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主要建筑

正陽門城樓

門(men)城(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)坐(zuo)落在磚(zhuan)砌城(cheng)臺(tai)(tai)上(shang)，城(cheng)臺(tai)(tai)上(shang)窄下寬(kuan)(kuan)，有明顯的(de)收分，寬(kuan)(kuan)95米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，厚(hou)31.45米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，高(gao)(gao)(gao)14.7米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，城(cheng)臺(tai)(tai)南北上(shang)沿(yan)各有1.2米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)的(de)宇墻(qiang)，占地3047平方米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，城(cheng)臺(tai)(tai)上(shang)以(yi)(yi)城(cheng)磚(zhuan)海(hai)墁。城(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)為灰筒瓦綠琉璃剪邊重檐(yan)(yan)(yan)歇山三(san)滴水(shui)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)閣式建筑，樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)脊飾龍(long)頭獸(shou)吻，每面(mian)有檐(yan)(yan)(yan)柱(zhu)、老檐(yan)(yan)(yan)柱(zhu)和金柱(zhu)三(san)層柱(zhu)子，朱紅(hong)梁柱(zhu)，金花彩(cai)繪，樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)上(shang)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)下四面(mian)均設門(men)，面(mian)闊七間，進(jin)深三(san)間，上(shang)下設回廊，上(shang)層前后裝菱花格(ge)隔扇門(men)窗，下層為朱紅(hong)磚(zhuan)墻(qiang)，明間及兩側(ce)正面(mian)各有實榻(ta)大門(men)一座。城(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)兩端沿(yan)城(cheng)墻(qiang)內側(ce)設斜坡馬道以(yi)(yi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)上(shang)下。通(tong)(tong)(tong)面(mian)寬(kuan)(kuan)41米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，通(tong)(tong)(tong)進(jin)深21米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)身(shen)寬(kuan)(kuan)36.7米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，深16.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，高(gao)(gao)(gao)27.3米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，整個城(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)通(tong)(tong)(tong)高(gao)(gao)(gao)43.65米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，為老北京所有城(cheng)門(men)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)中最(zui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)者。城(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)外側(ce)重檐(yan)(yan)(yan)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)懸(xuan)掛木質(zhi)大門(men)匾。城(cheng)門(men)洞(dong)為拱(gong)券(quan)(quan)式，開在城(cheng)臺(tai)(tai)正中，五伏五券(quan)(quan)，內券(quan)(quan)高(gao)(gao)(gao)9.49米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬(kuan)(kuan)7.08米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，外券(quan)(quan)高(gao)(gao)(gao)6.29米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬(kuan)(kuan)6米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。

箭樓

正(zheng)陽門(men)的(de)(de)箭(jian)樓(lou)是最(zui)能體現古代軍事防(fang)御思想和技術水平(ping)的(de)(de)建筑(zhu)，為(wei)一磚砌堡壘式建筑(zhu)，雄(xiong)踞于(yu)磚砌城(cheng)臺(tai)之(zhi)上。城(cheng)臺(tai)高約12米(mi)，上窄下(xia)寬，亦有明(ming)顯收(shou)分。城(cheng)臺(tai)正(zheng)中辟(pi)(pi)券門(men)，與城(cheng)門(men)相對，五伏五券，門(men)洞內設(she)"千斤閘",南側(ce)寬10米(mi)，北(bei)側(ce)寬12.4米(mi)，占地(di)面(mian)積2147平(ping)方米(mi)。箭(jian)樓(lou)上下(xia)四(si)層，樓(lou)頂(ding)為(wei)灰筒綠琉璃(li)剪邊重檐歇(xie)山式，飾(shi)綠琉璃(li)脊獸。南、東(dong)、西三面(mian)辟(pi)(pi)箭(jian)窗，以作對外防(fang)御（射(she)擊(ji)）之(zhi)用，南面(mian)四(si)層，每(mei)層13孔(kong)(kong)，東(dong)、西各四(si)層，每(mei)層4孔(kong)(kong)，連抱(bao)廈(sha)2孔(kong)(kong)，共辟(pi)(pi)86孔(kong)(kong)。箭(jian)樓(lou)的(de)(de)結構(gou)為(wei)前(qian)樓(lou)后廈(sha)，面(mian)闊七(qi)間(jian)，寬62米(mi)，進(jin)深20米(mi)；北(bei)出(chu)抱(bao)廈(sha)廡座，面(mian)闊五間(jian)，寬42米(mi)，進(jin)深12米(mi)，整座樓(lou)通高35.37米(mi)。在(zai)明(ming)清北(bei)京(jing)城(cheng)垣的(de)(de)箭(jian)樓(lou)中，唯正(zheng)陽門(men)箭(jian)樓(lou)辟(pi)(pi)門(men)，亦最(zui)為(wei)高大雄(xiong)偉。形式比(bi)較獨特，一直(zhi)被看成(cheng)是老(lao)北(bei)京(jing)的(de)(de)象(xiang)征。

甕城

箭(jian)樓(lou)(lou)與城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)樓(lou)(lou)之(zhi)間為甕(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)，甕(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)為長方形，南(nan)(nan)(nan)北長108米(mi)，東(dong)西(xi)(xi)寬88.65米(mi)，東(dong)北、西(xi)(xi)北兩(liang)內(nei)(nei)角為直角，東(dong)南(nan)(nan)(nan)、西(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)兩(liang)外(wai)角為抹角，甕(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)將城(cheng)(cheng)垣、城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)樓(lou)(lou)、箭(jian)樓(lou)(lou)和(he)兩(liang)座(zuo)閘樓(lou)(lou)連接起(qi)來。甕(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)垣與城(cheng)(cheng)墻高度相(xiang)同（高約11.36米(mi)），略窄些，內(nei)(nei)為土墻心外(wai)甃大(da)(da)城(cheng)(cheng)磚。上(shang)頂甬道海墁城(cheng)(cheng)磚，外(wai)側筑雉堞，內(nei)(nei)側筑女兒墻，內(nei)(nei)有空場。甕(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)四面各開辟拱券式門(men)洞一(yi)座(zuo)，東(dong)、西(xi)(xi)、南(nan)(nan)(nan)為吊落式閘門(men)。北門(men)在宏偉的城(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)之(zhi)下(xia)，南(nan)(nan)(nan)門(men)在高大(da)(da)的箭(jian)樓(lou)(lou)之(zhi)下(xia)，東(dong)西(xi)(xi)門(men)則在甕(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)西(xi)(xi)正中的閘樓(lou)(lou)之(zhi)下(xia)。

甕城(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)(nei)，城(cheng)(cheng)樓南側(ce)靠北(bei)門兩側(ce)，建(jian)(jian)有關帝廟(miao)、觀(guan)音(yin)(yin)廟(miao)各一(yi)座(zuo)，關帝廟(miao)居(ju)(ju)西(xi)，觀(guan)音(yin)(yin)廟(miao)居(ju)(ju)東，均為南向，一(yi)層殿宇(yu)(yu)、兩側(ce)廡廊，規模(mo)較小。但(dan)兩廟(miao)的(de)香(xiang)火(huo)很旺。明清(qing)時，北(bei)京內(nei)(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)九座(zuo)城(cheng)(cheng)門甕城(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)(nei)，全部依例建(jian)(jian)有廟(miao)宇(yu)(yu)，除德勝門和安定門供奉真武大(da)(da)帝外，余均供奉關帝，以祈護(hu)國(guo)佑(you)民。然而九門之中，以正陽門關帝廟(miao)規模(mo)最大(da)(da)，傳說(shuo)其(qi)中關羽的(de)塑(su)像原系明朝內(nei)(nei)廷所供奉，因此香(xiang)火(huo)一(yi)直興(xing)盛。明清(qing)時期正陽門關帝、觀(guan)音(yin)(yin)兩廟(miao)，曾(ceng)留(liu)下了許多奉祀、紀事(shi)的(de)碑刻、詩文，是(shi)研(yan)究北(bei)京城(cheng)(cheng)垣建(jian)(jian)設史和社會文化史珍貴的(de)石刻文獻。

甕(weng)城東(dong)西(xi)兩側建有閘樓(lou)，閘樓(lou)面(mian)闊(kuo)三間，灰筒瓦綠琉璃瓦剪(jian)邊，歇山小(xiao)式屋頂，外側辟箭窗兩排共(gong)12孔，下(xia)設閘門以(yi)通行人。

雉堞和女兒墻

雉(zhi)堞和女(nv)兒墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)是(shi)沿城(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)上頂(ding)(ding)內(nei)外(wai)修筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)矮垣(yuan)(yuan)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)。雉(zhi)堞位于城(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)頂(ding)(ding)外(wai)側，筑(zhu)(zhu)為(wei)齒狀(zhuang)，起盾牌(pai)作(zuo)用(yong)，以保護守(shou)城(cheng)者免(mian)遭敵人攻(gong)擊。女(nv)兒墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)亦稱(cheng)女(nv)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)，為(wei)城(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)頂(ding)(ding)內(nei)側修筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)矮垣(yuan)(yuan)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)，作(zuo)用(yong)是(shi)攔擋守(shou)城(cheng)者，免(mian)于摔下(xia)。老北京內(nei)城(cheng)雉(zhi)堞高為(wei)1.9米(mi)，寬為(wei)1.5米(mi)，厚為(wei)0.75米(mi)，其(qi)間(jian)距在(zai)0.5～0.8米(mi)之間(jian)。外(wai)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)雉(zhi)堞高1.3米(mi)，寬約(yue)1.2米(mi)，厚為(wei)0.5米(mi)左(zuo)(zuo)右，其(qi)間(jian)距在(zai)0.5米(mi)左(zuo)(zuo)右，內(nei)外(wai)城(cheng)共有雉(zhi)堞20772個。雉(zhi)堞都是(shi)用(yong)白灰漿(jiang)、大(da)城(cheng)磚砌成。平頂(ding)(ding)，四側四棱見角，非常牢固。女(nv)兒墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)高約(yue)1.2米(mi)，厚約(yue)0.75米(mi)，以白灰漿(jiang)、大(da)城(cheng)磚沿城(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)制砌成，上頂(ding)(ding)一般(ban)砌成饅頭頂(ding)(ding)或是(shi)泥(ni)鰍背頂(ding)(ding)。正陽門與內(nei)城(cheng)其(qi)它八門一樣，城(cheng)臺外(wai)側建雉(zhi)堞，內(nei)側建女(nv)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)，規制亦與城(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)相(xiang)同。

馬道

馬道(dao)是供守城部隊上(shang)下城用的專用斜道(dao)，它附貼(tie)在(zai)城墻內(nei)側墻體上(shang)，坡度約十五度到三(san)十度之間，馬道(dao)寬約四、五米(mi)，斜道(dao)外側砌筑一道(dao)矮墻。

內城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)共有(you)二十(shi)七對馬(ma)(ma)道，每對馬(ma)(ma)道呈內八字形或外(wai)八字形，從(cong)左右兩條馬(ma)(ma)道都(dou)可以(yi)到達城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)頂。正陽門設有(you)馬(ma)(ma)道兩條，均在(zai)月城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內緊貼城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣內壁而筑(zhu)(zhu)，分(fen)別(bie)通向城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)與(yu)(yu)箭(jian)樓(lou)（今已廢）。建筑(zhu)(zhu)方法是(shi)將馬(ma)(ma)道土(tu)(tu)(tu)心(xin)與(yu)(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣土(tu)(tu)(tu)心(xin)夯為一(yi)(yi)(yi)整(zheng)體，另一(yi)(yi)(yi)側(ce)以(yi)白灰漿、大城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)磚(zhuan)砌(qi)成(cheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)米(mi)(mi)厚的磚(zhuan)層(ceng)(ceng)，成(cheng)為馬(ma)(ma)道的外(wai)包皮磚(zhuan)層(ceng)(ceng)。在(zai)這層(ceng)(ceng)外(wai)包皮磚(zhuan)上(shang)，與(yu)(yu)馬(ma)(ma)道斜(xie)面平行砌(qi)起一(yi)(yi)(yi)道矮墻，其長與(yu)(yu)馬(ma)(ma)道斜(xie)面同，寬(kuan)約0.75米(mi)(mi)、高(gao)約1.2米(mi)(mi)，稱為馬(ma)(ma)道扶(fu)手墻。馬(ma)(ma)道土(tu)(tu)(tu)心(xin)部分(fen)是(shi)以(yi)黃土(tu)(tu)(tu)夯成(cheng)，其上(shang)再夯筑(zhu)(zhu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)約50厘(li)米(mi)(mi)的三合土(tu)(tu)(tu)，再上(shang)以(yi)大城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)磚(zhuan)立砌(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)，成(cheng)"礓碴"式(shi)馬(ma)(ma)道路面。

鋪舍

鋪(pu)舍(she)是城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣頂(ding)上駐軍值(zhi)班房，供守(shou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)兵士休息(xi)或堆(dui)放(fang)守(shou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)武器(qi)等物之用(yong)。明代稱(cheng)為(wei)鋪(pu)舍(she)房，清(qing)代稱(cheng)堆(dui)撥(bo)房。基本(ben)上是每(mei)座(zuo)(zuo)"馬面"之后的城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣頂(ding)上即筑(zhu)有一(yi)所(suo)，面闊三(san)(san)間，進深一(yi)間，為(wei)硬山(shan)式。陳宗藩(fan)《燕都叢考》中記(ji)述：內城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣上有"旗炮房九所(suo)"，分布在九座(zuo)(zuo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)樓旁，"堆(dui)撥(bo)房一(yi)百三(san)(san)十(shi)五(wu)所(suo)，儲火藥房九十(shi)六(liu)所(suo)"；外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣上有"堆(dui)撥(bo)房四十(shi)三(san)(san)所(suo)"。所(suo)記(ji)雖為(wei)清(qing)代末年的情況，數字上也可能有所(suo)出入，但可表明其(qi)存在和作用(yong)，因為(wei)清(qing)代對于(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣設施是沿(yan)循明制的。②正陽門(men)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓、箭樓、甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)及其(qi)附(fu)屬建筑(zhu)正陽橋、雉(zhi)堞、登(deng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)馬道、鋪(pu)舍(she)等這一(yi)組(zu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市防(fang)御工(gong)事建筑(zhu)群(qun)，布局合理，造型(xing)莊嚴，氣勢凝重，顯(xian)示了中華(hua)民族建筑(zhu)藝術的獨(du)特風格(ge)。

作用價值

在(zai)北(bei)京(jing)城(cheng)(cheng)諸門(men)中，正(zheng)陽門(men)規(gui)制最為隆崇，是(shi)中國封(feng)建(jian)社會(hui)后期城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)布(bu)局、軍事防御、禮儀制度和建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)藝術(shu)的形象體(ti)(ti)現(xian)，也(ye)是(shi)老(lao)北(bei)京(jing)歷(li)史文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)的重要(yao)載體(ti)(ti)。正(zheng)陽門(men)作為北(bei)京(jing)僅有(you)的一(yi)座城(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)、箭樓(lou)保存完(wan)好的封(feng)建(jian)帝都(dou)(dou)(dou)之門(men)，既是(shi)歷(li)史文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)遺存，也(ye)是(shi)北(bei)京(jing)古(gu)都(dou)(dou)(dou)特色的絕佳載體(ti)(ti)，人(ren)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)蘊涵深厚。正(zheng)陽門(men)作為不可再(zai)生的文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物資源，以其無聲(sheng)的建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)語言，不僅向世人(ren)展示出封(feng)建(jian)社會(hui)都(dou)(dou)(dou)邑城(cheng)(cheng)垣中的一(yi)個局部，而且(qie)，在(zai)古(gu)代建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)、文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)藝術(shu)、民俗禮儀、王(wang)朝歷(li)史等方面，都(dou)(dou)(dou)有(you)其獨(du)立(li)的存在(zai)意義與研(yan)究價值，是(shi)北(bei)京(jing)歷(li)史文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)名(ming)城(cheng)(cheng)的重要(yao)組成部分、老(lao)北(bei)京(jing)城(cheng)(cheng)的標志性建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)。