主要建筑
正陽門城樓
門(men)(men)(men)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)坐(zuo)落在磚砌城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺(tai)上(shang),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺(tai)上(shang)窄下(xia)(xia)寬(kuan),有明顯(xian)的(de)收(shou)分,寬(kuan)95米(mi),厚31.45米(mi),高14.7米(mi),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺(tai)南北上(shang)沿(yan)各有1.2米(mi)高的(de)宇(yu)墻,占地3047平方米(mi),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺(tai)上(shang)以城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)磚海墁。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)為(wei)灰筒瓦(wa)綠琉璃(li)剪邊(bian)重檐(yan)(yan)歇山三滴水樓(lou)閣(ge)式建筑,樓(lou)脊飾龍頭獸(shou)吻,每面(mian)有檐(yan)(yan)柱(zhu)、老(lao)檐(yan)(yan)柱(zhu)和金(jin)柱(zhu)三層柱(zhu)子,朱紅梁柱(zhu),金(jin)花彩繪,樓(lou)上(shang)樓(lou)下(xia)(xia)四面(mian)均設門(men)(men)(men),面(mian)闊(kuo)七間,進深(shen)(shen)三間,上(shang)下(xia)(xia)設回廊,上(shang)層前(qian)后(hou)裝菱花格隔扇門(men)(men)(men)窗,下(xia)(xia)層為(wei)朱紅磚墻,明間及(ji)兩側正面(mian)各有實榻(ta)大門(men)(men)(men)一座(zuo)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)兩端沿(yan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻內側設斜坡馬道以通(tong)上(shang)下(xia)(xia)。通(tong)面(mian)寬(kuan)41米(mi),通(tong)進深(shen)(shen)21米(mi),樓(lou)身寬(kuan)36.7米(mi),深(shen)(shen)16.5米(mi),高27.3米(mi),整個城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)通(tong)高43.65米(mi),為(wei)老(lao)北京所有城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)樓(lou)中最高者。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)外側重檐(yan)(yan)以上(shang)懸掛木質(zhi)大門(men)(men)(men)匾(bian)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)洞為(wei)拱券(quan)(quan)(quan)式,開在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺(tai)正中,五伏(fu)五券(quan)(quan)(quan),內券(quan)(quan)(quan)高9.49米(mi),寬(kuan)7.08米(mi),外券(quan)(quan)(quan)高6.29米(mi),寬(kuan)6米(mi)。
箭樓
正(zheng)陽門(men)的(de)(de)箭(jian)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)是最(zui)能體現古代(dai)軍事防御思想和技術水(shui)平(ping)的(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu),為一磚砌堡壘式建(jian)筑(zhu),雄(xiong)踞于磚砌城(cheng)臺之(zhi)上。城(cheng)臺高(gao)(gao)(gao)約12米(mi)(mi),上窄下寬,亦(yi)有明顯收分(fen)。城(cheng)臺正(zheng)中(zhong)辟(pi)券門(men),與城(cheng)門(men)相對,五伏五券,門(men)洞內設"千斤閘(zha)",南側(ce)寬10米(mi)(mi),北(bei)側(ce)寬12.4米(mi)(mi),占地面(mian)積2147平(ping)方米(mi)(mi)。箭(jian)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)上下四(si)層(ceng),樓(lou)(lou)(lou)頂為灰(hui)筒綠琉璃剪邊重檐(yan)歇山式,飾(shi)綠琉璃脊獸(shou)。南、東(dong)、西(xi)三(san)面(mian)辟(pi)箭(jian)窗,以作對外防御(射(she)擊)之(zhi)用,南面(mian)四(si)層(ceng),每(mei)層(ceng)13孔(kong),東(dong)、西(xi)各四(si)層(ceng),每(mei)層(ceng)4孔(kong),連(lian)抱廈(sha)2孔(kong),共辟(pi)86孔(kong)。箭(jian)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)的(de)(de)結構為前樓(lou)(lou)(lou)后廈(sha),面(mian)闊七(qi)間,寬62米(mi)(mi),進深20米(mi)(mi);北(bei)出(chu)抱廈(sha)廡(wu)座(zuo),面(mian)闊五間,寬42米(mi)(mi),進深12米(mi)(mi),整座(zuo)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)通高(gao)(gao)(gao)35.37米(mi)(mi)。在(zai)明清北(bei)京城(cheng)垣的(de)(de)箭(jian)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)中(zhong),唯正(zheng)陽門(men)箭(jian)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)辟(pi)門(men),亦(yi)最(zui)為高(gao)(gao)(gao)大雄(xiong)偉。形式比(bi)較(jiao)獨(du)特,一直被看成是老北(bei)京的(de)(de)象征(zheng)。
甕城
箭(jian)樓與(yu)城(cheng)門(men)(men)樓之(zhi)間(jian)為(wei)(wei)甕(weng)城(cheng),甕(weng)城(cheng)為(wei)(wei)長(chang)方(fang)形,南北長(chang)108米(mi),東(dong)西(xi)寬88.65米(mi),東(dong)北、西(xi)北兩內(nei)角為(wei)(wei)直角,東(dong)南、西(xi)南兩外角為(wei)(wei)抹角,甕(weng)城(cheng)將城(cheng)垣(yuan)、城(cheng)門(men)(men)樓、箭(jian)樓和兩座(zuo)閘樓連接起來(lai)。甕(weng)城(cheng)城(cheng)垣(yuan)與(yu)城(cheng)墻(qiang)高度相同(高約11.36米(mi)),略窄些(xie),內(nei)為(wei)(wei)土墻(qiang)心外甃大城(cheng)磚。上頂甬道(dao)海(hai)墁(man)城(cheng)磚,外側筑雉堞,內(nei)側筑女兒墻(qiang),內(nei)有(you)空場。甕(weng)城(cheng)四面各開辟拱券式門(men)(men)洞一座(zuo),東(dong)、西(xi)、南為(wei)(wei)吊落式閘門(men)(men)。北門(men)(men)在(zai)(zai)宏(hong)偉的城(cheng)樓之(zhi)下(xia)(xia),南門(men)(men)在(zai)(zai)高大的箭(jian)樓之(zhi)下(xia)(xia),東(dong)西(xi)門(men)(men)則在(zai)(zai)甕(weng)城(cheng)東(dong)西(xi)正(zheng)中的閘樓之(zhi)下(xia)(xia)。
甕城內(nei),城樓南側靠北(bei)門(men)兩(liang)側,建(jian)有關(guan)(guan)帝廟、觀音(yin)廟各一座,關(guan)(guan)帝廟居西(xi),觀音(yin)廟居東,均(jun)為南向,一層(ceng)殿宇、兩(liang)側廡(wu)廊(lang),規(gui)模較小。但兩(liang)廟的(de)香火(huo)很(hen)旺。明(ming)清時(shi),北(bei)京內(nei)城的(de)九座城門(men)甕城內(nei),全(quan)部依例建(jian)有廟宇,除德(de)勝門(men)和(he)安定(ding)門(men)供奉(feng)真武大帝外,余均(jun)供奉(feng)關(guan)(guan)帝,以(yi)(yi)祈護國佑民。然而九門(men)之中,以(yi)(yi)正陽(yang)門(men)關(guan)(guan)帝廟規(gui)模最大,傳說(shuo)其中關(guan)(guan)羽的(de)塑像原系(xi)明(ming)朝內(nei)廷(ting)所(suo)供奉(feng),因(yin)此香火(huo)一直興盛。明(ming)清時(shi)期正陽(yang)門(men)關(guan)(guan)帝、觀音(yin)兩(liang)廟,曾(ceng)留下了許多(duo)奉(feng)祀、紀(ji)事的(de)碑刻、詩(shi)文(wen),是(shi)研(yan)究北(bei)京城垣建(jian)設史和(he)社(she)會(hui)文(wen)化史珍貴的(de)石(shi)刻文(wen)獻。
甕城東(dong)西(xi)兩側(ce)建有閘(zha)樓(lou),閘(zha)樓(lou)面闊三間(jian),灰筒(tong)瓦(wa)綠琉璃瓦(wa)剪邊(bian),歇山小式(shi)屋頂(ding),外(wai)側(ce)辟箭窗兩排共12孔,下設閘(zha)門以通行人。
雉堞和女兒墻
雉(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)堞(die)和(he)女(nv)兒墻(qiang)(qiang)是(shi)沿城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)上頂(ding)(ding)內(nei)外(wai)(wai)修筑(zhu)的(de)矮(ai)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)墻(qiang)(qiang)。雉(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)堞(die)位于城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)頂(ding)(ding)外(wai)(wai)側(ce)(ce),筑(zhu)為齒狀,起盾(dun)牌作用(yong),以保護守城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)者免(mian)遭敵人攻擊。女(nv)兒墻(qiang)(qiang)亦稱女(nv)墻(qiang)(qiang),為城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)頂(ding)(ding)內(nei)側(ce)(ce)修筑(zhu)的(de)矮(ai)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)墻(qiang)(qiang),作用(yong)是(shi)攔擋守城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)者,免(mian)于摔(shuai)下。老北京(jing)內(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)雉(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)堞(die)高(gao)為1.9米(mi)(mi),寬為1.5米(mi)(mi),厚(hou)為0.75米(mi)(mi),其(qi)間(jian)距(ju)在0.5~0.8米(mi)(mi)之間(jian)。外(wai)(wai)墻(qiang)(qiang)雉(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)堞(die)高(gao)1.3米(mi)(mi),寬約1.2米(mi)(mi),厚(hou)為0.5米(mi)(mi)左右,其(qi)間(jian)距(ju)在0.5米(mi)(mi)左右,內(nei)外(wai)(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)共有(you)雉(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)堞(die)20772個。雉(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)堞(die)都是(shi)用(yong)白灰漿、大城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)磚砌(qi)成(cheng)。平頂(ding)(ding),四(si)側(ce)(ce)四(si)棱見角,非常牢(lao)固。女(nv)兒墻(qiang)(qiang)高(gao)約1.2米(mi)(mi),厚(hou)約0.75米(mi)(mi),以白灰漿、大城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)磚沿城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形制(zhi)砌(qi)成(cheng),上頂(ding)(ding)一般(ban)砌(qi)成(cheng)饅頭頂(ding)(ding)或是(shi)泥鰍背頂(ding)(ding)。正陽門與(yu)內(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)其(qi)它八門一樣(yang),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺(tai)外(wai)(wai)側(ce)(ce)建雉(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)堞(die),內(nei)側(ce)(ce)建女(nv)墻(qiang)(qiang),規制(zhi)亦與(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)相同。
馬道
馬(ma)道是供守城部隊(dui)上下(xia)城用的專用斜道,它附貼在城墻(qiang)內側墻(qiang)體上,坡度(du)約十五度(du)到(dao)三十度(du)之間,馬(ma)道寬約四、五米,斜道外側砌筑一道矮墻(qiang)。
內(nei)(nei)城共有(you)二十七對馬(ma)道,每對馬(ma)道呈內(nei)(nei)八(ba)(ba)字形或(huo)外(wai)八(ba)(ba)字形,從左(zuo)右兩(liang)條(tiao)(tiao)馬(ma)道都可以到達城頂(ding)。正陽門(men)設有(you)馬(ma)道兩(liang)條(tiao)(tiao),均(jun)在月(yue)城內(nei)(nei)緊貼(tie)城垣內(nei)(nei)壁(bi)而筑,分別(bie)通向(xiang)城樓(lou)與(yu)箭樓(lou)(今(jin)已廢)。建筑方法(fa)是(shi)將馬(ma)道土(tu)(tu)心(xin)(xin)與(yu)城垣土(tu)(tu)心(xin)(xin)夯為一整體,另一側以白灰(hui)漿(jiang)、大(da)(da)城磚(zhuan)(zhuan)砌(qi)成(cheng)一米(mi)厚的磚(zhuan)(zhuan)層(ceng)(ceng),成(cheng)為馬(ma)道的外(wai)包皮磚(zhuan)(zhuan)層(ceng)(ceng)。在這層(ceng)(ceng)外(wai)包皮磚(zhuan)(zhuan)上,與(yu)馬(ma)道斜面(mian)平行(xing)砌(qi)起(qi)一道矮墻,其長與(yu)馬(ma)道斜面(mian)同,寬約(yue)0.75米(mi)、高約(yue)1.2米(mi),稱(cheng)為馬(ma)道扶手墻。馬(ma)道土(tu)(tu)心(xin)(xin)部(bu)分是(shi)以黃土(tu)(tu)夯成(cheng),其上再(zai)夯筑一層(ceng)(ceng)約(yue)50厘米(mi)的三(san)合土(tu)(tu),再(zai)上以大(da)(da)城磚(zhuan)(zhuan)立砌(qi)一層(ceng)(ceng),成(cheng)"礓(jiang)碴"式(shi)馬(ma)道路面(mian)。
鋪舍
鋪舍是城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣頂上(shang)駐軍值班房(fang),供守(shou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)兵士休(xiu)息或堆放守(shou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)武器等物之用(yong)。明代稱(cheng)為(wei)鋪舍房(fang),清代稱(cheng)堆撥(bo)房(fang)。基(ji)本上(shang)是每(mei)座"馬(ma)面"之后的(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣頂上(shang)即筑有一(yi)所,面闊(kuo)三間(jian),進深(shen)一(yi)間(jian),為(wei)硬山式。陳宗藩《燕都叢考》中記述:內城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣上(shang)有"旗炮(pao)房(fang)九(jiu)所",分(fen)布(bu)在(zai)九(jiu)座城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門樓(lou)旁(pang),"堆撥(bo)房(fang)一(yi)百三十(shi)(shi)五所,儲火藥房(fang)九(jiu)十(shi)(shi)六所";外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣上(shang)有"堆撥(bo)房(fang)四十(shi)(shi)三所"。所記雖(sui)為(wei)清代末年(nian)的(de)情況,數字(zi)上(shang)也可能有所出入(ru),但可表明其存在(zai)和作用(yong),因為(wei)清代對于城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣設施是沿循明制的(de)。②正(zheng)陽(yang)門城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)、箭樓(lou)、甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)及其附屬(shu)建(jian)筑正(zheng)陽(yang)橋、雉堞、登城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)馬(ma)道、鋪舍等這(zhe)一(yi)組城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市防御(yu)工(gong)事(shi)建(jian)筑群,布(bu)局(ju)合理,造型(xing)莊嚴,氣勢凝重(zhong),顯示了(le)中華民族建(jian)筑藝術(shu)的(de)獨特(te)風格。
作用價值
在北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)京城(cheng)諸(zhu)門(men)中(zhong),正陽門(men)規制(zhi)最為(wei)隆崇,是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)國封建(jian)社(she)會(hui)后(hou)期(qi)城(cheng)市(shi)布局、軍事(shi)防御、禮儀(yi)制(zhi)度和建(jian)筑(zhu)藝術的(de)(de)形象體現,也是(shi)(shi)老北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)京歷(li)(li)史(shi)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)載體。正陽門(men)作(zuo)為(wei)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)京僅(jin)有的(de)(de)一座(zuo)城(cheng)樓(lou)、箭(jian)樓(lou)保存(cun)完(wan)好(hao)的(de)(de)封建(jian)帝都(dou)之門(men),既是(shi)(shi)歷(li)(li)史(shi)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)遺存(cun),也是(shi)(shi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)京古都(dou)特(te)色的(de)(de)絕佳載體,人(ren)文(wen)蘊涵深厚。正陽門(men)作(zuo)為(wei)不可再生的(de)(de)文(wen)物(wu)資源,以其無聲的(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)語言,不僅(jin)向世人(ren)展示出封建(jian)社(she)會(hui)都(dou)邑城(cheng)垣中(zhong)的(de)(de)一個局部,而且,在古代建(jian)筑(zhu)、文(wen)化(hua)(hua)藝術、民俗禮儀(yi)、王朝歷(li)(li)史(shi)等方面(mian),都(dou)有其獨立的(de)(de)存(cun)在意(yi)義與研究價值,是(shi)(shi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)京歷(li)(li)史(shi)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)名城(cheng)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)組成部分、老北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)京城(cheng)的(de)(de)標志性(xing)建(jian)筑(zhu)。