(wang)。明清(qing)時，北京內(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)九(jiu)座城(cheng)(cheng)門甕城(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)，全(quan)部(bu)依例(li)建(jian)有廟(miao)(miao)(miao)宇，除德勝門和安(an)定門供奉(feng)真(zhen)武大(da)帝(di)(di)(di)外，余(yu)均供奉(feng)關帝(di)(di)(di)，以祈護國佑民。然(ran)而九(jiu)門之中，以正陽門關帝(di)(di)(di)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)規(gui)模(mo)最大(da)，傳說(shuo)其中關羽的(de)塑像原系明朝內(nei)廷(ting)所供奉(feng)，因(yin)此(ci)香(xiang)火一直興盛。明清(qing)時期正陽門關帝(di)(di)(di)、觀(guan)音兩廟(miao)(miao)(miao)，曾留下了許多(duo)奉(feng)祀、紀事的(de)碑(bei)刻、詩(shi)文(wen)，是研究(jiu)北京城(cheng)(cheng)垣建(jian)設史(shi)和社會文(wen)化(hua)史(shi)珍貴的(de)石刻文(wen)獻。

甕城東(dong)西兩(liang)(liang)側建有(you)閘樓，閘樓面闊三間，灰筒瓦綠琉璃(li)瓦剪邊，歇山(shan)小式屋頂，外側辟箭窗兩(liang)(liang)排共12孔，下設閘門以(yi)通行(xing)人。

雉堞和女兒墻

雉(zhi)(zhi)堞(die)(die)和女兒(er)墻(qiang)(qiang)是(shi)(shi)沿城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣上頂(ding)(ding)內外修筑的矮垣墻(qiang)(qiang)。雉(zhi)(zhi)堞(die)(die)位于城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣頂(ding)(ding)外側，筑為(wei)齒狀，起盾(dun)牌作用，以(yi)保(bao)護守城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)者免遭(zao)敵人(ren)攻擊。女兒(er)墻(qiang)(qiang)亦(yi)稱(cheng)女墻(qiang)(qiang)，為(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣頂(ding)(ding)內側修筑的矮垣墻(qiang)(qiang)，作用是(shi)(shi)攔(lan)擋守城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)者，免于摔下。老(lao)北京內城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)雉(zhi)(zhi)堞(die)(die)高為(wei)1.9米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬(kuan)為(wei)1.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，厚(hou)(hou)為(wei)0.75米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，其(qi)(qi)間距(ju)在0.5～0.8米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)之間。外墻(qiang)(qiang)雉(zhi)(zhi)堞(die)(die)高1.3米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬(kuan)約(yue)(yue)1.2米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，厚(hou)(hou)為(wei)0.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)左(zuo)右，其(qi)(qi)間距(ju)在0.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)左(zuo)右，內外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)共有(you)雉(zhi)(zhi)堞(die)(die)20772個。雉(zhi)(zhi)堞(die)(die)都是(shi)(shi)用白(bai)灰漿(jiang)(jiang)、大(da)(da)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)磚(zhuan)砌(qi)成(cheng)。平頂(ding)(ding)，四(si)側四(si)棱(leng)見角，非常牢固。女兒(er)墻(qiang)(qiang)高約(yue)(yue)1.2米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，厚(hou)(hou)約(yue)(yue)0.75米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，以(yi)白(bai)灰漿(jiang)(jiang)、大(da)(da)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)磚(zhuan)沿城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣形制砌(qi)成(cheng)，上頂(ding)(ding)一(yi)般砌(qi)成(cheng)饅頭(tou)頂(ding)(ding)或(huo)是(shi)(shi)泥鰍背頂(ding)(ding)。正陽門與內城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)其(qi)(qi)它八(ba)門一(yi)樣，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺外側建雉(zhi)(zhi)堞(die)(die)，內側建女墻(qiang)(qiang)，規(gui)制亦(yi)與城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣相同。

馬道

馬道(dao)(dao)是供(gong)守(shou)城部(bu)隊上下城用(yong)的專(zhuan)用(yong)斜(xie)道(dao)(dao)，它附貼在(zai)城墻內(nei)側(ce)墻體上，坡度(du)約(yue)十五(wu)度(du)到三(san)十度(du)之間，馬道(dao)(dao)寬約(yue)四、五(wu)米(mi)，斜(xie)道(dao)(dao)外側(ce)砌筑一(yi)道(dao)(dao)矮墻。

內城(cheng)(cheng)共(gong)有(you)二十七對馬(ma)道(dao)(dao)，每對馬(ma)道(dao)(dao)呈內八字形或外(wai)八字形，從左右兩(liang)條(tiao)馬(ma)道(dao)(dao)都(dou)可以到達(da)城(cheng)(cheng)頂。正陽門設有(you)馬(ma)道(dao)(dao)兩(liang)條(tiao)，均在月(yue)城(cheng)(cheng)內緊貼(tie)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)內壁而筑，分(fen)(fen)別通向城(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)與(yu)箭樓(lou)（今已廢）。建筑方法是(shi)將馬(ma)道(dao)(dao)土心與(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)土心夯(hang)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)整體，另(ling)一(yi)側以白灰漿(jiang)、大(da)城(cheng)(cheng)磚砌成一(yi)米(mi)厚的(de)磚層(ceng)，成為(wei)(wei)馬(ma)道(dao)(dao)的(de)外(wai)包皮磚層(ceng)。在這層(ceng)外(wai)包皮磚上(shang)(shang)，與(yu)馬(ma)道(dao)(dao)斜面平行砌起一(yi)道(dao)(dao)矮(ai)墻，其長與(yu)馬(ma)道(dao)(dao)斜面同，寬約0.75米(mi)、高(gao)約1.2米(mi)，稱為(wei)(wei)馬(ma)道(dao)(dao)扶手墻。馬(ma)道(dao)(dao)土心部(bu)分(fen)(fen)是(shi)以黃土夯(hang)成，其上(shang)(shang)再(zai)夯(hang)筑一(yi)層(ceng)約50厘米(mi)的(de)三合土，再(zai)上(shang)(shang)以大(da)城(cheng)(cheng)磚立(li)砌一(yi)層(ceng)，成"礓碴"式馬(ma)道(dao)(dao)路面。

鋪舍

鋪(pu)舍是(shi)城(cheng)垣頂上(shang)駐(zhu)軍值(zhi)班(ban)房，供守城(cheng)兵士休息或(huo)堆(dui)放守城(cheng)武(wu)器等(deng)物之用(yong)。明(ming)代稱為鋪(pu)舍房，清代稱堆(dui)撥房。基(ji)本上(shang)是(shi)每座"馬面"之后(hou)的(de)城(cheng)垣頂上(shang)即筑有(you)一所(suo)，面闊三間(jian)，進深一間(jian)，為硬山式。陳宗(zong)藩《燕都(dou)叢(cong)考》中(zhong)記(ji)述(shu)：內城(cheng)垣上(shang)有(you)"旗炮房九所(suo)"，分布在九座城(cheng)門(men)樓(lou)(lou)旁，"堆(dui)撥房一百三十(shi)五所(suo)，儲(chu)火藥房九十(shi)六所(suo)"；外城(cheng)垣上(shang)有(you)"堆(dui)撥房四十(shi)三所(suo)"。所(suo)記(ji)雖為清代末年的(de)情況，數字上(shang)也可(ke)能有(you)所(suo)出入，但可(ke)表(biao)明(ming)其存在和作用(yong)，因為清代對于(yu)城(cheng)垣設施是(shi)沿循明(ming)制的(de)。②正(zheng)陽門(men)城(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)、箭樓(lou)(lou)、甕城(cheng)及其附屬建筑正(zheng)陽橋、雉堞(die)、登城(cheng)馬道、鋪(pu)舍等(deng)這一組城(cheng)市防御工事建筑群(qun)，布局合理，造型莊嚴，氣勢凝重，顯示了中(zhong)華民族(zu)建筑藝術的(de)獨特風(feng)格。

作用價值

在北(bei)(bei)京城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)諸門(men)(men)中，正(zheng)陽(yang)門(men)(men)規制最為(wei)隆崇，是中國(guo)封(feng)建(jian)社會后期(qi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市布局、軍事防御、禮儀制度(du)和建(jian)筑藝術(shu)的(de)形象體(ti)現，也(ye)是老(lao)北(bei)(bei)京歷(li)史(shi)文(wen)化的(de)重要(yao)載體(ti)。正(zheng)陽(yang)門(men)(men)作為(wei)北(bei)(bei)京僅有的(de)一(yi)座城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)、箭樓(lou)(lou)保(bao)存完好的(de)封(feng)建(jian)帝都(dou)之門(men)(men)，既是歷(li)史(shi)文(wen)化遺(yi)存，也(ye)是北(bei)(bei)京古都(dou)特色的(de)絕佳載體(ti)，人文(wen)蘊涵深厚。正(zheng)陽(yang)門(men)(men)作為(wei)不(bu)可再生的(de)文(wen)物資源，以其無(wu)聲的(de)建(jian)筑語言，不(bu)僅向世(shi)人展示出(chu)封(feng)建(jian)社會都(dou)邑(yi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)中的(de)一(yi)個局部，而(er)且，在古代建(jian)筑、文(wen)化藝術(shu)、民(min)俗禮儀、王朝(chao)歷(li)史(shi)等(deng)方面，都(dou)有其獨立的(de)存在意義與研(yan)究價值(zhi)，是北(bei)(bei)京歷(li)史(shi)文(wen)化名城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)重要(yao)組(zu)成部分、老(lao)北(bei)(bei)京城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)標(biao)志性(xing)建(jian)筑。