環境布局
嘉靖時期,日壇(tan)在(zai)都城的(de)(de)第四(si)位。壇(tan)方形,西(xi)(xi)(xi)向(xiang)。一(yi)(yi)層(ceng),長(chang)寬為(wei)(wei)五(wu)(wu)(wu)丈。高五(wu)(wu)(wu)尺(chi)九寸(cun)。壇(tan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)墁紅(hong)琉璃,清代改為(wei)(wei)金磚。四(si)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)有(you)(you)(you)高臺階,都是白石(shi)的(de)(de),各九級。壇(tan)四(si)周為(wei)(wei)圓形土矮(ai)墻,周長(chang)七(qi)十六丈五(wu)(wu)(wu)尺(chi),高八尺(chi)一(yi)(yi)寸(cun),厚二(er)尺(chi)三(san)(san)寸(cun),內(nei)外(wai)(wai)墻均為(wei)(wei)紅(hong)色(se)。正(zheng)西(xi)(xi)(xi)為(wei)(wei)三(san)(san)門(men)(men)(men)(men),石(shi)柱六,東南北(bei)(bei)(bei)各一(yi)(yi)個門(men)(men)(men)(men),石(shi)柱二(er),門(men)(men)(men)(men)及門(men)(men)(men)(men)兩旁柱門(men)(men)(men)(men)坎都是石(shi)質,紅(hong)色(se)的(de)(de)門(men)(men)(men)(men)有(you)(you)(you)欞檐。矮(ai)圓墻西(xi)(xi)(xi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)內(nei)有(you)(you)(you)蒸煮用(yong)的(de)(de)鼎(ding)、爐二(er)。西(xi)(xi)(xi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)外(wai)(wai)南邊,有(you)(you)(you)埋祭葬(zang)物的(de)(de)坑,鐵燎爐一(yi)(yi)。北(bei)(bei)(bei)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian),圓矮(ai)墻北(bei)(bei)(bei)門(men)(men)(men)(men)外(wai)(wai)以東,有(you)(you)(you)神庫(ku)(ku)三(san)(san)間西(xi)(xi)(xi)向(xiang),神廚三(san)(san)間南向(xiang),皆(jie)一(yi)(yi)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)出臺階,三(san)(san)級;有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)井(jing)亭,井(jing)亭四(si)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)圍有(you)(you)(you)紅(hong)色(se)柵欄南向(xiang);墻一(yi)(yi)層(ceng),門(men)(men)(men)(men)一(yi)(yi)個,西(xi)(xi)(xi)向(xiang)。再北(bei)(bei)(bei)為(wei)(wei)宰(zai)牲亭三(san)(san)間,有(you)(you)(you)圍墻,一(yi)(yi)層(ceng),門(men)(men)(men)(men)一(yi)(yi),西(xi)(xi)(xi)向(xiang)。圓矮(ai)墻北(bei)(bei)(bei)門(men)(men)(men)(men)外(wai)(wai)正(zheng)北(bei)(bei)(bei),為(wei)(wei)祭器庫(ku)(ku)、樂器庫(ku)(ku)、放草(cao)席(xi)棕墊的(de)(de)粳薦庫(ku)(ku)各三(san)(san)間連檐通脊,均南向(xiang)。圓墻西(xi)(xi)(xi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)外(wai)(wai)之北(bei)(bei)(bei)為(wei)(wei)具服殿(dian)三(san)(san)間,南向(xiang)一(yi)(yi)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)出有(you)(you)(you)臺階五(wu)(wu)(wu)級,左右(you)配(pei)殿(dian),各三(san)(san)間,東西(xi)(xi)(xi)向(xiang)。一(yi)(yi)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)出臺階三(san)(san)級,四(si)周有(you)(you)(you)宮墻。宮門(men)(men)(men)(men)三(san)(san)間,左右(you)門(men)(men)(men)(men)各一(yi)(yi),均南向(xiang)。鐘樓一(yi)(yi),在(zai)具服殿(dian)東。
日壇(tan)(tan)(tan)四(si)周圍有(you)墻(qiang)(qiang),壇(tan)(tan)(tan)墻(qiang)(qiang)前方后圓(外(wai)(wai)(wai)壇(tan)(tan)(tan)墻(qiang)(qiang)),周長(chang)(chang)(chang)二(er)(er)百九十(shi)丈(zhang)五(wu)尺(chi),墻(qiang)(qiang)兩面(mian)用(yong)磚鑲砌。西門(men)(men)、北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)門(men)(men)各三間。西門(men)(men)外(wai)(wai)(wai)正西有(you)柵欄門(men)(men)三個,照壁一個,北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)門(men)(men)外(wai)(wai)(wai)有(you)照壁一,有(you)西角門(men)(men)一,西北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)為(wei)景升街(jie)(jie)牌(pai)坊(fang)(fang)。坊(fang)(fang)前有(you)紅(hong)色柵欄,長(chang)(chang)(chang)十(shi)五(wu)丈(zhang)。街(jie)(jie)左(zuo)右各有(you)一段墻(qiang)(qiang),外(wai)(wai)(wai)墻(qiang)(qiang)西自牌(pai)坊(fang)(fang)西,達壇(tan)(tan)(tan)墻(qiang)(qiang)西南(nan)(nan)角,長(chang)(chang)(chang)三百八十(shi)二(er)(er)丈(zhang)四(si)尺(chi)。東自牌(pai)坊(fang)(fang)東,達壇(tan)(tan)(tan)東北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)角,長(chang)(chang)(chang)三百十(shi)二(er)(er)丈(zhang)四(si)尺(chi)。其中(zhong)間道路(lu)(lu),由景升街(jie)(jie)往南(nan)(nan),再(zai)往東南(nan)(nan)到(dao)壇(tan)(tan)(tan)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)門(men)(men)。從(cong)壇(tan)(tan)(tan)門(men)(men)以南(nan)(nan)轉向西,再(zai)向北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei),到(dao)具服殿(dian)。正南(nan)(nan)到(dao)神(shen)路(lu)(lu)。通(tong)垣壇(tan)(tan)(tan)矮墻(qiang)(qiang),北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)門(men)(men)外(wai)(wai)(wai),北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)到(dao)祭器(qi)庫(ku)(ku),自祭器(qi)庫(ku)(ku)向東,到(dao)宰牲亭,到(dao)神(shen)庫(ku)(ku),建筑物壇(tan)(tan)(tan)墻(qiang)(qiang)上均覆綠色琉璃(li),外(wai)(wai)(wai)壇(tan)(tan)(tan)墻(qiang)(qiang)為(wei)青色琉璃(li)綠緣。
日(ri)壇公園位于北(bei)京市朝(chao)陽區日(ri)壇北(bei)路(lu)6號,地(di)處北(bei)京市第一使館區的中(zhong)(zhong)心位置。占地(di)面(mian)積(ji)共計206200平方米,其中(zhong)(zhong)綠(lv)地(di)面(mian)積(ji)177600平方米,古(gu)樹44株,古(gu)建(jian)面(mian)積(ji)10357平方米,水面(mian)面(mian)積(ji)4700平方米。
主要景觀
日壇(tan)公(gong)園主要景觀:有園壇(tan)、西天門、北天門、神(shen)(shen)庫神(shen)(shen)廚、宰牲亭、具服(fu)殿、祭日壁畫、西南景區(qu)、曲池勝(sheng)(sheng)春、玉(yu)馨(xin)園、牡丹園、老年(nian)活動區(qu),以及(ji)東南方的(de)“清(qing)暉觀日”景區(qu)和南側(ce)的(de)“曲池勝(sheng)(sheng)春”。
朝日壇(tan)祭臺(tai)(tai)為白(bai)石砌成的一層方臺(tai)(tai),正西有白(bai)石欞星(xing)門三座,其余三面(mian)各一座。西欞星(xing)門正對的外壇(tan)至西天門為神路,是帝王祭日的必經(jing)之路 。
具(ju)服(fu)殿(dian)位于(yu)日壇(tan)西北(bei)角,為(wei)一方(fang)形(xing)院落,是皇(huang)帝休息更衣之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)。北(bei)為(wei)正(zheng)殿(dian)三間(jian)(jian),南向。正(zheng)殿(dian)左右為(wei)配殿(dian),各三間(jian)(jian),東西向,四(si)周有宮墻。明朝時此處(chu)原(yuan)為(wei)奉司衙署所(suo)在,具(ju)服(fu)殿(dian)原(yuan)建在壇(tan)西欞門外南側。一直到清代乾(qian)隆(long)(long)年(nian)(nian)間(jian)(jian),乾(qian)隆(long)(long)皇(huang)帝認為(wei):日壇(tan)具(ju)服(fu)殿(dian)舊址建于(yu)壇(tan)南,臨祭時必經過神(shen)路始至殿(dian)所(suo),似與誠敬之(zhi)(zhi)儀未協。于(yu)是乾(qian)隆(long)(long)七年(nian)(nian)(1742年(nian)(nian))具(ju)服(fu)殿(dian)移建至壇(tan)西北(bei)角。
玉馨園占(zhan)地面積3000平(ping)方(fang)米,具有(you)40余年樹齡、胸徑為1米的懸鈴木。
西南景區融合了江(jiang)南庭院的湖光(guang)山色和古樸典雅的北方園林風光(guang)。湖畔倚(yi)建古色古香的水榭(xie)、畫舫、小園亭,湖南北架以曲(qu)橋、拱橋,湖邊圍繞蜿蜒(yan)迂(yu)回的小路。
馬駿墓(mu)(mu)位于(yu)日壇公園西北角。民(min)國十七年(nian)(nian)(1928年(nian)(nian))因叛徒出賣,馬駿在北京被(bei)張作霖殺害,犧牲后葬于(yu)日壇公園內。1951年(nian)(nian)北京市(shi)政府隆重(zhong)公祭并重(zhong)修(xiu)其(qi)墓(mu)(mu)。墓(mu)(mu)碑(bei)由郭沫若題書。1987年(nian)(nian)再次(ci)重(zhong)修(xiu),墓(mu)(mu)碑(bei)改由鄧穎超題寫(xie)。同時馬駿夫人楊秀蓉的遺骨移葬于(yu)東(dong)側。墓(mu)(mu)為漢白玉石砌筑,臺基四周環以(yi)白石護攔。
老年活動區占地面積5000平方米,西側矗立著(zhu)6幅民間典故的(de)(de)石雕,并(bing)且栽(zai)植了各種(zhong)樹(shu)木和300株名優品種(zhong)的(de)(de)牡丹。
游覽線路
①北門→馬駿烈士(shi)紀念室→日壇博物館(guan)→神路→祭(ji)日園(yuan)壇→祭(ji)日壁畫→免費健身(shen)廣場→兒童游樂(le)園(yuan)→西南水景區(qu)→南門
②西(xi)門→西(xi)天門→神路→清暉亭→玉馨園→牡丹園→宰牲亭→迷你(ni)高爾夫→免費健身(shen)園→兒童游(you)樂園→曲池勝春園→南門
③南(nan)門(men)(men)→西南(nan)水景區(qu)→祭日壁畫→九龍柏→祭日園壇→神路→玉馨(xin)園→牡丹園→北(bei)天門(men)(men)→北(bei)門(men)(men)
交通指南
市內交通(tong):市內乘1、4、729路(lu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)交車(che)至(zhi)日壇路(lu)下車(che),向北400米即(ji)(ji)到日壇公(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)南門;乘44、800、750路(lu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)交車(che)至(zhi)雅寶路(lu)下車(che),向東300米即(ji)(ji)到日壇公(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)西門;乘112、846路(lu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)交車(che)至(zhi)神路(lu)街下車(che),向南200米;乘43、110、28路(lu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)交車(che)至(zhi)芳(fang)草(cao)地下車(che),向西200米即(ji)(ji)到日壇公(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)北門。