蘄(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)艾(ai)(ai)(ai)(學名:ArtemisiaargyiLevl.etVan.var.argyicv.Qiai)又名:大(da)葉(xie)艾(ai)(ai)(ai)、祁(qi)艾(ai)(ai)(ai)等,屬桔梗目(mu),菊(ju)科多年(nian)生(sheng)草本或略成半(ban)灌木狀,因產于蘄(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)州而得名,蘄(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)春(chun)縣“蘄(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)春(chun)四寶”(蘄(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)竹、蘄(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)艾(ai)(ai)(ai)、蘄(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)蛇、蘄(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)龜(gui))之一(yi),特產中(zhong)藥材,中(zhong)國國家地理(li)標志產品,莖(jing)、葉(xie)均(jun)可入藥。蘄(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)艾(ai)(ai)(ai)含(han)17種已知(zhi)化合物。蘄(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)艾(ai)(ai)(ai)油(you)有明顯的平喘(chuan)、鎮咳、祛痰(tan)及(ji)清炎作(zuo)用。
形態特征
多年生(sheng)(sheng)草(cao)本或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)略(lve)(lve)成(cheng)半灌木狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang),植株有(you)濃(nong)烈香氣(qi)。主(zhu)根明(ming)(ming)(ming)顯(xian),略(lve)(lve)粗長(chang)(chang)(chang),直(zhi)徑(jing)達1.5厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),側(ce)根多;常有(you)橫臥地下根狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)莖(jing)及營養(yang)枝(zhi)。莖(jing)單生(sheng)(sheng)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)少數,高80-150(-250)厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),有(you)明(ming)(ming)(ming)顯(xian)縱棱,褐色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)灰(hui)(hui)黃褐色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se),基(ji)部(bu)稍木質(zhi)化,上(shang)(shang)部(bu)草(cao)質(zhi),并(bing)有(you)少數短(duan)的分(fen)(fen)(fen)枝(zhi),枝(zhi)長(chang)(chang)(chang)3-5厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi);莖(jing)、枝(zhi)均被(bei)(bei)灰(hui)(hui)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)蛛(zhu)絲(si)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)柔毛(mao)(mao)。葉(xie)(xie)厚(hou)紙質(zhi),上(shang)(shang)面(mian)被(bei)(bei)灰(hui)(hui)白(bai)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)短(duan)柔毛(mao)(mao),并(bing)有(you)白(bai)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)腺點(dian)與(yu)(yu)小(xiao)(xiao)凹(ao)點(dian),背(bei)(bei)面(mian)密(mi)被(bei)(bei)灰(hui)(hui)白(bai)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)蛛(zhu)絲(si)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)密(mi)絨毛(mao)(mao);基(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)葉(xie)(xie)具長(chang)(chang)(chang)柄,花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)期(qi)萎謝;莖(jing)下部(bu)葉(xie)(xie)近(jin)(jin)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)寬(kuan)卵形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),羽狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)深(shen)(shen)裂(lie)(lie)(lie),每(mei)側(ce)具裂(lie)(lie)(lie)片(pian)(pian)(pian)2-3枚(mei),裂(lie)(lie)(lie)片(pian)(pian)(pian)橢(tuo)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)倒卵狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)長(chang)(chang)(chang)橢(tuo)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),每(mei)裂(lie)(lie)(lie)片(pian)(pian)(pian)有(you)2-3枚(mei)小(xiao)(xiao)裂(lie)(lie)(lie)齒,干(gan)后(hou)背(bei)(bei)面(mian)主(zhu)、側(ce)脈(mo)多為深(shen)(shen)褐色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)銹色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se),葉(xie)(xie)柄長(chang)(chang)(chang)0.5-0.8厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi);中(zhong)部(bu)葉(xie)(xie)卵形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、三角狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)卵形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)近(jin)(jin)菱(ling)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)5-8厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)4-7厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),一(至二)回羽狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)深(shen)(shen)裂(lie)(lie)(lie)至半裂(lie)(lie)(lie),每(mei)側(ce)裂(lie)(lie)(lie)片(pian)(pian)(pian)2-3枚(mei),裂(lie)(lie)(lie)片(pian)(pian)(pian)卵形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、卵狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)披(pi)針(zhen)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)披(pi)針(zhen)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)2.5-5厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)1.5-2厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),不(bu)再分(fen)(fen)(fen)裂(lie)(lie)(lie)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)每(mei)側(ce)有(you)1-2枚(mei)缺(que)齒,葉(xie)(xie)基(ji)部(bu)寬(kuan)楔形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)漸狹(xia)(xia)成(cheng)短(duan)柄,葉(xie)(xie)脈(mo)明(ming)(ming)(ming)顯(xian),在背(bei)(bei)面(mian)凸起,干(gan)時銹色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se),葉(xie)(xie)柄長(chang)(chang)(chang)0.2-0.5厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),基(ji)部(bu)通(tong)常無假(jia)(jia)托(tuo)葉(xie)(xie)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)極小(xiao)(xiao)的假(jia)(jia)托(tuo)葉(xie)(xie);上(shang)(shang)部(bu)葉(xie)(xie)與(yu)(yu)苞(bao)(bao)片(pian)(pian)(pian)葉(xie)(xie)羽狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)半裂(lie)(lie)(lie)、淺裂(lie)(lie)(lie)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)3深(shen)(shen)裂(lie)(lie)(lie)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)3淺裂(lie)(lie)(lie),或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)不(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)裂(lie)(lie)(lie),而為橢(tuo)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、長(chang)(chang)(chang)橢(tuo)圓(yuan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)披(pi)針(zhen)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、披(pi)針(zhen)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)線狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)披(pi)針(zhen)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。頭(tou)(tou)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)序(xu)橢(tuo)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),直(zhi)徑(jing)2.5-3(-3.5)毫米(mi)(mi),無梗(geng)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)近(jin)(jin)無梗(geng),每(mei)數枚(mei)至10余(yu)枚(mei)在分(fen)(fen)(fen)枝(zhi)上(shang)(shang)排(pai)成(cheng)小(xiao)(xiao)型的穗狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)序(xu)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)復穗狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)序(xu),并(bing)在莖(jing)上(shang)(shang)通(tong)常再組成(cheng)狹(xia)(xia)窄、尖塔形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的圓(yuan)錐花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)序(xu),花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)后(hou)頭(tou)(tou)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)序(xu)下傾(qing);總(zong)(zong)苞(bao)(bao)片(pian)(pian)(pian)3-4層(ceng),覆瓦狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)排(pai)列,外層(ceng)總(zong)(zong)苞(bao)(bao)片(pian)(pian)(pian)小(xiao)(xiao),草(cao)質(zhi),卵形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)狹(xia)(xia)卵形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),背(bei)(bei)面(mian)密(mi)被(bei)(bei)灰(hui)(hui)白(bai)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)蛛(zhu)絲(si)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)綿毛(mao)(mao),邊(bian)緣(yuan)膜質(zhi),中(zhong)層(ceng)總(zong)(zong)苞(bao)(bao)片(pian)(pian)(pian)較外層(ceng)長(chang)(chang)(chang),長(chang)(chang)(chang)卵形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),背(bei)(bei)面(mian)被(bei)(bei)蛛(zhu)絲(si)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)綿毛(mao)(mao),內層(ceng)總(zong)(zong)苞(bao)(bao)片(pian)(pian)(pian)質(zhi)薄(bo),背(bei)(bei)面(mian)近(jin)(jin)無毛(mao)(mao);花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)序(xu)托(tuo)小(xiao)(xiao);雌花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)6-10朵(duo),花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)冠(guan)(guan)狹(xia)(xia)管狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang),檐部(bu)具2裂(lie)(lie)(lie)齒,紫色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se),花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)柱細長(chang)(chang)(chang),伸出花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)冠(guan)(guan)外甚(shen)長(chang)(chang)(chang),先端2叉(cha);兩性花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)8-12朵(duo),花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)冠(guan)(guan)管狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)高腳杯狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang),外面(mian)有(you)腺點(dian),檐部(bu)紫色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se),花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)藥狹(xia)(xia)線形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),先端附(fu)屬物尖,長(chang)(chang)(chang)三角形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),基(ji)部(bu)有(you)不(bu)明(ming)(ming)(ming)顯(xian)的小(xiao)(xiao)尖頭(tou)(tou),花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)柱與(yu)(yu)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)冠(guan)(guan)近(jin)(jin)等長(chang)(chang)(chang)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)略(lve)(lve)長(chang)(chang)(chang)于花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)冠(guan)(guan),先端2叉(cha),花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)后(hou)向(xiang)外彎曲(qu),叉(cha)端截形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),并(bing)有(you)睫毛(mao)(mao)。瘦果長(chang)(chang)(chang)卵形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)長(chang)(chang)(chang)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)果期(qi)7-10月。
生(sheng)(sheng)長習性 蘄艾喜溫暖、濕潤的(de)氣候,以潮濕肥沃(wo)的(de)土壤(rang)生(sheng)(sheng)長較好。人工栽(zai)培在丘陵、低中山地區,生(sheng)(sheng)長繁盛(sheng)期24~30℃,氣溫高(gao)于30℃莖桿易老化,抽枝(zhi),病蟲害加重,冬季低溫小于-3℃當年生(sheng)(sheng)宿根生(sheng)(sheng)長不好。
地理分布
分布廣,除極干旱與高(gao)寒地區(qu)(qu)外,幾遍及全中國。生于低海(hai)拔至中海(hai)拔地區(qu)(qu)的(de)荒(huang)地、路(lu)旁河(he)邊及山坡(po)等(deng)地,也見于森(sen)林草原及草原地區(qu)(qu),局部地區(qu)(qu)為植物群落的(de)優勢種。蒙古、朝鮮、蘇(su)聯(遠東地區(qu)(qu))也有。日本有栽(zai)培(pei)。
選地整地
蘄(qi)艾(ai)(ai)極易繁衍生長,對氣候和(he)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤的(de)(de)適(shi)應性較強,耐(nai)寒耐(nai)旱,田(tian)邊、地(di)頭、山坡、荒地(di)均可選擇為種植(zhi)地(di)。蘄(qi)艾(ai)(ai)的(de)(de)適(shi)應性很(hen)強,為了節(jie)約土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)資(zi)源(yuan),應選擇丘陵等進行(xing)(xing)合(he)理(li)布(bu)局;基(ji)地(di)應有(you)灌溉水(shui)條件(jian),附近無居民生活(huo)水(shui)和(he)工業水(shui)污染;基(ji)地(di)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤、大氣質(zhi)(zhi)量應符合(he)國家級二(er)標準,生產用水(shui)應符合(he)農田(tian)灌溉水(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)標準,土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤應無有(you)毒(du)有(you)害(hai)(hai)藥(yao)物殘留(liu)和(he)人畜(chu)糞便、生活(huo)垃(la)圾污染,并按規定定期進行(xing)(xing)檢測(ce)。以(yi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)層深厚、土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤通透性好(hao)、有(you)機質(zhi)(zhi)豐富(fu)的(de)(de)中性土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤為好(hao)。根據種植(zhi)地(di)土(tu)(tu)(tu)層結構特(te)點,適(shi)度掌握犁耙(pa)次數(shu),結合(he)整地(di)施足經充分腐(fu)熟達到無公害(hai)(hai)化(hua)的(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)雜肥22.5~30.0t/hm ,均勻混合(he)翻入土(tu)(tu)(tu)層,然(ran)后修(xiu)溝做廂待種。
繁殖方法
蘄艾的繁(fan)殖(zhi)(zhi)方法有種(zhong)子(zi)繁(fan)殖(zhi)(zhi)、根狀(zhuang)莖繁(fan)殖(zhi)(zhi)、分株(zhu)繁(fan)殖(zhi)(zhi)。種(zhong)子(zi)繁(fan)殖(zhi)(zhi)出芽(ya)率低,僅為5%,且苗(miao)(miao)期(qi)長(2年),一般不采用;根狀(zhuang)莖繁(fan)殖(zhi)(zhi),成活率高,但(dan)苗(miao)(miao)期(qi)較長(2個月);分株(zhu)繁(fan)殖(zhi)(zhi)最(zui)好,不僅成活率高且無(wu)幼苗(miao)(miao)生長期(qi),繁(fan)殖(zhi)(zhi)速度快,為普遍采用。選育良(liang)種(zhong)要(yao)求(qiu)葉片肥厚而大,莖桿粗壯直立(li),葉色濃(nong)綠,氣味濃(nong)郁,密被絨毛,幼苗(miao)(miao)根系發達。
栽植密度
2-3月,苗高5~10cm,選地面潮濕(shi)(最好是雨后或陰天(tian))時,從母株(zhu)莖基分離的(de)幼(you)苗,按株(zhu)行(xing)距(ju)30cm×40cm栽苗,每穴2~3株(zhu),覆土壓實。栽后2~3d內如(ru)果(guo)沒有下(xia)雨,要滴水保墑。栽植150株(zhu)/m ,平均每株(zhu)產干艾葉4g,單產干艾葉5250kg/hm 左右。