芒果视频下载

主要建筑

正陽門城樓

門(men)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)坐(zuo)落在磚(zhuan)砌城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺上(shang)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺上(shang)窄下(xia)寬(kuan)，有(you)明(ming)顯的收分，寬(kuan)95米(mi)(mi)，厚31.45米(mi)(mi)，高14.7米(mi)(mi)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺南北上(shang)沿各(ge)(ge)有(you)1.2米(mi)(mi)高的宇墻，占地(di)3047平方米(mi)(mi)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺上(shang)以城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)磚(zhuan)海墁。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)為(wei)灰筒(tong)瓦綠琉璃剪(jian)邊重檐歇山三(san)(san)滴水樓(lou)(lou)閣式建筑，樓(lou)(lou)脊飾(shi)龍頭獸吻，每(mei)面有(you)檐柱(zhu)、老檐柱(zhu)和金柱(zhu)三(san)(san)層(ceng)柱(zhu)子，朱紅梁柱(zhu)，金花彩繪，樓(lou)(lou)上(shang)樓(lou)(lou)下(xia)四(si)面均設門(men)，面闊七間，進(jin)(jin)深三(san)(san)間，上(shang)下(xia)設回廊，上(shang)層(ceng)前后裝菱花格隔(ge)扇門(men)窗，下(xia)層(ceng)為(wei)朱紅磚(zhuan)墻，明(ming)間及兩側正面各(ge)(ge)有(you)實榻大門(men)一座。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)兩端沿城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻內側設斜坡馬道以通(tong)(tong)上(shang)下(xia)。通(tong)(tong)面寬(kuan)41米(mi)(mi)，通(tong)(tong)進(jin)(jin)深21米(mi)(mi)，樓(lou)(lou)身(shen)寬(kuan)36.7米(mi)(mi)，深16.5米(mi)(mi)，高27.3米(mi)(mi)，整個城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)通(tong)(tong)高43.65米(mi)(mi)，為(wei)老北京所有(you)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)樓(lou)(lou)中最(zui)高者。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)外側重檐以上(shang)懸(xuan)掛木質大門(men)匾(bian)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)洞為(wei)拱券(quan)(quan)式，開在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺正中，五伏五券(quan)(quan)，內券(quan)(quan)高9.49米(mi)(mi)，寬(kuan)7.08米(mi)(mi)，外券(quan)(quan)高6.29米(mi)(mi)，寬(kuan)6米(mi)(mi)。

箭樓

正陽門(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)箭(jian)(jian)樓(lou)(lou)是最能體現(xian)古代軍事防(fang)御(yu)思想和技術水平的(de)(de)(de)(de)建筑(zhu)(zhu)，為(wei)(wei)一磚砌堡壘式建筑(zhu)(zhu)，雄(xiong)踞于磚砌城(cheng)臺之(zhi)上(shang)。城(cheng)臺高(gao)約12米(mi)，上(shang)窄下寬(kuan)(kuan)，亦(yi)有(you)明(ming)顯收(shou)分。城(cheng)臺正中辟券(quan)門(men)(men)，與(yu)城(cheng)門(men)(men)相對，五伏五券(quan)，門(men)(men)洞內設"千斤(jin)閘",南側寬(kuan)(kuan)10米(mi)，北(bei)側寬(kuan)(kuan)12.4米(mi)，占地面(mian)積2147平方米(mi)。箭(jian)(jian)樓(lou)(lou)上(shang)下四層(ceng)，樓(lou)(lou)頂為(wei)(wei)灰筒綠(lv)琉璃(li)剪邊重檐(yan)歇山式，飾綠(lv)琉璃(li)脊(ji)獸。南、東、西(xi)(xi)三(san)面(mian)辟箭(jian)(jian)窗(chuang)，以作對外防(fang)御(yu)（射(she)擊）之(zhi)用，南面(mian)四層(ceng)，每(mei)層(ceng)13孔(kong)，東、西(xi)(xi)各(ge)四層(ceng)，每(mei)層(ceng)4孔(kong)，連抱廈(sha)2孔(kong)，共辟86孔(kong)。箭(jian)(jian)樓(lou)(lou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)結構為(wei)(wei)前樓(lou)(lou)后(hou)廈(sha)，面(mian)闊(kuo)七間，寬(kuan)(kuan)62米(mi)，進深20米(mi)；北(bei)出抱廈(sha)廡座，面(mian)闊(kuo)五間，寬(kuan)(kuan)42米(mi)，進深12米(mi)，整(zheng)座樓(lou)(lou)通高(gao)35.37米(mi)。在明(ming)清(qing)北(bei)京城(cheng)垣的(de)(de)(de)(de)箭(jian)(jian)樓(lou)(lou)中，唯正陽門(men)(men)箭(jian)(jian)樓(lou)(lou)辟門(men)(men)，亦(yi)最為(wei)(wei)高(gao)大(da)雄(xiong)偉。形式比較獨(du)特(te)，一直被(bei)看成是老(lao)北(bei)京的(de)(de)(de)(de)象征。

甕城

箭樓(lou)與(yu)城門(men)樓(lou)之(zhi)間(jian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)甕城，甕城為(wei)(wei)(wei)長(chang)方(fang)形(xing)，南(nan)北長(chang)108米(mi)，東西(xi)(xi)寬(kuan)88.65米(mi)，東北、西(xi)(xi)北兩(liang)內角(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)直角(jiao)，東南(nan)、西(xi)(xi)南(nan)兩(liang)外角(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)抹角(jiao)，甕城將城垣、城門(men)樓(lou)、箭樓(lou)和兩(liang)座閘(zha)(zha)樓(lou)連接起來。甕城城垣與(yu)城墻高(gao)(gao)度相同（高(gao)(gao)約11.36米(mi)），略窄(zhai)些，內為(wei)(wei)(wei)土墻心(xin)外甃大城磚。上頂甬道海墁城磚，外側(ce)筑雉堞，內側(ce)筑女兒墻，內有空(kong)場(chang)。甕城四(si)面各(ge)開辟(pi)拱(gong)券式門(men)洞一(yi)座，東、西(xi)(xi)、南(nan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)吊落式閘(zha)(zha)門(men)。北門(men)在(zai)宏偉的(de)(de)城樓(lou)之(zhi)下(xia)，南(nan)門(men)在(zai)高(gao)(gao)大的(de)(de)箭樓(lou)之(zhi)下(xia)，東西(xi)(xi)門(men)則(ze)在(zai)甕城東西(xi)(xi)正中的(de)(de)閘(zha)(zha)樓(lou)之(zhi)下(xia)。

甕城(cheng)內，城(cheng)樓南側(ce)(ce)靠(kao)北(bei)門(men)兩(liang)(liang)側(ce)(ce)，建有關(guan)帝(di)(di)廟(miao)(miao)、觀(guan)音廟(miao)(miao)各一座，關(guan)帝(di)(di)廟(miao)(miao)居西，觀(guan)音廟(miao)(miao)居東，均為南向(xiang)，一層殿宇(yu)、兩(liang)(liang)側(ce)(ce)廡廊(lang)，規(gui)模較小。但兩(liang)(liang)廟(miao)(miao)的(de)香(xiang)火很旺。明(ming)清(qing)時，北(bei)京內城(cheng)的(de)九座城(cheng)門(men)甕城(cheng)內，全部依例建有廟(miao)(miao)宇(yu)，除(chu)德勝門(men)和(he)安(an)定門(men)供(gong)奉(feng)真武大帝(di)(di)外，余均供(gong)奉(feng)關(guan)帝(di)(di)，以(yi)祈護國佑民。然(ran)而九門(men)之(zhi)中(zhong)，以(yi)正陽門(men)關(guan)帝(di)(di)廟(miao)(miao)規(gui)模最大，傳說(shuo)其中(zhong)關(guan)羽(yu)的(de)塑(su)像(xiang)原系明(ming)朝(chao)內廷所供(gong)奉(feng)，因此(ci)香(xiang)火一直興盛。明(ming)清(qing)時期(qi)正陽門(men)關(guan)帝(di)(di)、觀(guan)音兩(liang)(liang)廟(miao)(miao)，曾留下了許(xu)多奉(feng)祀、紀事的(de)碑(bei)刻、詩(shi)文(wen)(wen)，是研究北(bei)京城(cheng)垣建設史和(he)社會文(wen)(wen)化(hua)史珍貴(gui)的(de)石刻文(wen)(wen)獻。

甕城(cheng)東西兩側建有閘樓，閘樓面闊三間，灰筒瓦(wa)綠琉(liu)璃瓦(wa)剪邊，歇(xie)山小(xiao)式(shi)屋頂，外(wai)側辟箭窗兩排共12孔，下設(she)閘門以通行人。

雉堞和女兒墻

雉(zhi)(zhi)堞和女兒(er)墻是(shi)沿城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)上(shang)頂(ding)(ding)內(nei)外修筑的矮垣(yuan)(yuan)墻。雉(zhi)(zhi)堞位于(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)頂(ding)(ding)外側(ce)，筑為(wei)(wei)(wei)齒(chi)狀，起盾牌作(zuo)用，以保護守(shou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)者(zhe)免遭敵人攻擊。女兒(er)墻亦稱(cheng)女墻，為(wei)(wei)(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)頂(ding)(ding)內(nei)側(ce)修筑的矮垣(yuan)(yuan)墻，作(zuo)用是(shi)攔(lan)擋守(shou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)者(zhe)，免于(yu)摔下。老北京內(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)雉(zhi)(zhi)堞高為(wei)(wei)(wei)1.9米(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬為(wei)(wei)(wei)1.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)，厚為(wei)(wei)(wei)0.75米(mi)(mi)(mi)，其間距在0.5～0.8米(mi)(mi)(mi)之間。外墻雉(zhi)(zhi)堞高1.3米(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬約1.2米(mi)(mi)(mi)，厚為(wei)(wei)(wei)0.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)左(zuo)右，其間距在0.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)左(zuo)右，內(nei)外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)共有雉(zhi)(zhi)堞20772個。雉(zhi)(zhi)堞都是(shi)用白灰漿、大(da)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)磚砌成(cheng)。平頂(ding)(ding)，四側(ce)四棱見角，非常牢固(gu)。女兒(er)墻高約1.2米(mi)(mi)(mi)，厚約0.75米(mi)(mi)(mi)，以白灰漿、大(da)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)磚沿城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)形制砌成(cheng)，上(shang)頂(ding)(ding)一般砌成(cheng)饅頭頂(ding)(ding)或是(shi)泥鰍背頂(ding)(ding)。正陽門與內(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)其它(ta)八門一樣，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺(tai)外側(ce)建雉(zhi)(zhi)堞，內(nei)側(ce)建女墻，規(gui)制亦與城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)相同。

馬道

馬道(dao)(dao)(dao)是供(gong)守城部隊上下城用的專用斜道(dao)(dao)(dao)，它附貼在城墻(qiang)內側墻(qiang)體上，坡度約十五度到(dao)三(san)十度之間，馬道(dao)(dao)(dao)寬約四、五米，斜道(dao)(dao)(dao)外側砌筑一道(dao)(dao)(dao)矮墻(qiang)。

內(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)共(gong)有二(er)十七對(dui)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)(dao)，每對(dui)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)(dao)呈內(nei)八字形或(huo)外八字形，從左右兩條(tiao)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)(dao)都可(ke)以(yi)到達(da)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)頂。正陽門(men)設有馬(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)(dao)兩條(tiao)，均在月城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)緊貼城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣內(nei)壁(bi)而筑，分(fen)別通向城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓與箭樓（今已廢）。建筑方(fang)法是(shi)將(jiang)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)(dao)土心(xin)與城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣土心(xin)夯(hang)為(wei)一整體，另一側以(yi)白灰漿、大(da)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)磚(zhuan)砌成(cheng)一米厚(hou)的磚(zhuan)層(ceng)，成(cheng)為(wei)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)(dao)的外包皮磚(zhuan)層(ceng)。在這層(ceng)外包皮磚(zhuan)上(shang)，與馬(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)(dao)斜面(mian)平行砌起(qi)一道(dao)(dao)(dao)矮墻，其長與馬(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)(dao)斜面(mian)同，寬約(yue)(yue)0.75米、高約(yue)(yue)1.2米，稱(cheng)為(wei)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)(dao)扶手墻。馬(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)(dao)土心(xin)部分(fen)是(shi)以(yi)黃土夯(hang)成(cheng)，其上(shang)再夯(hang)筑一層(ceng)約(yue)(yue)50厘米的三合土，再上(shang)以(yi)大(da)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)磚(zhuan)立砌一層(ceng)，成(cheng)"礓(jiang)碴"式(shi)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)(dao)路面(mian)。

鋪舍

鋪舍是(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)頂上駐軍值班房(fang)，供守城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)兵士休息或堆放守城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)武器(qi)等(deng)物之(zhi)用。明代(dai)稱為(wei)鋪舍房(fang)，清代(dai)稱堆撥房(fang)。基本上是(shi)每(mei)座"馬面"之(zhi)后(hou)的(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)頂上即筑有(you)一所(suo)，面闊三(san)(san)間(jian)(jian)，進深一間(jian)(jian)，為(wei)硬山式。陳宗藩《燕都叢考》中(zhong)記(ji)述(shu)：內城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)上有(you)"旗炮(pao)房(fang)九所(suo)"，分(fen)布(bu)在九座城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)樓旁，"堆撥房(fang)一百三(san)(san)十五(wu)所(suo)，儲火(huo)藥房(fang)九十六所(suo)"；外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)上有(you)"堆撥房(fang)四(si)十三(san)(san)所(suo)"。所(suo)記(ji)雖(sui)為(wei)清代(dai)末年的(de)情(qing)況，數(shu)字上也可能(neng)有(you)所(suo)出入(ru)，但可表(biao)明其(qi)存在和(he)作用，因為(wei)清代(dai)對于城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)設施是(shi)沿(yan)循(xun)明制的(de)。②正陽門(men)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓、箭樓、甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)及其(qi)附(fu)屬建筑正陽橋、雉堞(die)、登城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)馬道、鋪舍等(deng)這一組城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市防御工事(shi)建筑群(qun)，布(bu)局合理，造型(xing)莊嚴，氣勢凝重，顯示了中(zhong)華民族(zu)建筑藝術(shu)的(de)獨特風格。

作用價值

在(zai)北京城諸門中(zhong)，正陽(yang)門規制最為(wei)隆崇，是(shi)中(zhong)國封建(jian)社會后期(qi)城市布局、軍事防御、禮儀制度和建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)藝術(shu)的形(xing)象體(ti)(ti)現(xian)，也(ye)是(shi)老(lao)北京歷(li)(li)史(shi)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)的重(zhong)要載體(ti)(ti)。正陽(yang)門作為(wei)北京僅有(you)的一座城樓、箭樓保存(cun)(cun)完好的封建(jian)帝(di)都之(zhi)門，既是(shi)歷(li)(li)史(shi)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)遺存(cun)(cun)，也(ye)是(shi)北京古(gu)都特(te)色(se)的絕佳(jia)載體(ti)(ti)，人文(wen)(wen)蘊(yun)涵(han)深厚(hou)。正陽(yang)門作為(wei)不(bu)可(ke)再生(sheng)的文(wen)(wen)物資源，以其無聲(sheng)的建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)語言，不(bu)僅向世人展示出封建(jian)社會都邑城垣中(zhong)的一個(ge)局部(bu)，而且，在(zai)古(gu)代建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)、文(wen)(wen)化(hua)藝術(shu)、民俗禮儀、王朝歷(li)(li)史(shi)等方面，都有(you)其獨立(li)的存(cun)(cun)在(zai)意義與研究價值，是(shi)北京歷(li)(li)史(shi)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)名(ming)城的重(zhong)要組成(cheng)部(bu)分、老(lao)北京城的標志性建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)。