明(ming)(ming)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)遺(yi)址公(gong)(gong)(gong)園屬于(yu)(yu)古建(jian)筑(zhu)遺(yi)址類型的(de)(de)(de)(de)景區(qu),其中城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)遺(yi)址及城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東南(nan)(nan)角樓(lou)(lou)占地3.3公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing),綠地面(mian)積12.2公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)。歷史上明(ming)(ming)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)全長40公(gong)(gong)(gong)里,始(shi)建(jian)于(yu)(yu)明(ming)(ming)永樂17年(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元1419年(nian)),距(ju)今已有580多年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史。現(xian)存(cun)(cun)崇文(wen)門至城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東南(nan)(nan)角樓(lou)(lou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)遺(yi)址全長1.5公(gong)(gong)(gong)里,是僅存(cun)(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)段,也是北京城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)志。公(gong)(gong)(gong)園外圍(wei)是一(yi)片沿200米(mi)長的(de)(de)(de)(de)帶(dai)狀公(gong)(gong)(gong)共綠地,根(gen)據(ju)不同功能可分(fen)為(wei)老北京南(nan)(nan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)根(gen)文(wen)化區(qu)、現(xian)代(dai)雕塑公(gong)(gong)(gong)園、東便門角樓(lou)(lou)市民休閑(xian)區(qu)、城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)遺(yi)址公(gong)(gong)(gong)園紀念(nian)林、北京火(huo)車站南(nan)(nan)出口及廣場等五(wu)個部分(fen)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)北側將形(xing)成(cheng)封(feng)閉的(de)(de)(de)(de)郁(yu)郁(yu)蔥(cong)蔥(cong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)綠化帶(dai),而城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)南(nan)(nan)側園路的(de)(de)(de)(de)線形(xing)、植物的(de)(de)(de)(de)配置都力求簡潔(jie)大(da)方。
角樓(lou)為明、清兩(liang)代北京內(nei)城(cheng)東南(nan)轉角處(chu)的(de)箭樓(lou),簡(jian)稱角樓(lou)。原北京有內(nei)外城(cheng)之分(fen),內(nei)城(cheng)建筑較早,為明朝在元大(da)都的(de)基(ji)礎(chu)上改建的(de)。角樓(lou)始建于明正(zheng)統元年十月(1436年),距今已有500余(yu)年歷史(shi)。東南(nan)角樓(lou)是(shi)全國(guo)(guo)僅存的(de)規(gui)模最大(da)的(de)城(cheng)垣轉角角樓(lou),是(shi)全國(guo)(guo)重點文物(wu)保護單(dan)位。
城(cheng)墻(qiang)上面突(tu)出來得部(bu)分(fen)叫墩臺(tai)(tai)(tai)。墩臺(tai)(tai)(tai)亦稱“馬面”,是(shi)城(cheng)墻(qiang)建筑的(de)一(yi)部(bu)分(fen)。崇文門至(zhi)角(jiao)樓(lou)一(yi)線的(de)城(cheng)墻(qiang)有墩臺(tai)(tai)(tai)12座,城(cheng)垣外壁每隔大(da)約80米(mi)就建有一(yi)座。是(shi)增強(qiang)防御能(neng)力(li),以消滅進(jin)入城(cheng)墻(qiang)死角(jiao)內的(de)敵人。其中,位于(yu)公(gong)園中部(bu)的(de)一(yi)座墩臺(tai)(tai)(tai)長39米(mi),可謂京城(cheng)之最。
京奉鐵(tie)路信(xin)號所是1901年(nian)與(yu)前(qian)門火車站同(tong)年(nian)由英國鐵(tie)路工程師"金達"設(she)計建造的。是北(bei)京到遼寧的第一(yi)座信(xin)號所,至今已(yi)逾100年(nian)了。京奉鐵(tie)路信(xin)號所是在明城墻遺址(zhi)公園修建過程中發現的。它的發現對于研究中國鐵(tie)路交通史很(hen)有價值(zhi)。
在(zai)明城墻腳下,有很多的古(gu)樹,其(qi)中以國槐居多。古(gu)老(lao)的城墻,參天的古(gu)樹,一幅絕美的畫卷展現在(zai)游人(ren)面前(qian),令人(ren)心怡(yi)神(shen)曠(kuang)!
乘特(te)2、25路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、29路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、39路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、43路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、44路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、59路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、434路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、713路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、820路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)至(zhi)東便門(men)站(zhan)下
地鐵2號線,建國門站或者北京站下(xia)。
明城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻只保留(liu)正陽(yang)門(men)(men)、正陽(yang)門(men)(men)箭樓(lou)、德勝門(men)(men)箭樓(lou)、東南(nan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)角樓(lou)、內城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)南(nan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)和西(xi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)殘段(duan)。明代北(bei)京(jing)內城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)前身是(shi)元(yuan)大都城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。元(yuan)大都城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)周長(chang)60里(li),設城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)ll座,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)全部是(shi)板筑夯土(tu)墻,高(gao)12米,寬31米。明洪武元(yuan)年(1368),徐達(da)在修(xiu)整元(yuan)北(bei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)同時(shi),在距北(bei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)以南(nan)3公里(li)的(de)地(di)方,加修(xiu)了一道(dao)新的(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),新建北(bei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)西(xi)端正值長(chang)河的(de)河床,故將城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)改道(dao),自德勝門(men)(men)以西(xi)起(qi),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)即向南(nan)偏斜。造成北(bei)京(jing)內城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)西(xi)北(bei)缺一角。
新建的(de)(de)(de)北(bei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)較內(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)其他三(san)面的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)高且寬,高4丈(zhang)(zhang)多(duo),頂寬5丈(zhang)(zhang),而其他三(san)面則高3丈(zhang)(zhang)余(yu),頂闊2丈(zhang)(zhang)。南城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)是在東(dong)、西長(chang)安街一(yi)(yi)線上(shang),永樂十(shi)七年(nian)(1419),因修皇城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)營建大內(nei),為(wei)把五府六部(bu)都擺在皇城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)前面,便(bian)將南城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)向南拓展約O.8公(gong)里(li),即今天(tian)的(de)(de)(de)南二(er)環路。明正統(tong)元年(nian)(1436)修筑了九門(men)的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)。經過修整過的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men),不(bu)僅建筑了城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou),門(men)外(wai)(wai)還設(she)立(li)了箭樓(lou)、甕(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),并在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)四角設(she)立(li)了角樓(lou)。除正陽門(men)箭樓(lou)設(she)門(men)外(wai)(wai),其余(yu)均(jun)不(bu)設(she)門(men)。除正陽門(men)甕(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)辟門(men)兩(liang)座(zuo)外(wai)(wai),均(jun)于甕(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)側辟門(men)一(yi)(yi)座(zuo)。此(ci)外(wai)(wai),又把護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)壕加深,有些地方還用磚(zhuan)石壘砌(qi)。九門(men)的(de)(de)(de)外(wai)(wai)面,原來是木橋通渡,全(quan)部(bu)改成石橋,并設(she)立(li)了水閘。為(wei)加固城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan),從洪武年(nian)間(jian)(jian)起就(jiu)在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)外(wai)(wai)壁(bi)加一(yi)(yi)層城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)磚(zhuan)。這項工程,一(yi)(yi)直延續到正統(tong)年(nian)間(jian)(jian),才將城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)外(wai)(wai)壁(bi)全(quan)部(bu)用磚(zhuan)包砌(qi)。