芒果视频下载

主要建筑

正陽門城樓

門(men)(men)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)坐(zuo)落在(zai)磚砌(qi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺上(shang)(shang)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺上(shang)(shang)窄(zhai)下(xia)寬，有明(ming)顯的收分，寬95米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，厚31.45米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，高(gao)(gao)14.7米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺南北上(shang)(shang)沿(yan)(yan)各有1.2米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)高(gao)(gao)的宇墻，占(zhan)地3047平(ping)方米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺上(shang)(shang)以(yi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)磚海墁。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)為灰(hui)筒瓦綠琉璃剪邊重檐(yan)(yan)歇山三滴水樓(lou)(lou)閣式(shi)(shi)建筑，樓(lou)(lou)脊飾龍頭獸吻(wen)，每面(mian)有檐(yan)(yan)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、老(lao)檐(yan)(yan)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)和(he)金柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)三層(ceng)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)子，朱紅梁柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，金花彩繪，樓(lou)(lou)上(shang)(shang)樓(lou)(lou)下(xia)四面(mian)均(jun)設(she)(she)門(men)(men)，面(mian)闊七間，進(jin)深(shen)三間，上(shang)(shang)下(xia)設(she)(she)回廊，上(shang)(shang)層(ceng)前后裝菱(ling)花格隔扇門(men)(men)窗，下(xia)層(ceng)為朱紅磚墻，明(ming)間及(ji)兩側(ce)正面(mian)各有實(shi)榻大(da)門(men)(men)一座。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)兩端沿(yan)(yan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻內(nei)側(ce)設(she)(she)斜坡馬道(dao)以(yi)通(tong)(tong)上(shang)(shang)下(xia)。通(tong)(tong)面(mian)寬41米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，通(tong)(tong)進(jin)深(shen)21米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，樓(lou)(lou)身寬36.7米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，深(shen)16.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，高(gao)(gao)27.3米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，整個城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)通(tong)(tong)高(gao)(gao)43.65米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，為老(lao)北京所(suo)有城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)樓(lou)(lou)中最高(gao)(gao)者。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)外(wai)側(ce)重檐(yan)(yan)以(yi)上(shang)(shang)懸掛木質(zhi)大(da)門(men)(men)匾。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)洞(dong)為拱(gong)券式(shi)(shi)，開在(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺正中，五伏五券，內(nei)券高(gao)(gao)9.49米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬7.08米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，外(wai)券高(gao)(gao)6.29米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬6米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。

箭樓

正陽(yang)(yang)門(men)的箭樓(lou)(lou)是(shi)最能體現古(gu)代(dai)軍(jun)事防(fang)御思想(xiang)和技術水平的建筑，為一磚砌(qi)堡(bao)壘式(shi)建筑，雄(xiong)踞于磚砌(qi)城臺之上。城臺高(gao)約12米(mi)(mi)，上窄(zhai)下寬，亦有明(ming)顯收分(fen)。城臺正中辟券門(men)，與城門(men)相對，五伏五券，門(men)洞(dong)內設"千斤閘",南側寬10米(mi)(mi)，北(bei)(bei)側寬12.4米(mi)(mi)，占地面(mian)積2147平方米(mi)(mi)。箭樓(lou)(lou)上下四(si)層(ceng)(ceng)，樓(lou)(lou)頂為灰筒(tong)綠琉璃剪邊重檐歇山(shan)式(shi)，飾綠琉璃脊(ji)獸(shou)。南、東(dong)、西三面(mian)辟箭窗，以(yi)作(zuo)對外(wai)防(fang)御（射擊）之用，南面(mian)四(si)層(ceng)(ceng)，每(mei)層(ceng)(ceng)13孔，東(dong)、西各四(si)層(ceng)(ceng)，每(mei)層(ceng)(ceng)4孔，連抱(bao)廈(sha)(sha)2孔，共(gong)辟86孔。箭樓(lou)(lou)的結(jie)構為前(qian)樓(lou)(lou)后廈(sha)(sha)，面(mian)闊七間(jian)，寬62米(mi)(mi)，進(jin)(jin)深20米(mi)(mi)；北(bei)(bei)出抱(bao)廈(sha)(sha)廡座，面(mian)闊五間(jian)，寬42米(mi)(mi)，進(jin)(jin)深12米(mi)(mi)，整座樓(lou)(lou)通高(gao)35.37米(mi)(mi)。在明(ming)清北(bei)(bei)京(jing)城垣的箭樓(lou)(lou)中，唯正陽(yang)(yang)門(men)箭樓(lou)(lou)辟門(men)，亦最為高(gao)大雄(xiong)偉(wei)。形式(shi)比較獨特(te)，一直被看成是(shi)老(lao)北(bei)(bei)京(jing)的象征。

甕城

箭樓(lou)(lou)(lou)與城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)之間為(wei)甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)長方形，南(nan)(nan)北長108米，東西(xi)寬(kuan)88.65米，東北、西(xi)北兩(liang)內(nei)角為(wei)直角，東南(nan)(nan)、西(xi)南(nan)(nan)兩(liang)外(wai)角為(wei)抹角，甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)將城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣、城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)、箭樓(lou)(lou)(lou)和兩(liang)座(zuo)閘樓(lou)(lou)(lou)連接(jie)起來。甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣與城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)高度相同（高約(yue)11.36米），略窄些，內(nei)為(wei)土墻(qiang)(qiang)心外(wai)甃大城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)磚。上頂甬道海墁城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)磚，外(wai)側筑(zhu)雉堞，內(nei)側筑(zhu)女兒墻(qiang)(qiang)，內(nei)有空(kong)場。甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)四面各開(kai)辟(pi)拱券式門(men)洞一座(zuo)，東、西(xi)、南(nan)(nan)為(wei)吊落式閘門(men)。北門(men)在(zai)宏偉的(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)之下(xia)(xia)，南(nan)(nan)門(men)在(zai)高大的(de)箭樓(lou)(lou)(lou)之下(xia)(xia)，東西(xi)門(men)則(ze)在(zai)甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東西(xi)正中的(de)閘樓(lou)(lou)(lou)之下(xia)(xia)。

甕城內(nei)，城樓南(nan)側靠北門(men)(men)兩(liang)(liang)側，建(jian)有關(guan)帝(di)(di)廟(miao)、觀音(yin)廟(miao)各一(yi)座，關(guan)帝(di)(di)廟(miao)居西(xi)，觀音(yin)廟(miao)居東，均(jun)為南(nan)向，一(yi)層殿宇、兩(liang)(liang)側廡廊，規模(mo)較(jiao)小。但兩(liang)(liang)廟(miao)的香火很旺。明清時(shi)，北京(jing)內(nei)城的九(jiu)座城門(men)(men)甕城內(nei)，全部依例(li)建(jian)有廟(miao)宇，除德勝門(men)(men)和安(an)定門(men)(men)供奉真武大帝(di)(di)外，余均(jun)供奉關(guan)帝(di)(di)，以祈(qi)護國佑民。然(ran)而九(jiu)門(men)(men)之中(zhong)，以正(zheng)(zheng)陽門(men)(men)關(guan)帝(di)(di)廟(miao)規模(mo)最大，傳說(shuo)其中(zhong)關(guan)羽的塑像原系明朝內(nei)廷所供奉，因此香火一(yi)直興盛(sheng)。明清時(shi)期正(zheng)(zheng)陽門(men)(men)關(guan)帝(di)(di)、觀音(yin)兩(liang)(liang)廟(miao)，曾留下(xia)了許(xu)多奉祀、紀(ji)事的碑刻、詩文，是研(yan)究北京(jing)城垣建(jian)設史(shi)(shi)和社會文化史(shi)(shi)珍貴的石(shi)刻文獻(xian)。

甕城(cheng)東西兩側建有閘(zha)樓，閘(zha)樓面闊三間，灰(hui)筒(tong)瓦綠琉璃瓦剪邊，歇山小式屋頂，外側辟(pi)箭窗兩排共12孔，下設(she)閘(zha)門以通行人。

雉堞和女兒墻

雉堞(die)(die)和女(nv)兒墻(qiang)(qiang)是(shi)沿城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)上(shang)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)內(nei)外(wai)修筑(zhu)的矮垣(yuan)(yuan)墻(qiang)(qiang)。雉堞(die)(die)位于(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)外(wai)側(ce)(ce)(ce)，筑(zhu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)齒(chi)狀，起盾牌作(zuo)用，以保護守(shou)城(cheng)(cheng)者免遭敵人攻擊。女(nv)兒墻(qiang)(qiang)亦稱(cheng)女(nv)墻(qiang)(qiang)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)內(nei)側(ce)(ce)(ce)修筑(zhu)的矮垣(yuan)(yuan)墻(qiang)(qiang)，作(zuo)用是(shi)攔(lan)擋守(shou)城(cheng)(cheng)者，免于(yu)摔下(xia)。老北京內(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)雉堞(die)(die)高(gao)(gao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)1.9米，寬(kuan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)1.5米，厚為(wei)(wei)(wei)0.75米，其間(jian)(jian)距(ju)在(zai)0.5～0.8米之間(jian)(jian)。外(wai)墻(qiang)(qiang)雉堞(die)(die)高(gao)(gao)1.3米，寬(kuan)約1.2米，厚為(wei)(wei)(wei)0.5米左(zuo)右(you)，其間(jian)(jian)距(ju)在(zai)0.5米左(zuo)右(you)，內(nei)外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)共有雉堞(die)(die)20772個。雉堞(die)(die)都(dou)是(shi)用白(bai)灰漿(jiang)、大(da)城(cheng)(cheng)磚砌(qi)(qi)成。平頂(ding)(ding)(ding)，四(si)側(ce)(ce)(ce)四(si)棱見角，非常牢固。女(nv)兒墻(qiang)(qiang)高(gao)(gao)約1.2米，厚約0.75米，以白(bai)灰漿(jiang)、大(da)城(cheng)(cheng)磚沿城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)形制(zhi)砌(qi)(qi)成，上(shang)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)一般砌(qi)(qi)成饅(man)頭頂(ding)(ding)(ding)或是(shi)泥(ni)鰍背頂(ding)(ding)(ding)。正(zheng)陽門(men)與(yu)內(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)其它八門(men)一樣，城(cheng)(cheng)臺外(wai)側(ce)(ce)(ce)建雉堞(die)(die)，內(nei)側(ce)(ce)(ce)建女(nv)墻(qiang)(qiang)，規制(zhi)亦與(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)相同。

馬道

馬道(dao)(dao)是供守城部隊上下城用的專用斜(xie)道(dao)(dao)，它附貼在城墻內側墻體上，坡(po)度(du)(du)約十五(wu)度(du)(du)到三(san)十度(du)(du)之間，馬道(dao)(dao)寬約四、五(wu)米，斜(xie)道(dao)(dao)外側砌筑(zhu)一道(dao)(dao)矮(ai)墻。

內城(cheng)共有(you)二十(shi)七(qi)對(dui)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)(dao)，每對(dui)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)(dao)呈內八(ba)字形或外(wai)八(ba)字形，從左右兩(liang)條馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)(dao)都可以到達城(cheng)頂。正陽門(men)設有(you)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)(dao)兩(liang)條，均在月(yue)城(cheng)內緊貼(tie)城(cheng)垣內壁而筑，分別(bie)通(tong)向城(cheng)樓(lou)與(yu)箭樓(lou)（今已廢）。建筑方法是將馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)(dao)土心與(yu)城(cheng)垣土心夯(hang)為一(yi)整體(ti)，另(ling)一(yi)側以白灰漿、大城(cheng)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)砌(qi)成一(yi)米(mi)厚的磚(zhuan)(zhuan)層，成為馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)(dao)的外(wai)包皮(pi)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)層。在這層外(wai)包皮(pi)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)上(shang)，與(yu)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)(dao)斜面平(ping)行砌(qi)起一(yi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)矮墻，其長與(yu)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)(dao)斜面同，寬約(yue)(yue)0.75米(mi)、高約(yue)(yue)1.2米(mi)，稱為馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)(dao)扶手墻。馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)(dao)土心部分是以黃土夯(hang)成，其上(shang)再(zai)夯(hang)筑一(yi)層約(yue)(yue)50厘米(mi)的三(san)合土，再(zai)上(shang)以大城(cheng)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)立砌(qi)一(yi)層，成"礓碴"式馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)(dao)路面。

鋪舍

鋪(pu)舍(she)(she)是城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)頂上駐(zhu)軍(jun)值班(ban)房，供守城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)兵士休息或堆(dui)放守城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)武器等物之用(yong)。明(ming)代稱(cheng)為鋪(pu)舍(she)(she)房，清(qing)(qing)代稱(cheng)堆(dui)撥(bo)(bo)房。基(ji)本上是每座"馬面(mian)(mian)"之后的(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)頂上即筑有(you)(you)一所，面(mian)(mian)闊(kuo)三(san)間(jian)，進深一間(jian)，為硬山式。陳宗藩《燕都(dou)叢考》中(zhong)記述(shu)：內城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)上有(you)(you)"旗(qi)炮房九所"，分布在(zai)九座城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門樓(lou)旁，"堆(dui)撥(bo)(bo)房一百(bai)三(san)十(shi)五所，儲火藥(yao)房九十(shi)六所"；外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)上有(you)(you)"堆(dui)撥(bo)(bo)房四十(shi)三(san)所"。所記雖為清(qing)(qing)代末年的(de)情況，數字上也(ye)可能(neng)有(you)(you)所出(chu)入，但可表明(ming)其存在(zai)和作用(yong)，因(yin)為清(qing)(qing)代對于城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)設施是沿循明(ming)制的(de)。②正陽(yang)門城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)、箭樓(lou)、甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)及其附屬建(jian)(jian)筑正陽(yang)橋、雉堞(die)、登(deng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)馬道、鋪(pu)舍(she)(she)等這一組城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)防御工(gong)事建(jian)(jian)筑群，布局合理，造(zao)型莊嚴，氣勢(shi)凝重，顯示(shi)了中(zhong)華民(min)族(zu)建(jian)(jian)筑藝(yi)術的(de)獨特風格(ge)。

作用價值

在北(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)諸(zhu)門(men)(men)中(zhong)，正(zheng)陽(yang)門(men)(men)規制最為隆崇，是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)國封(feng)(feng)建(jian)社(she)會(hui)(hui)后期城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)布局、軍事防御、禮儀制度(du)和建(jian)筑藝術的(de)(de)形象體(ti)(ti)現，也(ye)是(shi)(shi)老北(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)歷(li)史文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)重要(yao)載體(ti)(ti)。正(zheng)陽(yang)門(men)(men)作(zuo)為北(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)僅有(you)的(de)(de)一座城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓、箭樓保存完好的(de)(de)封(feng)(feng)建(jian)帝都之門(men)(men)，既是(shi)(shi)歷(li)史文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)遺存，也(ye)是(shi)(shi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)古都特色(se)的(de)(de)絕佳載體(ti)(ti)，人文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)蘊(yun)涵(han)深厚。正(zheng)陽(yang)門(men)(men)作(zuo)為不可再生(sheng)的(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物資(zi)源(yuan)，以其無聲的(de)(de)建(jian)筑語言，不僅向世人展示出封(feng)(feng)建(jian)社(she)會(hui)(hui)都邑城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣中(zhong)的(de)(de)一個局部(bu)，而且，在古代建(jian)筑、文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)藝術、民俗(su)禮儀、王朝歷(li)史等方面，都有(you)其獨(du)立(li)的(de)(de)存在意義與(yu)研究價值，是(shi)(shi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)歷(li)史文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)名城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)重要(yao)組成部(bu)分(fen)、老北(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)標志性建(jian)筑。