建筑組成
先農壇(tan)(tan)共(gong)有(you)(you)(you)建筑(zhu)群五(wu)組:1、慶成宮;2、太歲殿(dian)(含(han)拜殿(dian)及其前(qian)面(mian)的焚(fen)帛爐);3、神廚(包括宰牲亭(ting));4、神倉;5、俱(ju)服殿(dian)。另有(you)(you)(you)壇(tan)(tan)臺四(si)座(zuo):觀耕(geng)(geng)(geng)臺、先農壇(tan)(tan)、天(tian)神壇(tan)(tan)、地(di)(di)祇(zhi)壇(tan)(tan)。這些(xie)組群建筑(zhu)與壇(tan)(tan)臺基本(ben)都坐落于內(nei)壇(tan)(tan)墻里,僅(jin)慶成宮、天(tian)神壇(tan)(tan)、地(di)(di)祇(zhi)壇(tan)(tan)位(wei)于內(nei)壇(tan)(tan)墻之外,外壇(tan)(tan)墻之內(nei)。另外,內(nei)壇(tan)(tan)觀耕(geng)(geng)(geng)臺前(qian)有(you)(you)(you)一畝(mu)三分耕(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di),為皇帝行藉(jie)田(tian)禮時(shi)親耕(geng)(geng)(geng)之地(di)(di)。
先(xian)農壇(tan)的(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)群,包(bao)括現存的(de)內(nei)(nei)(nei)壇(tan)墻(qiang)在(zai)內(nei)(nei)(nei),從明(ming)代(dai)(dai)始建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)到清(qing)乾隆(long)期大修(xiu),迄今(jin)歷(li)經(jing)400余年,整體(ti)布局(ju)基(ji)本(ben)完整,建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)構(gou)筑(zhu)(zhu)特(te)色及藝術風格基(ji)本(ben)保留(liu)了(le)明(ming)代(dai)(dai)特(te)征。這些(xie)祭(ji)祀建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu),根據祭(ji)祀活動中的(de)不(bu)(bu)同要(yao)求(qiu)分為(wei)宮殿建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(皇帝(di)祭(ji)祀前(qian)后(hou)的(de)更衣場所、文武百官祭(ji)祀后(hou)的(de)慶功之地、祭(ji)祀太歲的(de)殿宇等(deng))及象征生產(chan)等(deng)項(xiang)功能性建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(神倉、神廚(chu)、神庫等(deng))。由于使用的(de)不(bu)(bu)同要(yao)求(qiu),建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)結(jie)構(gou)及技藝又(you)有(you)所差別:宮殿建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)雄偉壯觀,廡(wu)殿或(huo)(huo)歇山屋面,外表輝(hui)煌,采用黑(hei)(hei)色或(huo)(huo)綠色琉(liu)璃瓦,內(nei)(nei)(nei)部雕造精(jing)細,用鎏金斗碩裝飾,格扇門(men)(men)(men)窗(chuang)用三交六碗菱花(hua),建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)內(nei)(nei)(nei)外用金龍(long)和璽彩(cai)繪等(deng)。其余建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)雖然也(ye)為(wei)廳(ting)堂(tang)結(jie)構(gou),但(dan)灰瓦硬(ying)山及簡練的(de)裝飾,與前(qian)者形成明(ming)顯的(de)等(deng)級對(dui)比(bi)。另外,現保留(liu)完整的(de)內(nei)(nei)(nei)壇(tan)墻(qiang),外皮用城磚淌白糙砌,基(ji)本(ben)為(wei)乾隆(long)期原制(zhi),內(nei)(nei)(nei)層有(you)明(ming)代(dai)(dai)夯土墻(qiang)體(ti)。墻(qiang)寬2.2米,高4.1米,墻(qiang)頂(ding)置(zhi)木椽望板,上蓋筒板瓦。內(nei)(nei)(nei)壇(tan)墻(qiang)四面各設(she)三間拱券門(men)(men)(men)一(yi)座(zuo),南(nan)門(men)(men)(men)與太歲殿建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)群置(zhi)于同一(yi)軸(zhou)線(xian),北門(men)(men)(men)在(zai)神倉院(yuan)與俱服(fu)殿之間,東西門(men)(men)(men)基(ji)本(ben)相對(dui)應(ying)于觀耕(geng)臺及先(xian)農壇(tan)之南(nan)。四座(zuo)門(men)(men)(men)均為(wei)磚石結(jie)構(gou),歇山頂(ding),黑(hei)(hei)琉(liu)璃瓦綠剪邊,磚柱(zhu)間額枋(fang)上置(zhi)三踩單翹磨磚斗碩,四座(zuo)門(men)(men)(men)均具典型(xing)的(de)明(ming)代(dai)(dai)特(te)征,南(nan)北二門(men)(men)(men)留(liu)有(you)清(qing)晰的(de)早期龍(long)錦枋(fang)心旋子(zi)彩(cai)畫。
慶成宮
慶成(cheng)宮位于(yu)先農壇(tan)內(nei)(nei)壇(tan)東北(bei)部,與內(nei)(nei)壇(tan)的幾組建筑基本(ben)處于(yu)東西同一方(fang)位上(shang),慶成(cheng)宮明時為山川壇(tan)齋宮,清乾隆年大(da)修后(hou)更名(ming)為慶成(cheng)宮,作為皇(huang)帝(di)行耕*禮后(hou)休息和犒勞百官隨從(cong)之地。
慶(qing)成(cheng)(cheng)宮(gong)坐北(bei)朝南,東(dong)(dong)西長(chang)122.84米(mi),南北(bei)寬110.14米(mi),占地面積13529.6平方米(mi)。中軸線(xian)從(cong)南向北(bei)依次(ci)為(wei)(wei)宮(gong)門(men)(men)、內(nei)(nei)宮(gong)門(men)(men)、大殿、妃宮(gong)殿(此(ci)名(ming)系2001年修繕中在(zai)四(si)角(jiao)套獸及某飛椽身上發現的題跡(ji),因(yin)該(gai)殿名(ming)稱無記載,故暫用此(ci)名(ming)),大殿、妃宮(gong)殿間東(dong)(dong)西兩側(ce)有東(dong)(dong)西配(pei)(pei)殿,內(nei)(nei)宮(gong)門(men)(men)與(yu)大殿間院(yuan)(yuan)墻(qiang)東(dong)(dong)西各有拱(gong)券(quan)掖門(men)(men)一(yi)(yi)間。慶(qing)成(cheng)(cheng)宮(gong)整(zheng)體布(bu)局為(wei)(wei)院(yuan)(yuan)中院(yuan)(yuan),內(nei)(nei)外宮(gong)門(men)(men)形成(cheng)(cheng)兩個大的院(yuan)(yuan)落(luo);建筑(zhu)集中在(zai)軸線(xian)北(bei)部的同一(yi)(yi)高臺上,周有圍墻(qiang)相(xiang)連,形成(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)(yi)座封閉的院(yuan)(yuan)落(luo);妃宮(gong)殿左右與(yu)配(pei)(pei)殿用圍墻(qiang)相(xiang)連形成(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)(yi)小院(yuan)(yuan);建筑(zhu)高臺兩側(ce)又(you)各為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)個院(yuan)(yuan)落(luo),其(qi)后墻(qiang)為(wei)(wei)慶(qing)成(cheng)(cheng)宮(gong)院(yuan)(yuan)墻(qiang),并在(zai)院(yuan)(yuan)墻(qiang)上設墻(qiang)體門(men)(men),而院(yuan)(yuan)南墻(qiang)與(yu)其(qi)相(xiang)對(dui)應處開隨(sui)墻(qiang)門(men)(men)一(yi)(yi)座。院(yuan)(yuan)內(nei)(nei)所有建筑(zhu)及圍墻(qiang)全部為(wei)(wei)綠琉璃瓦。
內(nei)外宮門結構造形(xing)(xing)基本(ben)一致(zhi),為磚仿(fang)木拱券無梁形(xing)(xing)制(zhi),每座建(jian)(jian)筑面(mian)積120.7平方米,面(mian)闊五間16.54米,進深一間7.3米,屋面(mian)為單檐歇山式,綠琉璃瓦剪邊,三(san)踩單昂(ang)磨(mo)磚斗碩,明間6攢(zan),次(ci)間4攢(zan),稍間1攢(zan),山面(mian)六(liu)攢(zan),連同角科、柱(zhu)頭科共有(you)斗碩56攢(zan)。建(jian)(jian)筑明次(ci)間開三(san)間拱券門,板門裝九(jiu)路門釘。建(jian)(jian)筑前后臺明置漢白(bai)玉石(shi)欄桿,并于每座門前后中部鋪設雕龍石(shi)板。
大殿(dian)建筑面(mian)(mian)積(ji)約414.53平方米。前(qian)置(zhi)(zhi)246.93平方米的(de)月臺(tai),周(zhou)圈(quan)安裝(zhuang)有(you)漢(han)白玉石欄板(ban)(ban),正(zheng)面(mian)(mian)置(zhi)(zhi)九階(jie)臺(tai)階(jie)一(yi)個,臺(tai)階(jie)兩(liang)邊有(you)日晷、時辰碑,臺(tai)階(jie)中部有(you)雕(diao)龍石板(ban)(ban),兩(liang)側七階(jie)臺(tai)階(jie)各一(yi)個。大殿(dian)通(tong)(tong)面(mian)(mian)闊五間(jian)(jian)(jian)27.2米,進(jin)深三(san)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(9椽7檁(lin))15.24米。殿(dian)內明間(jian)(jian)(jian)南部減去金(jin)柱兩(liang)根,屋面(mian)(mian)單(dan)(dan)檐(yan)廡殿(dian)式,有(you)推(tui)山,綠琉璃瓦。檐(yan)柱頭(tou)有(you)砍殺。斗(dou)(dou)碩為(wei)五踩單(dan)(dan)翹單(dan)(dan)昂鎏金(jin)斗(dou)(dou)碩。明間(jian)(jian)(jian)補間(jian)(jian)(jian)斗(dou)(dou)碩六(liu)攢(zan),次間(jian)(jian)(jian)稍間(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)四(si)攢(zan),四(si)周(zhou)共用柱頭(tou)斗(dou)(dou)碩16攢(zan)(包括4攢(zan)轉(zhuan)角斗(dou)(dou)碩),補間(jian)(jian)(jian)斗(dou)(dou)碩64攢(zan)。補間(jian)(jian)(jian)斗(dou)(dou)碩為(wei)真下(xia)昂,挑(tiao)(tiao)金(jin)做法。昂后(hou)尾挑(tiao)(tiao)于(yu)(yu)正(zheng)心檁(lin)與下(xia)金(jin)檁(lin)之間(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)枋(fang)下(xia),枋(fang)上挑(tiao)(tiao)檐(yan)椽,枋(fang)兩(liang)端通(tong)(tong)過駝峰,擱置(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)抱頭(tou)梁或六(liu)架梁上。內檐(yan)下(xia)金(jin)墊板(ban)(ban)與下(xia)金(jin)枋(fang)之間(jian)(jian)(jian),置(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)斗(dou)(dou)三(san)升(sheng)隔架科斗(dou)(dou)碩。殿(dian)內有(you)天花。殿(dian)宇(yu)前(qian)檐(yan)五間(jian)(jian)(jian)通(tong)(tong)開格扇門,后(hou)檐(yan)明間(jian)(jian)(jian)設門,通(tong)(tong)往妃宮殿(dian)。
太歲殿組群建筑
太(tai)歲殿(dian)建(jian)筑(zhu)群(qun)位(wei)于先(xian)農(nong)壇(tan)內壇(tan)北門西南側,是為祭祀太(tai)歲及春(chun)夏秋冬等自然神(shen)靈之(zhi)地。其東鄰(lin)神(shen)倉,西近神(shen)廚(chu),南為俱服殿(dian),位(wei)置基本在先(xian)農(nong)壇(tan)內壇(tan)建(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)中心(xin)地帶,建(jian)筑(zhu)體量(liang)為先(xian)農(nong)壇(tan)之(zhi)最。
太歲(sui)殿(dian)組(zu)群建筑占地約9076平方米,內有四座單體建筑,中軸線從南向北依次(ci)為(wei)拜殿(dian)、太歲(sui)殿(dian),東(dong)西兩側各有廂房11間(jian),建筑間(jian)用圍墻(qiang)相(xiang)連,拜殿(dian)兩側墻(qiang)及東(dong)西墻(qiang)北側共設隨墻(qiang)門(men)4個。
拜(bai)殿(dian)建筑(zhu)面(mian)(mian)積約860平方(fang)米(mi)。通面(mian)(mian)闊七間(jian)(jian)(jian)50.96米(mi),進(jin)深三(san)(san)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(8椽(chuan)9檁(lin))16.88米(mi)。前(qian)置332.5平方(fang)米(mi)的月臺(tai),正面(mian)(mian)置六(liu)階(jie)(jie)臺(tai)階(jie)(jie)三(san)(san)個。后檐(yan)(yan)分別在明間(jian)(jian)(jian)、稍間(jian)(jian)(jian)置六(liu)階(jie)(jie)臺(tai)階(jie)(jie)。殿(dian)內北部減去(qu)金(jin)柱(zhu)四根,其木構(gou)架(jia)結(jie)構(gou)與宋《營造法式》的“八架(jia)椽(chuan)屋(wu)乳*%對六(liu)椽(chuan)*%用(yong)(yong)三(san)(san)柱(zhu)”類(lei)同。徹上明造。屋(wu)面(mian)(mian)單檐(yan)(yan)歇山(shan)式,黑色琉璃(li)瓦綠琉璃(li)瓦剪(jian)邊(bian)。檐(yan)(yan)柱(zhu)頭(tou)(tou)有砍殺。斗碩(shuo)為五踩單翹單昂(ang)鎏金(jin)斗碩(shuo),明間(jian)(jian)(jian)及(ji)次間(jian)(jian)(jian)補間(jian)(jian)(jian)斗碩(shuo)六(liu)攢(zan),稍間(jian)(jian)(jian)及(ji)盡(jin)間(jian)(jian)(jian)為四攢(zan),四周共用(yong)(yong)柱(zhu)頭(tou)(tou)斗碩(shuo)22攢(zan)(包括4攢(zan)轉角斗碩(shuo)),補間(jian)(jian)(jian)斗碩(shuo)84攢(zan)。殿(dian)宇前(qian)檐(yan)(yan)中三(san)(san)間(jian)(jian)(jian)用(yong)(yong)四扇(shan)(shan)格(ge)(ge)扇(shan)(shan)門(men),稍間(jian)(jian)(jian)下砌(qi)檻墻,上置四扇(shan)(shan)格(ge)(ge)扇(shan)(shan)窗,盡(jin)間(jian)(jian)(jian)砌(qi)墻,后檐(yan)(yan)七間(jian)(jian)(jian)全開(kai)四扇(shan)(shan)格(ge)(ge)扇(shan)(shan)門(men),格(ge)(ge)扇(shan)(shan)形(xing)制(zhi)為四抹頭(tou)(tou),菱花為三(san)(san)交六(liu)碗。
太(tai)(tai)歲殿建筑(zhu)雄偉(wei)高(gao)大,建筑(zhu)面(mian)積1118.2平方米(mi)。通面(mian)闊七(qi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)51.35米(mi),明間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、稍(shao)(shao)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)前置六階(jie)臺階(jie),進深三(san)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(12椽13檁)25.7米(mi)。其(qi)木(mu)構(gou)架結(jie)構(gou)形式(shi)(shi)基本(ben)與(yu)故(gu)宮太(tai)(tai)和(he)殿上層類(lei)似。徹上明造。屋面(mian)單(dan)檐歇山(shan)式(shi)(shi),黑琉璃瓦綠剪邊。柱(zhu)(zhu)礎石為(wei)素面(mian)覆盆(pen)式(shi)(shi),檐柱(zhu)(zhu)高(gao)6.2米(mi),柱(zhu)(zhu)頭(tou)有砍殺(sha)。金柱(zhu)(zhu)高(gao)10.35米(mi),建筑(zhu)室內總(zong)高(gao)15.97米(mi)。斗(dou)碩(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)為(wei)七(qi)踩單(dan)翹雙(shuang)昂鎏金斗(dou)碩(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),明間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)及次間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)補(bu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)斗(dou)碩(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)六攢,稍(shao)(shao)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)及盡間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)四(si)攢,四(si)周共用(yong)柱(zhu)(zhu)頭(tou)斗(dou)碩(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)22攢(包括4攢轉角(jiao)斗(dou)碩(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)),補(bu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)斗(dou)碩(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)96攢。殿宇前檐七(qi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)各開四(si)扇(shan)格扇(shan)門,其(qi)余三(san)面(mian)砌墻,格扇(shan)為(wei)四(si)抹頭(tou),菱(ling)花為(wei)三(san)交六碗。殿內明間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)北部有神(shen)(shen)龕(kan),無神(shen)(shen)像。拜殿及太(tai)(tai)歲殿均用(yong)金龍和(he)璽彩繪。
東西配(pei)殿(dian)建(jian)筑面積各為755.3平方米。其面闊(kuo)各11間55.56米,進深三間(6椽7檁(lin))13.58米,前出廊,僅明間置(zhi)五階(jie)臺階(jie),南北兩側(ce)于(yu)廊步盡頭置(zhi)如意踏跺三級。懸山黑(hei)琉(liu)璃瓦屋面。東西配(pei)殿(dian)大木(mu)構(gou)架(jia)為早(zao)期特色,殿(dian)宇梁(liang)架(jia)每一結(jie)點的柱頭直接(jie)承載大斗,斗正面出梁(liang)頭,側(ce)面出檁(lin)枋,柱間用額枋相連(lian)
接(jie),柱頭有卷殺,柱有側角。殿宇通面(mian)闊11間,各開四(si)抹方(fang)格(ge)四(si)扇格(ge)扇門。彩畫為(wei)龍錦枋心。
太歲殿院外東南側(ce)有(you)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)仿木結構(gou)無梁建筑焚(fen)帛爐(lu)一座,為焚(fen)燒(shao)紙(zhi)帛祭文之用。西向,面(mian)闊6.6米,進深3.74米,黑琉璃瓦(wa)綠剪邊,歇山屋面(mian),須彌底座,正面(mian)設三個大(da)小不同的拱券門(men)(中門(men)稍大(da)),四(si)角有(you)圓(yuan)形磨磚(zhuan)(zhuan)圓(yuan)柱,柱上(shang)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)制額(e)枋處雕刻明代旋子彩(cai)畫(hua),上(shang)置(zhi)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)仿木五踩單(dan)翹(qiao)單(dan)昂斗碩(shuo),周(zhou)圈有(you)轉角斗碩(shuo)4攢,補間(jian)斗碩(shuo)27攢。
太歲(sui)殿組群建(jian)(jian)筑,于1987年收歸文物部門管理,同期進行了(le)大(da)規模的搶(qiang)救性修繕,并根據《順天府志》記(ji)載“垣(yuan)內南北東西各三間”,復建(jian)(jian)四角(jiao)值房。現由古建(jian)(jian)博(bo)物館使用(yong),殿內陳列《中國古代建(jian)(jian)筑展》。
俱服殿
俱服殿和(he)觀(guan)耕(geng)臺(tai)為同(tong)一軸線(xian)上的(de)建筑,位于太(tai)歲殿東(dong)南,俱服殿在觀(guan)耕(geng)臺(tai)之北,是明清兩代帝王祭先農時更衣并行(xing)藉耕(geng)之典的(de)場(chang)所。
俱服殿建(jian)(jian)于1.65米(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)高臺(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)上,建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)面積392.5平(ping)方米(mi)(mi)(mi),面闊五間(jian)(jian)(jian)27.22米(mi)(mi)(mi),進深(shen)三間(jian)(jian)(jian)(六椽七(qi)(qi)檁)14.24米(mi)(mi)(mi),前置254.5平(ping)方米(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)月臺(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai),月臺(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)與建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)明(ming)(ming)等寬,南(nan)面設十級臺(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)階(jie),東西面設八(ba)級臺(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)階(jie)。歇山綠琉璃瓦屋(wu)面。檐柱(zhu)頭(tou)(tou)有砍殺(sha)。殿內明(ming)(ming)間(jian)(jian)(jian)減去金(jin)柱(zhu)四(si)根(gen),前后檐柱(zhu)承(cheng)載長10.48米(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)七(qi)(qi)架梁(liang)。徹上明(ming)(ming)造,梁(liang)頭(tou)(tou)及檁枋下均設一(yi)斗(dou)(dou)(dou)三升隔架科斗(dou)(dou)(dou)碩(shuo)。檐頭(tou)(tou)斗(dou)(dou)(dou)碩(shuo)為五踩單(dan)翹單(dan)昂鎏金(jin)斗(dou)(dou)(dou)碩(shuo),明(ming)(ming)間(jian)(jian)(jian)補(bu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)斗(dou)(dou)(dou)碩(shuo)六攢(zan),次間(jian)(jian)(jian)四(si)攢(zan),盡(jin)間(jian)(jian)(jian)為三攢(zan),四(si)周共用柱(zhu)頭(tou)(tou)斗(dou)(dou)(dou)碩(shuo)16攢(zan)(包(bao)括(kuo)4攢(zan)轉角(jiao)斗(dou)(dou)(dou)碩(shuo)),補(bu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)斗(dou)(dou)(dou)碩(shuo)56攢(zan)。金(jin)龍(long)和(he)璽(xi)彩畫。
觀耕臺
觀耕臺(tai)(tai)(tai),現存為清乾隆年間建(jian)造(zao)(明(ming)代為木制高臺(tai)(tai)(tai))。觀耕臺(tai)(tai)(tai)占(zhan)地(di)(di)面(mian)積(ji)約508平(ping)方(fang)米。臺(tai)(tai)(tai)高1.9米,平(ping)面(mian)方(fang)16米,東、西、南(nan)三面(mian)設九級臺(tai)(tai)(tai)階,臺(tai)(tai)(tai)階踏步漢白(bai)玉(yu)條石(shi)邊沿雕(diao)(diao)刻蓮花(hua)圖案。臺(tai)(tai)(tai)上(shang)四周有漢白(bai)玉(yu)石(shi)欄板,望(wang)柱(zhu)頭為龍(long)云雕(diao)(diao)刻,地(di)(di)面(mian)方(fang)磚細墁。臺(tai)(tai)(tai)底須彌座由黃綠琉璃(li)磚砌筑,琉璃(li)磚上(shang)雕(diao)(diao)刻花(hua)草圖案。臺(tai)(tai)(tai)須彌座結構層次完全依(yi)《清式(shi)營造(zao)則例》規(gui)制,為典(dian)型的宮殿壇基建(jian)筑。
1997年,育才學(xue)校圖書館從(cong)俱服(fu)殿搬出(chu),同期,市文(wen)物局(ju)撥款將(jiang)俱服(fu)殿及觀耕臺做了全面修繕。修繕中(zhong)根據早期照片(pian)恢復裝修原(yuan)貌,即前(qian)檐五間通開四扇(shan)(shan)格扇(shan)(shan)門,后檐砌墻。格扇(shan)(shan)形制為四抹頭,菱花為三交六碗(wan)。并依室內(nei)彩畫規格對(dui)外檐大木做了彩繪。
神倉
神倉(cang)(cang)位于太歲(sui)殿東部,為清乾隆十(shi)七年(1752年)的(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)。神倉(cang)(cang)有“天下第一倉(cang)(cang)”之譽。據《唐土(tu)名勝圖會》卷四(si)載(zai):“仲春吉亥日,皇帝親到(dao)*耕地”,“至秋夏,奏(zou)聞(wen)結實,就擇(ze)吉日,貯之神倉(cang)(cang)。祭(ji)祀天地啐(cui)宗廟社稷時使次粢盛。”神倉(cang)(cang)院(yuan)占地面積約3435.9平方米。坐北向南,中軸線從南向北為山門、收谷亭、圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)檁(lin)神倉(cang)(cang)、祭(ji)器庫,左右分(fen)列倉(cang)(cang)房、神倉(cang)(cang)、值房各(ge)三座(zuo)。另全院(yuan)從圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)檁(lin)神倉(cang)(cang)后設(she)墻分(fen)成前后兩院(yuan),中設(she)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)門。
山(shan)門(men)為(wei)(wei)磚拱券無(wu)梁(liang)形制,建筑(zhu)面(mian)(mian)積72平(ping)方米(mi)(mi),面(mian)(mian)闊三(san)間(jian)13.48米(mi)(mi),進深(shen)5.34米(mi)(mi),屋面(mian)(mian)為(wei)(wei)單檐(yan)(yan)歇山(shan)式綠(lv)琉(liu)璃磚疊澀(se)挑檐(yan)(yan),無(wu)斗(dou)碩,瓦(wa)面(mian)(mian)為(wei)(wei)黑琉(liu)璃瓦(wa)綠(lv)剪(jian)邊。建筑(zhu)開三(san)間(jian)拱券門(men),板門(men)裝(zhuang)九(jiu)路門(men)釘(ding)。收(shou)谷亭平(ping)面(mian)(mian)為(wei)(wei)方形,建筑(zhu)面(mian)(mian)積49.9平(ping)方米(mi)(mi)。每邊長寬(kuan)為(wei)(wei)6.85米(mi)(mi),南北各設三(san)級臺階,無(wu)斗(dou)碩,四(si)角攢尖(jian)頂,瓦(wa)面(mian)(mian)為(wei)(wei)黑琉(liu)璃瓦(wa)綠(lv)剪(jian)邊。
神(shen)倉為圓形形制(zhi)(zhi),建筑面(mian)積58平方米(mi)。直徑(jing)8.6米(mi),正南設五級臺階,無斗碩,屋面(mian)為圓攢尖頂,黑琉璃瓦(wa)綠剪邊(bian)。圓形平面(mian)上(shang)制(zhi)(zhi)檐柱(zhu)8根,柱(zhu)間用(yong)木(mu)(mu)板(ban)遮擋,南設四扇(shan)格扇(shan)門。室(shi)內除在原地(di)平鋪方磚(zhuan)外(wai),又在其上(shang)置(zhi)厚(hou)高16厘(li)米(mi)、寬13厘(li)米(mi)的木(mu)(mu)地(di)梁,上(shang)鋪木(mu)(mu)地(di)板(ban),此為貯糧(liang)防潮。
祭器庫建(jian)筑(zhu)面(mian)積245平方(fang)米(mi)。面(mian)闊五間(jian)(jian)(jian)26.17米(mi),進深兩間(jian)(jian)(jian)9.36米(mi)(4椽5檁),明間(jian)(jian)(jian)有礓差踏步,懸山頂屋面(mian),上鋪削割瓦。此座建(jian)筑(zhu)造型開闊而矮小,檐柱高3.16米(mi),而間(jian)(jian)(jian)闊為(wei)(wei)4.8米(mi)左右,建(jian)筑(zhu)僅明間(jian)(jian)(jian)開四扇格扇門,四抹頭,其余(yu)各間(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)格扇窗。
兩(liang)側南部(bu)倉房建(jian)筑面積各(ge)為76.9平(ping)方米。面闊三間(jian)10.48米,進(jin)深一間(jian)7.34米(4椽5檁),前檐(yan)明間(jian)置三級臺階,硬山頂(ding)屋面,上鋪削(xue)割瓦。建(jian)筑僅明間(jian)開格扇門,其余各(ge)間(jian)為格扇窗(chuang)。
北(bei)部倉房建筑面積各為96.5平方米(mi)(mi)。面闊(kuo)三(san)間(jian)(jian)(jian)12.44米(mi)(mi),進深一間(jian)(jian)(jian)7.76米(mi)(mi)(4椽5檁(lin)),前檐(yan)明間(jian)(jian)(jian)置三(san)級(ji)臺階,懸山(shan)頂(ding)屋面,上(shang)鋪黑(hei)琉璃(li)瓦綠(lv)剪邊(bian)。明間(jian)(jian)(jian)瓦頂(ding)正中設懸山(shan)頂(ding)天窗(chuang),天窗(chuang)高約2.6米(mi)(mi),長1.76米(mi)(mi),寬0.78米(mi)(mi)。建筑僅明間(jian)(jian)(jian)開格(ge)扇門(men),其余各間(jian)(jian)(jian)為格(ge)扇窗(chuang)。
兩側最北端值房建筑(zhu)面(mian)積各(ge)為119.8平方米。面(mian)闊三間14.36米,進深(shen)兩間8.34米(4椽5檁),前(qian)檐明間設一級如意踏步,懸山頂屋面(mian),上鋪削割瓦。建筑(zhu)僅明間開門,其余各(ge)間為窗。
神倉院建筑彩(cai)畫,除收(shou)谷亭為雅伍墨旋子彩(cai)畫外,其余均為皇家(jia)祭祀建筑特用的雄黃玉旋子彩(cai)畫。
1994年,占用神倉院的單(dan)位全(quan)部(bu)遷出,同期(qi),市文(wen)物局撥款做了全(quan)面(mian)修繕。修繕時,根據現存窗框及早(zao)期(qi)照(zhao)片,全(quan)院恢復原四抹頭方格菱花(hua)格扇(shan)門窗,并于院四角增建(jian)格調一致的辦公配(pei)套設施。
神廚
位于太歲殿之西(xi),院落軸線外(wai)南部為(wei)先農神(shen)壇,西(xi)北(bei)圍墻外(wai)有宰牲亭(ting)。神(shen)廚(chu)院占地面積約3790平方(fang)米(mi)(不包括宰牲亭(ting)),坐北(bei)向南,“北(bei)正殿五(wu)間(jian),以藏神(shen)牌,東(dong)為(wei)神(shen)庫,西(xi)神(shen)廚(chu),各五(wu)間(jian),左右(you)井亭(ting)各一”(《日下(xia)舊(jiu)聞考(kao)》卷五(wu)十五(wu))。
大門現僅(jin)存立柱及斗(dou)(dou)碩(shuo)(shuo)等木構架(jia),建(jian)筑面(mian)(mian)積17.9平方米,面(mian)(mian)闊(kuo)6.88米,進(jin)深2.6米(3檁2椽(chuan)),斗(dou)(dou)碩(shuo)(shuo)為五翹單昂明制斗(dou)(dou)碩(shuo)(shuo),大斗(dou)(dou)有(you)斗(dou)(dou)幽頁,補間斗(dou)(dou)碩(shuo)(shuo)六攢,柱頭(tou)(tou)斗(dou)(dou)碩(shuo)(shuo)無大斗(dou)(dou),碩(shuo)(shuo)從立柱卯口跳出,脊檁直接置于柱頭(tou)(tou)之(zhi)上。以上現狀分析,屋面(mian)(mian)為單檐(yan)懸山式。
正(zheng)殿建筑(zhu)(zhu)面積342.4平方米。面闊(kuo)五(wu)間(jian)26米,進深(shen)四(si)間(jian)13.17米(8椽(chuan)9檁),前檐明(ming)(ming)間(jian)置五(wu)級臺階(jie),屋內明(ming)(ming)間(jian)減(jian)去(qu)中心柱兩(liang)根,懸山頂屋面,上鋪削割瓦。建筑(zhu)(zhu)僅明(ming)(ming)間(jian)開四(si)扇(shan)格扇(shan)門,四(si)抹頭(tou),其余(yu)各(ge)間(jian)為檻墻上開窗。
井(jing)亭(ting)建筑面(mian)積為(wei)48.9平方米。六(liu)角形(xing),每(mei)邊長4.34米,三踩單(dan)昂鎏(liu)金斗(dou)碩(shuo),有(you)(you)斗(dou)幽頁,每(mei)邊平身科(ke)斗(dou)碩(shuo)2攢(zan),周(zhou)圈共有(you)(you)12攢(zan),角科(ke)斗(dou)碩(shuo)六(liu)攢(zan),室(shi)(shi)內(nei)無梁枋,由角科(ke)及其兩側(ce)平身科(ke)鎏(liu)金斗(dou)碩(shuo)后尾懸(xuan)挑(tiao)六(liu)角形(xing)脊枋,室(shi)(shi)內(nei)中(zhong)心(xin)有(you)(you)井(jing)口,上置高近(jin)80厘米的六(liu)角形(xing)石井(jing)臺(tai),屋面(mian)為(wei)*1頂,中(zhong)心(xin)空(kong)置,與室(shi)(shi)內(nei)井(jing)口相對,以為(wei)天(tian)地一氣(qi)之意。井(jing)亭(ting)正北有(you)(you)礓差臺(tai)階。
東(dong)神庫建筑面積270.92平方米。面闊(kuo)五間(jian)26米,進深一(yi)間(jian)10.42米(4椽(chuan)5檁),前(qian)檐明(ming)間(jian)置礓差臺(tai)階(jie),懸(xuan)山頂(ding)屋面,室內椽(chuan)飛(fei)上為石望板(ban),上鋪削割瓦(wa)。建筑僅明(ming)間(jian)開門,其余各(ge)間(jian)為檻墻上開窗。
西神廚建筑面(mian)積(ji)271.6平方米。面(mian)闊五間(jian)(jian)26.4米,進深兩間(jian)(jian)10.4米(4椽5檁),前(qian)檐(yan)明(ming)(ming)間(jian)(jian)置礓差臺階,懸山頂(ding)屋面(mian),上(shang)(shang)鋪(pu)削(xue)割瓦。建筑前(qian)檐(yan)僅明(ming)(ming)間(jian)(jian)設(she)門,其余各間(jian)(jian)為檻(jian)(jian)墻上(shang)(shang)開窗(chuang)。后(hou)檐(yan)明(ming)(ming)間(jian)(jian)設(she)檻(jian)(jian)墻并開窗(chuang),窗(chuang)外(wai)于臺明(ming)(ming)上(shang)(shang)置石水槽。
宰牲亭
位于神廚院西(xi)北部,其西(xi)邊(bian)兩米為(wei)先農壇(tan)西(xi)側內(nei)壇(tan)墻。建(jian)筑面(mian)積261.3平方米。面(mian)闊(kuo)五間(jian)(jian)20.13米,進深(shen)三間(jian)(jian)12.98米(6椽7檁),兩層(ceng)檐(yan),室內(nei)為(wei)單層(ceng)。上(shang)層(ceng)檐(yan)為(wei)懸山頂,下(xia)(xia)層(ceng)為(wei)四坡水。上(shang)層(ceng)梁(liang)架形成(cheng)面(mian)闊(kuo)三間(jian)(jian)進深(shen)一間(jian)(jian)布局,金柱(zhu)用通柱(zhu),并于柱(zhu)身上(shang)的不同位置開(kai)卯口穿插(cha)承椽枋、角梁(liang)及(ji)抱(bao)頭梁(liang)等,與(yu)周圈檐(yan)柱(zhu)結構形成(cheng)四坡水屋面(mian)。上(shang)下(xia)(xia)層(ceng)均(jun)為(wei)削割瓦。室內(nei)明(ming)間(jian)(jian)正中(zhong)心有長2.4米、寬1.16米、深(shen)1.3米的毛血池(chi),為(wei)宰殺牲畜所需,池(chi)上(shang)下(xia)(xia)均(jun)有排水口,建(jian)筑明(ming)間(jian)(jian)及(ji)次間(jian)(jian)設(she)門,稍間(jian)(jian)為(wei)窗(chuang)。
神(shen)廚院建筑彩畫(hua),均為墨線大點(dian)金龍錦枋(fang)心旋子彩畫(hua)。宰牲亭外(wai)檐彩畫(hua),無地杖,直接繪于大木上,內檐彩畫(hua)為旋子彩畫(hua),枋(fang)心圖案(an)不清。
1998年,育才學校(xiao)校(xiao)辦工廠遷出,同(tong)期,市文物局撥(bo)款做了全(quan)面(mian)(mian)修繕(shan)。修繕(shan)時在拆除瓦面(mian)(mian)后發(fa)現所(suo)有(you)(you)建筑(zhu)屋(wu)面(mian)(mian)灰背均(jun)用(yong)白(bai)灰鋪(pu)設,根(gen)據文物修繕(shan)不改變原狀的(de)原則,修復后的(de)屋(wu)面(mian)(mian)仍用(yong)白(bai)灰鋪(pu)設。修繕(shan)中雖然各殿(dian)留有(you)(you)板門直(zhi)欞(ling)窗(chuang)(chuang)的(de)卯口遺跡,但由于使用(yong)功能(neng)所(suo)需,也(ye)為(wei)全(quan)院的(de)統一,最終采用(yong)了正殿(dian)現有(you)(you)窗(chuang)(chuang)框的(de)形式,將院內門窗(chuang)(chuang)統一為(wei)四抹方格菱花形制。同(tong)時,對(dui)院門平面(mian)(mian)條(tiao)石及木架尺度勘(kan)察后,根(gen)據清營造則例規制對(dui)大(da)門做了復原。
妃宮殿
建筑面(mian)積約288.6平(ping)方米。通面(mian)闊五間(jian)26.14米,進深三間(jian)(六椽七檁(lin)(lin))11.04米。殿(dian)(dian)內(nei)明間(jian)南部(bu)減去金(jin)柱(zhu)兩(liang)根,屋(wu)面(mian)單檐(yan)廡殿(dian)(dian)式(shi),鋪(pu)綠琉璃瓦(wa)。柱(zhu)礎石為素面(mian)覆盆式(shi),柱(zhu)頭(tou)有砍(kan)殺,五踩單昂斗(dou)(dou)碩,明間(jian)補間(jian)斗(dou)(dou)碩六攢,次間(jian)及(ji)稍間(jian)為四攢,四周(zhou)共用柱(zhu)頭(tou)斗(dou)(dou)碩16攢,(包(bao)括4攢轉角(jiao)斗(dou)(dou)碩),補間(jian)斗(dou)(dou)碩56攢。殿(dian)(dian)內(nei)山面(mian)桃尖梁上(shang)立瓜柱(zhu),瓜柱(zhu)上(shang)交(jiao)接前后(hou)金(jin)檁(lin)(lin)及(ji)山面(mian)下金(jin)檁(lin)(lin),山面(mian)金(jin)檁(lin)(lin)上(shang)置(zhi)扒梁,其(qi)上(shang)再交(jiao)接前后(hou)金(jin)檁(lin)(lin)及(ji)山面(mian)下金(jin)檁(lin)(lin),推(tui)山做法。殿(dian)(dian)內(nei)置(zhi)天花。殿(dian)(dian)宇(yu)前檐(yan)明間(jian)開門,其(qi)余(yu)檻墻上(shang)開窗。后(hou)檐(yan)及(ji)山面(mian)砌墻。
大殿(dian)(dian)及妃宮殿(dian)(dian)均用(yong)金龍和(he)璽彩繪。東西配殿(dian)(dian)建筑面積各(ge)為84.12平(ping)方米(mi)。其面闊各(ge)三間(jian)12.48米(mi),進深(shen)一(yi)(yi)間(jian)(3椽4檁)6.74米(mi),懸山卷棚頂(ding),綠琉璃瓦屋面。殿(dian)(dian)前后檐柱額枋上有(you)一(yi)(yi)斗三升斗碩,每間(jian)補(bu)間(jian)斗碩四攢,柱頭有(you)卷殺(sha),柱有(you)側(ce)角。殿(dian)(dian)宇開門。彩畫為龍錦枋心。
東西(xi)掖門額枋(fang)以(yi)(yi)下為磚(zhuan)仿(fang)木結(jie)構無梁建筑,檐頭從平(ping)板枋(fang)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)為木結(jie)構。建筑面積為64.7平(ping)方米。面闊8.9米,進深7.27米,綠琉璃歇山(shan)屋面,中部設拱券門,板門裝九路門釘。平(ping)板枋(fang)上(shang)周圈(quan)置三踩單(dan)昂平(ping)身(shen)科斗碩28攢,轉(zhuan)角4攢。
神祇壇
順治初(chu)年建,亦曰天(tian)(tian)(tian)祇(zhi)壇,在先農(nong)壇內垣外之東(dong)(dong)南(nan)(nan)(nan)。正南(nan)(nan)(nan)三門(men),繚以(yi)重垣。東(dong)(dong)為天(tian)(tian)(tian)神壇,制方,南(nan)(nan)(nan)向。一(yi)層,方五(wu)(wu)丈,高四(si)(si)尺五(wu)(wu)寸五(wu)(wu)分。四(si)(si)出陛,上九級。壇北(bei)(bei)設青(qing)石(shi)(shi)龕四(si)(si),鏤以(yi)云龍,各(ge)(ge)高九尺二寸五(wu)(wu)分,祭(ji)(ji)祀(si)云.雨.風.雷之神。壝(wei)方二十四(si)(si)丈,高五(wu)(wu)尺五(wu)(wu)寸。壝(wei)正南(nan)(nan)(nan)三門(men)六柱(zhu)(zhu),東(dong)(dong)西(xi)北(bei)(bei)各(ge)(ge)一(yi)門(men)二柱(zhu)(zhu),柱(zhu)(zhu)及楣閾(yu)皆白石(shi)(shi),扉(fei)皆朱欞。西(xi)為地(di)祇(zhi)壇,制方,北(bei)(bei)向。一(yi)層,廣十丈,縱六丈,高四(si)(si)尺,四(si)(si)出陛,各(ge)(ge)六級。壇南(nan)(nan)(nan)設青(qing)白石(shi)(shi)龕五(wu)(wu):內鏤山(shan)形者(zhe)三,祭(ji)(ji)五(wu)(wu)岳(yue)五(wu)(wu)鎮五(wu)(wu)山(shan)(啟運山(shan)、天(tian)(tian)(tian)柱(zhu)(zhu)山(shan)、隆業山(shan)、昌瑞(rui)山(shan)、永寧山(shan))之祇(zhi),鏤水(shui)形者(zhe)二。龕下四(si)(si)圍(wei)鑿池,祭(ji)(ji)則貯水(shui),祭(ji)(ji)祀(si)四(si)(si)海、四(si)(si)瀆(du)之祇(zhi)。各(ge)(ge)高八(ba)尺二寸。壇東(dong)(dong)從(cong)位石(shi)(shi)龕山(shan)水(shui)形各(ge)(ge)一(yi),祭(ji)(ji)祀(si)京畿(ji)名山(shan)大川之祇(zhi),高七尺六寸。壇西(xi)從(cong)位石(shi)(shi)龕山(shan)水(shui)形各(ge)(ge)一(yi),祭(ji)(ji)祀(si)天(tian)(tian)(tian)下名山(shan)大川之祇(zhi),高七尺六寸。壝(wei)方二十四(si)(si)丈,高五(wu)(wu)尺五(wu)(wu)寸。壝(wei)正北(bei)(bei)三門(men)六柱(zhu)(zhu),東(dong)(dong)西(xi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)各(ge)(ge)一(yi)門(men)二柱(zhu)(zhu),柱(zhu)(zhu)及楣閾(yu)皆白石(shi)(shi),扉(fei)皆朱欞。
價值
北(bei)京的(de)(de)(de)(de)先(xian)農壇(tan)(tan)(tan)創建(jian)至(zhi)今(jin)(jin)已(yi)有(you)600余年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)(li)史,500多年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)風雨滄(cang)桑,從本源文化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)創意到為(wei)帝王服務(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)而今(jin)(jin)成(cheng)為(wei)文物圣跡,它(ta)無處不體(ti)現著歷(li)(li)史、文化(hua)、藝術的(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)值。如今(jin)(jin)雖然外(wai)壇(tan)(tan)(tan)已(yi)成(cheng)體(ti)育運(yun)動(dong)場所,但內(nei)壇(tan)(tan)(tan)在歷(li)(li)史的(de)(de)(de)(de)洗禮中古柏成(cheng)蔭,修葺后的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)群屹立其中老當益壯更(geng)顯輝(hui)煌。在先(xian)農壇(tan)(tan)(tan)古建(jian)博物館內(nei)陳列著的(de)(de)(de)(de)世界建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)史上自成(cheng)體(ti)系的(de)(de)(de)(de)《中國古代建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)展(zhan)》,使先(xian)農壇(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)全部(bu)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)也(ye)成(cheng)為(wei)其展(zhan)覽的(de)(de)(de)(de)組成(cheng)部(bu)分,身臨其境更(geng)能(neng)體(ti)會到民(min)族文化(hua)與藝術的(de)(de)(de)(de)韻味(wei)。
歷史沿革
明(ming)永樂十八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1420年(nian)(nian)(nian)),先農(nong)壇建(jian)(jian)于北京南郊,明(ming)嘉靖九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1530年(nian)(nian)(nian))改建(jian)(jian)為(wei)天神、地抵(di)二壇。后來明(ming)天順二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1458年(nian)(nian)(nian))等不斷有修(xiu)繕和(he)新增(zeng)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)。
民國以(yi)后(hou)先(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)壇(tan)逐(zhu)漸衰敗,后(hou)很多建(jian)筑被(bei)拆除。1916年,先(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)壇(tan)被(bei)辟為城南公(gong)園。1936年,在原址東(dong)南角蓋(gai)起(qi)北(bei)平公(gong)共體育(yu)場(chang),后(hou)更名(ming)先(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)壇(tan)體育(yu)場(chang)。 現在先(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)壇(tan)建(jian)筑群設有北(bei)京古代建(jian)筑博(bo)物(wu)館。
1949年(nian)(nian)7月華北(bei)(bei)(bei)育(yu)才小學(xue)(xue)(xue)(后稱(cheng)北(bei)(bei)(bei)京市(shi)育(yu)才學(xue)(xue)(xue)校(xiao))遷入北(bei)(bei)(bei)京,進駐先農壇(tan)(tan)。先農壇(tan)(tan)太歲殿(dian)被(bei)(bei)育(yu)才學(xue)(xue)(xue)校(xiao)占(zhan)用,具服殿(dian)被(bei)(bei)中國醫學(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)院藥物(wu)研(yan)究(jiu)所占(zhan)用。1979年(nian)(nian)被(bei)(bei)列為北(bei)(bei)(bei)京市(shi)市(shi)級重點(dian)文物(wu)保護單位(wei)。 2001年(nian)(nian)被(bei)(bei)列為全國重點(dian)文物(wu)保護單位(wei)。1997年(nian)(nian),育(yu)才學(xue)(xue)(xue)校(xiao)圖(tu)書(shu)館從(cong)俱服殿(dian)搬出。1998年(nian)(nian)和2000年(nian)(nian),世界文化遺產基金(jin)會(hui)為先農壇(tan)(tan)的修(xiu)(xiu)繕(shan)提(ti)供(gong)了(le)資(zi)金(jin)。 1998年(nian)(nian)和1999年(nian)(nian)美(mei)國運通基金(jin)會(hui)為北(bei)(bei)(bei)京先農壇(tan)(tan)的俱服殿(dian)和神廚的修(xiu)(xiu)繕(shan)提(ti)供(gong)了(le)資(zi)金(jin)。2000年(nian)(nian)收歸文物(wu)部門管(guan)理,現正在進行大規模的搶(qiang)救性修(xiu)(xiu)繕(shan)。
主要用途
宰牲亭
先農神(shen)壇(tan)是皇帝祭(ji)(ji)(ji)祀(si)先農神(shen)的祭(ji)(ji)(ji)壇(tan),按照傳統祭(ji)(ji)(ji)祀(si)需要宰殺(sha)犧牲,而(er)宰牲亭是皇帝祭(ji)(ji)(ji)祀(si)先農神(shen)時祭(ji)(ji)(ji)祀(si)宰殺(sha)犧牲的亭子。
神廚神庫院
神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)廚庫(ku)院是(shi)存放(fang)先(xian)(xian)農諸神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)位(wei)和準備(bei)犧牲祭品(pin)的院落,位(wei)于(yu)先(xian)(xian)農神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)壇的正(zheng)北。 由正(zheng)殿(dian)(dian),東、西(xi)(xi)配殿(dian)(dian)和兩座六角井(jing)亭組成,正(zheng)殿(dian)(dian)稱為(wei)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)版庫(ku)用(yong)供奉先(xian)(xian)農神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)的牌位(wei),東配殿(dian)(dian)為(wei)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)庫(ku),存放(fang)祭祀和親耕用(yong)品(pin)的地方(fang),西(xi)(xi)配殿(dian)(dian)為(wei)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)廚。
俱服殿
和(he)觀耕臺(tai)為(wei)同一(yi)軸線上的(de)建筑,位于太歲(sui)殿東南,俱服(fu)殿在(zai)觀耕臺(tai)之(zhi)北,是明清兩(liang)代帝王祭先農時(shi)更衣(yi)并行藉耕之(zhi)典(dian)的(de)場所。
觀耕臺
觀(guan)耕(geng)臺(tai)為皇帝(di)親耕(geng)完畢, 觀(guan)看王公大臣們耕(geng)作的高臺(tai)。 觀(guan)耕(geng)臺(tai)呈方形(xing)見方18米(mi),高一(yi)層(ceng)1.9米(mi),四(si)面(mian)各有臺(tai)階(jie)9級,臺(tai)階(jie)踏步由漢白玉條石砌成,側面(mian)雕(diao)有蓮(lian)花(hua)圖案。
一畝三分地
一畝(mu)(mu)三分(fen)地是皇帝(di)祭祀先農神后親耕的田(tian)地,位于觀禮臺的南(nan)方。我們(men)平常所說的一畝(mu)(mu)三分(fen)地就是由此而來。
神倉院
神倉院是存(cun)放耕(geng)田收(shou)獲(huo)(huo)的谷物(wu)的地方,親耕(geng)收(shou)獲(huo)(huo)的谷物(wu)供北京各壇、寺廟(miao)祭(ji)祀使用。院子分為前后兩個院,前院有收(shou)谷亭、圓廩神倉和庫(ku)房,后院是祭(ji)器的庫(ku)房。神倉院建于清乾隆(long)十(shi)七年(nian)(1752年(nian))。
慶成宮
慶成宮(gong)(gong)是皇(huang)帝祭祀和(he)親(qin)耕(geng)后犒勞百官的(de)地方。慶成宮(gong)(gong)始建于明天順二(er)年(1458年),原稱齋宮(gong)(gong),乾(qian)隆二(er)十(shi)年(1755年)改今名(ming)。慶成宮(gong)(gong)設(she)宮(gong)(gong)門(men)兩(liang)座,院內東側原有一(yi)座鐘(zhong)樓(lou)。主要建筑(zhu)是前(qian)殿、后殿及東西配殿,前(qian)殿設(she)有月臺。
祭祀親耕
祭(ji)祀(si)先農和親耕(geng)(geng)(geng)的傳統,可以追溯到(dao)周(zhou)朝,但不(bu)是每年(nian)(nian)舉行(xing)(xing)。明清(qing)兩代(dai),成為國家重要的祭(ji)祀(si)典禮(li)。每年(nian)(nian)仲春亥日(ri)皇帝率百官到(dao)先農壇(tan)祭(ji)祀(si)先農神(shen)并親耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(稱為藉(jie)田(tian)禮(li))。在(zai)(zai)先農神(shen)壇(tan)祭(ji)拜過先農神(shen)后(hou)(hou),在(zai)(zai)俱(ju)服(fu)殿更換親耕(geng)(geng)(geng)禮(li)服(fu),隨(sui)后(hou)(hou)到(dao)親耕(geng)(geng)(geng)田(tian)舉行(xing)(xing)親耕(geng)(geng)(geng)禮(li)。親耕(geng)(geng)(geng)禮(li)畢后(hou)(hou),在(zai)(zai)觀耕(geng)(geng)(geng)臺(tai)觀看王公大臣耕(geng)(geng)(geng)作。秋天,親耕(geng)(geng)(geng)田(tian)收獲后(hou)(hou),將(jiang)谷物存放(fang)在(zai)(zai)神(shen)倉院,供北京九壇(tan)八廟祭(ji)祀(si)使用。